per Alborz University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2383-3211 2588-4239 2024-02 11 2 130 145 article Seyed Alireza Kalbati Mosavi mousavi.a@ssico.ir 1 Maryam Mohammadi Rouzbahani Mmohammadiroozbahani@yahoo.com 2 Sina Attar roshan sina_2934@yahoo.com 3 Department of Environment, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran Department of Environment, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran Department of Environment, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran Background: Trees are one of the appropriate biological indicators in industrial areas and factories, and by monitoring them; it is possible to determine the state of heavy metal contamination of soil resources. This research was carried out with the aim of biological monitoring of heavy metals lead, cadmium, nickel and iron using plant biomarkers of Prosopis juliflora and Phoenix dactylifera in Shadgan Steel Factory. Methods: According to the geographical location of the factory, 4 stations were selected, where 24 soil samples and 72 leaf samples were collected randomly with 3 repetitions, from 4 different geographical directions. In order to investigate the bioaccumulation of metals in tree leaves, the bioaccumulation coefficient was used. Results: The results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) show that there was a significant difference between soil, palm tree and mesquite groups for the concentration of lead, cadmium, nickel and iron metals (P<0.05). The highest concentration of cadmium metal in station 1 was in unwashed palm, washed palm, unwashed Prosopis juliflora and washed Prosopis juliflora, respectively. In stations 2 and 4, the concentration of cadmium, iron and nickel metals in unwashed Phoenix dactylifera is more than that of washed Phoenix dactylifera, and only lead metal in washed Phoenix dactylifera has a concentration higher than that of unwashed Phoenix dactylifera. In station 3, the concentration of cadmium, iron and nickel metals in unwashed leaves was higher than in washed leaves, only the concentration of lead metal in the washed plant was higher than unwashed Prosopis juliflora. Conclusion: There was no significant difference for lead metal between washed and unwashed leaves (P>0.05) and this could be due to the accumulation in the lower parts of the plant, hence Phoenix dactylifera tree leaves and Prosopis juliflora is not a suitable biomarker for this metal. Considering that absorption through the soil is low, there is a possibility of pollutants entering through dry atmospheric precipitation. The accumulation potential of lead, cadmium, nickel and iron heavy metals was higher in Phoenix dactylifera tree than in Prosopis juliflora. http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-1033-en.pdf heavy metals biological markers plant treatment mesquite tree palm tree per Alborz University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2383-3211 2588-4239 2024-02 11 2 146 162 article mohammad velayatzadeh mv.5908@gmail.com 1 Mohammad Reza Moudi 2 Mahdi Mirnia 3 .Master of Industrial Safety, Caspian Institute of Higher Education, Qazvin, Iran Occupational health and environment expert, HSE unit, Zahedan gas power plant, Zahedan, Iran Industrial Engineering Graduate, Zahedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan, Iran Background: Potentially toxic elements are part of dangerous environmental pollutants and are carcinogenic to humans. This research was conducted in 2019 with the aim of estimating and evaluating human health risks and environmental ecology of potentially toxic elements in the surface soils of Mansouri oil field. Methods: In this research, soil samples were prepared from seven study areas. In each station, five random samples from an area of 5 square meters were mixed in a composite sample and 1 kg of surface soil (depth 0 to 20 cm) was collected in polyethylene bags, thus 105 soil samples were prepared. Results: The average concentration of cadmium, lead, nickel, chromium, vanadium, copper and zinc in the surface soils of Mansouri oil field were obtained 1.05, 69.11, 86.79, 99.14, 23.76, 34.05, 65 and 118.22 mg/kg respectively. The highest and lowest values of the potential ecological risk index were related to cadmium (157.50) and vanadium (0.34). The carcinogenic risk index for chromium element was higher than cadmium, lead, nickel and vanadium for adults (5.25×10-5) and children (3.91×10-4). Conclusion: The pollution indices of potentially toxic elements such as the values of the pollution factor, enrichment factor and land accumulation index showed that lead and cadmium had the greatest impact on soil pollution and the levels of potentially toxic elements were high in concentration compared to the background values and had a global average, which indicates that crude oil spills, light and heavy vehicle traffic, and related human activities in this area have significantly contributed to the increase in the levels of potentially toxic elements in these soils. It seems that there are potentially toxic elements that do not threaten human health and do not cause health problems or pathogenicity. http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-1037-en.pdf potentially toxic elements toxic metals soil pollution human health carcinogenic risk index per Alborz University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2383-3211 2588-4239 2024-02 11 2 163 177 article Seyedeh Azar mousavifard 1 Fatemeh zarei zarei65@gmail.com 2 zahra safaei 3 sakineh Ahmadi 4 PhD in environmental engineering, Department of occupational health and safety engineering, School of Public Health, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Alborz, Iran MSc in Occupational and Health engineering, School of Public Health, Alborz , University of Medical Sciences, Alborz, Iran BS in Occupational and Health engineering, Health Department, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Iran BS in Occupational and Health engineering, Health Department, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Background: In mines, it is common to come into contact with harmful substances like dust. Considering the challenges of crystalline silica measurement, this study was designed to investigate the relationship between occupational exposure to crystalline silica and lung capacity in miners working in Open pit mines of Alborz province. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was carried out in Alborz province's mines. The monitoring of 97 workers working in mines was done using the NIOSH0600 method and the NIOSH7602 optimal method. At the same time as individual monitoring, 97 workers in mines in the province and 97 workers in a food industry company were monitored through spirometry. SPSS22 software was used to analyze the data. Results: : The average amount of crystalline silica dust was approximately twice the Iranian standard, and the total respirable dust was 4.5 times the Iranian standard. The pulmonary parameters FEV1%, FVC%, and PEF% were observed to have a significant difference between two groups. The amount of crystalline silica dust and total respirable dust had a significant correlation with pulmonary capacities (FEV1/FVC% and FEV1%). Conclusion: Controlled occupational dust exposure is a prerequisite for reducing respiratory problems among mine workers. The study found that workers who were exposed to excessive occupational contact with crystalline silica dust and respirable general dust decreased their lung function, which suggests that there could be problems with the health of mine workers in the future. In terms of protecting workers, it seems that the current occupational health engineering strategies were not sufficient. http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-1031-en.pdf Silica Pulmonary Capacity Total dust mine per Alborz University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2383-3211 2588-4239 2024-02 11 2 178 200 article Sayyed Ali Shahrezaie sayyed.ali.shahrezaie@gmail.com 1 Rasoul Mirabbasi Najafabadi mirabbasi@sku.ac.ir 2 Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi naeini1976@gmail.com 3 Nafiseh Sadat Shahrezaie Nafiseshahrezaie@gmail.com 4 Sharareh Mahmoudi Mahmoudi_sarareh@yahoo.com 5 Graduated MSc, Water Resources Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Iran Associate Professor, Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Iran Manager of Operation and Maintenance of Zayanderoud and Koohrang Dam and Power Plants, Isfahan Regional Water Authority, Iran Bachelor's degree, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Malayer University, Iran Master's Student in Environmental Engineering, Air Pollution Engineering, Faculty of Environment, Islamic Azad University, Khorasgan Branch, Isfahan, Iran. Background: The ever-growing population and the industrialization of societies have led to an increase in environmental pollution, especially water and air pollution. In recent decades, air pollution in large cities has become a serious challenge that threatens the health of society. On the other hand, the water deficiency and the drying up of rivers, lakes and wetlands have led to an increase in dust production around cities, which in turn has worsened air pollution. Climatic factors also have an impact on changes in air pollution. Precipitation is one of the phenomena that can abruptly reduce air pollution, and air quality remains in a favorable state for some time after precipitation ceases. The aim of this study is to investigate the time when air pollution returns to the conditions before the occurrence of precipitation. Methods: Currently, air pollution in the Isfahan metropolitan area is measured at 9 air quality monitoring stations by the Transportation and Traffic Department of Isfahan Municipality. In this study, Faiz station, which is located in an area with high traffic volume in terms of vehicle traffic, was selected among these 9 stations, which are scattered throughout Isfahan. In this study, the air pollution of Faiz station was evaluated based on the concentration of pollutants according to the standards of the US Environmental Protection Agency. Finally, the influence of precipitation on air pollution in the study area was examined. Results: looking at the CO concentration in the air, it was observed that the maximum time of reversal of baseline pollution after precipitation is associated with the precipitation events of March 11, February 1 and March 10 with 46, 37 and 31 hours, respectively. For PM2.5 concentrations, the maximum reversibility of pollution was recorded on May 3, January 27 and January 15, with the reversibility of this pollutant to baseline pollution being 59, 51 and 49 hours, respectively. For NO2, the maximum reversibility of pollution was recorded on March 10 and 7, which respectively 64 and 47 hours after the end of the precipitation, the amount of NO2 returned to its baseline value. As for the pollutant SO2, the effect of the precipitation of November 6 on SO2 lasted until about 3 days later, so that according to the available data, the amount of SO2 is lower than the baseline pollution at all hours of November 7. Conclusion: The results show that in terms of CO in the air, there was good air quality in 99% of the cases recorded at the Faiz station and average air quality in 1% of the cases, and that in terms of SO2 in air, there was good air quality in about 99.8% of the cases recorded and average air quality in about 0.2% of the recorded cases. The study of the NO2 concentration in the air showed that 98% of the recorded cases classified in good air quality and 2% in average air quality. As for PM2.5 concentration, 26% of the time was in good condition, 48% in average air quality, 18% in unhealthy air quality for sensitive groups, 7% in unhealthy air quality and 1% in very unhealthy air quality. It should be mentioned that the PM2.5 concentration reached a hazardous air quality condition in some hours. Finally, the results of this study showed that on some days the occurrence of precipitation had no significant effect on the reduction of air pollution, while on other days precipitation caused a significant reduction in air pollution and air pollution had not reached the baseline level even after 215 hours. It is possible that after the rain stopped, other factors such as wind were effective in keeping air pollution low. http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-1026-en.pdf Air pollution Precipitation Isfahan city revertability air quality index AQI per Alborz University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2383-3211 2588-4239 2024-02 11 2 201 215 article Hadis Tavafi hadistavafi@yahoo.com 1 Sara Norouzi saranoroozi27@yahoo.com 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of science, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran Technical Director of Microbial Department, Rak Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Hamedan, Iran Background: The Study of the microbial health of food products, cosmetic products, industrial effluents, and hospital wastes is important because they are related to human health and hygiene in society. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the microbial quality in food, cosmetics, industrial effluents, and hospital wastes in Hamadan province. Methods: In this study, microbial tests were performed for the detection and counting of bacteria, molds, and yeasts based on the culture method in 15 food products and 5 cosmetic products. Also, industrial waste microbial tests (counting total and fecal coliforms) were used by MPN method in 38 units. Microbial tests of 14 hospital units were performed by biological vial test, and class 6 microbial test. Results: Based on the obtained results, the microbial tests in 4 food products exceeded the permissible consumption limit and the rest of the products were reported as negative. Out of 5 cosmetic-sanitary products, was not allowed only one product with microbial load. Also, were reported the results of microbial tests in industrial wastes in the winter of 1401, 6 industrial units as positive, and in the spring of 1402, 2 industrial units were reported as positive. In the investigations of hospital waste, in the winter of 1401, the microbial tests of all units were negative, and in the spring of 1402, two hospital units were positive. Conclusion: Considering the importance of health in society, the requirement of microbial tests at the level of hospitals and industries should be taken into consideration. http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-1032-en.pdf Cosmetic-sanitary microbial test hospital waste industrial waste food per Alborz University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2383-3211 2588-4239 2024-02 11 2 216 227 article Faramarz Azimi 1 Vahid Mohammadi 2 Elaheh Askari 3 Mohammad Amin Karami 4 Environmental Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran Environmental Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran. Nutritional Health Research Center, School of Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran Nutritional Health Research Center, School of Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran Background: With the expansion of the restaurant industry and the increased consumption of fast food, the hygiene of food ingredients and the quality of oils used in the frying process have gained significant importance. This article explores the levels of peroxides and polar compounds in edible oils used in fast food establishments in Noorabad city. Methods: Twenty-seven units were selected using the Cochran formula. Sampling from the selected units was conducted in two stages periodically on non-holiday days. The collected samples were transferred to the laboratory and analyzed according to the Iranian Industrial Standards and Research Institute Standard 4179. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software, ANOVA, and post-hoc tests. Results: In the first sampling stage, 40.7% of the samples, and in the second stage, 29.6% exceeded the permissible limits for polar compounds. Significant correlations were found between the production of polar compounds, temperature, time, and the type of container used (p < 0.05). The amount of polar compounds increased with the use of oil for more than 20 minutes, with cast iron containers having the most significant impact compared to copper and aluminum containers. Additionally, significant differences were observed in peroxide production based on the type of container, time, and brand used (p < 0.05), with cast iron having the least impact Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the duration of oil usage, the type of container, and the brand used significantly affect the quality of oils used in fast food establishments. This information can contribute to improving processes and hygiene standards in these units, ultimately ensuring consumer health. http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-1016-en.pdf Fast Food Polar Compounds Peroxide Noorabad per Alborz University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2383-3211 2588-4239 2024-02 11 2 228 238 article Akbar Eskandari scandari!12@YAHOO.COM 1 Mohammad Darvishmotevalli mohamad.darvish68@gmail.com 2 Samira Bahrami Vale samira1989bahrami@gmail.com 3 Mohammad Fahiminia fahiminia.m@gmail.com 4 Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Research Center for Health, Safety and Environment (RCHSE), Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran Public health expert, Faculty of Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran Background: Currently, in order to adapt to the existing water crisis in the country and ensure sustainable water supply and distribution management, the implementation of proper management methods based on sustainability principles is one of the most fundamental needs. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating water and wastewater management in small businesses in Qom city with the perspective of drought and environmental threats caused by water shortage in 2021. Methods: The present research is a descriptive-cross-sectional study that was conducted after field survey and statistics obtained from the Water and Wastewater Department on 223 trades related to 67 guilds in the city of Qom. The amount of water consumption, wastewater production, and the management of water and wastewater in businesses were studied with a focus on drought and environmental threats resulting from water scarcity, and the results were reported descriptively. Results: Considering the amount of water consumption, businesses were classified into four categories. It was determined that businesses in category one, 96.82% of businesses with an average consumption of 246.2 ± 574.2, category two businesses, 17.47% with an average of 6142.3 ± 2823.19, category three businesses, 36.4% with an average of 121.2 ± 5.40, and category four businesses, 83.5% with an average water consumption of 821.215 ± 28.355 cubic meters per month, were in terms of efficiency, respectively, in businesses from one to four, 08.61, 25.56, 33.33, and 46.38% of businesses lacked a specific plan for water conservation Conclusion: The results show that the management of water and wastewater in businesses in the city of Qom does not have favorable conditions. Considering the decrease in rainfall and drought, it seems that the issue of water supply may be the biggest challenge in this city. Most of the businesses under study lack a specific plan for water conservation, and water resource managers should make decisions regarding compensating for water scarcity and preventing water quality degradation while accurately estimating and evaluating water resources and consumption. http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-1039-en.pdf Water and Wastewater Management Drought Small Businesses Qom City per Alborz University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2383-3211 2588-4239 2024-02 11 2 239 255 article Parviz Abdi p.abdi21@yahoo.com 1 Kobra Vardijkazemi Vardijkazemi@gmail.com 2 Arezo Nejaei Arezo.N@yahoo.com 3 Afshin Takdastan Afshin_ir@yahoo.com 4 PhD student in Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Tehran West Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Department of civil engineering, Tonekabon branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran Department of Environment, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran Background: The presence of emerging-resistant contaminants in wastewater poses challenges to the efficacy of the biological treatment process. Advanced oxidation processes show great potential for enhancing the quality of wastewater. The aim of this study was to enhance the efficacy of the effluent from the Parand City treatment plant through the optimization of the sonoelectrochemical process. Methods: Pilot used 500 cc sonoelectrochemical reactor with direct current generator, ultrasonic, and graphene electrodes. To determine pH (4–8), direct electric current (50–100 mA), reaction time (60–120 min), and frequency (30–50 kHz), the central composite design was used. We looked at the process pace, energy utilization, waste physical and chemical qualities, and overall impact. The purification parameters were obtained using water and wastewater testing methods. Results: The P-value and F-value indicate the selected model was significant. The best process conditions to use are a pH of 6.5, an electric current intensity of 82.8 mA, a reaction time of 113 min, and a frequency of 35 kHz. Under these conditions, the removal of COD, TOC, BOD5, nitrogen, and phosphorus was 81%, 69%, 93.2%, 96%, and 94.7%, respectively. The kinetics of the process follow first-order kinetics, and the synergistic effect coefficient was 1.62. The energy efficiency was determined to be 98.07 mg/kWh. Conclusion: The utilization of the sonoelectrochemical process can be employed as a sophisticated method for treatment. However, it is imperative to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the process's efficacy by utilizing raw wastewater samples. http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-1015-en.pdf Sonoelectrochemical process Chemical Oxygen Demand Biochemical Oxygen Demand Total Organic Carbon Wastewater Treatment