@article{ author = {Kakaei, Hojatollah and JafariNodoushan, Reza and Kamalvandi, Maede and Azad, Parvin and Normohammadi, Parvin and Kakaei, Zahr}, title = {Identification and Classification of Risks and Potential Events by using Preliminary Hazard Analysis Method (PHA) in Kermanshah Oil Refinery}, abstract ={Background: humans are always trying to improve the lives and comfort, and in this way with the acquisition of materials, equipment, devices and technology as well as the additional and new risks exposure. Identification of these risks could have a role in reducing complications. PHA method implementation can help to identify and classify the risks and the events. Method: This cross - sectional study was conducted in Kermanshah Oil Refinery. The most important tools used in the study preliminary risk analysis, is risk checklist. In this regard, valuable resources are identified and listed, and then the acceptable risk levels and the scope of the assessment were defined. In the next phase, the system hazards were identification, and levels and numbers of risks were calculated. Results: This study examined 23 refinery units, and a total of 447 risks were identified. The results showed that unacceptable risk levels with 6.4% and the adverse risk levels with 49.22% was lowest and highest risk percent, respectively. The highest number of risk associated with the refining unit with 81 and the lowest was in the Electrical warehouse unit with 2 cases. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that were the most of risks identified in the adverse levels. To reduce risk level and improve safety, the use of appropriate methods and corrective measures to eliminate, reduce or control risks is essential.}, Keywords = {Risk Assessment, PHA, Oil Refinery, Kermanshah}, volume = {3}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-9}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jehe.3.1.1}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-196-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-196-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Atafar, Zahra and Almasi, Ali and Sarkhosh, Maryam and Dargahi, Abdollah}, title = {Microbiological Quality Trend of Drinking Water in Rural Areas of Kermanshah during 2004-2013}, abstract ={Backgrounds and Aims: Human health depends more than anything else to clean water and sanitation, thus safety of drinking water is one of the most important community health aspects. The objective of this study was determining microbial quality trend of drinking water in rural area of Kermanshah during 2004-2013. Material and Methods: This was a descriptive–analytical study. Ten years references laboratory data from Kermanshah Health Center were obtained.  Total coliform, termotolerant coliform and residual chlorine of drinking water samples have been analyzed statistically using SPSS Ver.16.and Excel software. Results: Base on water quality assessment of Kermanshah, the microbial contamination percent of villages covered by ABFAR decreased from 44% in 2004 to 20% in 2013, whereas in noncovered villages decreased from 70% to 47% during the same time. Contamination rate was lower than the summer time during the winter time. Free chlorine residual testing of drinking water among all studied area improved from 33% to 75% during ten years period. Conclusion: During last ten years, microbial contamination has been decreased more rapidly in covered villages than non-covered. However, there is still a long distance from the ideal situation. Based on the WHO recommendations on evaluation of microbial safety of drinking water, the average desirable of the bacteriological quality of drinking water in the villages covered by ABFAR in the ten-year period was determined well in winter and bad in summer. These conditions for non-covered villages, was determined moderate in winter and bad in summer. According to chlorination role in water safety, restrict supervision is necessary to provide public health.}, Keywords = {Drinking water, Microbiological quality, Total coliform, Thermotolerant coliform, Residual chlorine.}, volume = {3}, Number = {1}, pages = {10-19}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jehe.3.1.10}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-197-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-197-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Zalaghi, Elaheh and Geravandi, Sahar and Norizadehhadad, Mehdi and Goudarzi, Gholam Reza and Shirbeigi, Esmat and Alavi, Saiedeh Shaghayegh and Mohammadi, Mohammad Jav}, title = {Evaluation of relative risk and attributed proportion due to exposure to Nitrogen dioxide in Ahwaz, Kermanshah, Iran (western half of Iran) during 2013}, abstract ={Backgrounds and Objectives: Air pollution is very important because of every human being inhales an average of 10 m3 air and its impact on human health. The objective of this study was to evaluating the compare to relative risk and attributed proportion exposure to Nitrogen dioxide in the western half of Iran during 2013. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in Ahvaz, Kermanshah and Bushehr during 2012. In the present study, Data’s was taken from Department of Environment (ADoE) and meteorological organizations of the studied cities. After processing and modification on the basis of meteorological data, data were converted as input file to the Air Q model. Finally, by using epidemiologic formulas such as relative risk (RR) and attributed proportion (AP) estimated the health effects of NO2 in the three studied cites were estimated. Results: Based on result, the total accumulative number of cardiovascular death attributed to exposure with NO2 in the studied cities was in Ahvaz, Kermanshah Bushehr 45,51 and 6, respectively . According to the research findings, the relative risk of NO2 were estimated attributed to cardiovascular death 1.002. Results showed that the maximum and minimum number of obstructive pulmonary disease attributed to NO2 were observed in Kermanshah and Bushehr with 26 and 5 cases. Conclusions: The high percentage of cardiovascular mortality and respiratory mortality in Kermanshah can result due to this higher average NO2 in comparison with Ahvaz and Bushehr.}, Keywords = {Nitrogen dioxide, Iranian southwest, Relative risk, Attributed proportion}, volume = {3}, Number = {1}, pages = {20-28}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jehe.3.1.20}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-198-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-198-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Balarak, Davoud and Bazrafshan, Edris and KordMostafapour, Ferdos}, title = {Application of Agricultural Waste for Adsorption Bisphenol A from Aqueous Solution: Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies}, abstract ={Bisphenol A is classified as a toxic and priority hazardous compound; it is required to be degraded prior to discharging the contaminated streams to the environment. Therefore, the purpose of this study is investigation of Bisphenol A adsorption by biomass agricultural waste Rice straw. Material and methods: This study was performed in laboratory at batch scale. The effects of different parameters including contact time, pH, Bisphenol A initial concentration and biomass dosage were studied for removal of Bisphenol A. All experiments were repeated triplicate and then adsorption isotherms and kinetics of different models were analyzed by comparing the coefficient of determination. The concentration of Bisphenol A was measured by HPLC. Results: The results indicated that by increasing of contact time and dose of adsorbent the amount of bisphenol adsorption increases, so that by increasing contact time from 10 to 75 min, the adsorption increased from 38.3% to 96.9% and by increasing adsorbent dosage from 1 to 5 gr/L adsorption increased from 35.5% to 94.9%. The adsorption was increased by decreasing of initial concentration of bisphenol A and the pH of 3 was the best for bisphenol A removal. The adsorption data was best fitted to the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetic model.  The Langmuir equation and pseudo- second order model showed the best fit for the experimental data Conclusion:  The results showed that the agricultural waste Rice straw can be used as a high efficiency and inexpensive adsorbent for  treatment of industrial effluent. }, Keywords = {Agricultural waste, Rice straw, Bisphenol A, Kinetic Model, Isotherm Model, Adsorption.}, volume = {3}, Number = {1}, pages = {29-41}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jehe.3.1.29}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-199-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-199-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Gilavand, Farhad and Ebrahimipour, Gholamhossein and Karkhane, Maryam and Marzban, Abdolrazagh}, title = {Evaluation of Aliphatic and Aromatic Compounds Degradation by Indigenous Bacteria Isolated from Soil Contaminated with Petroleum}, abstract ={Background:  The major of this study was to isolate oil-degrading bacteria from soil contaminated with petroleum and examining the removal of hydrocarbons by these bacteria. Methods: Oil-degrading colonies were purified from the samples obtained of around Ahvaz oil wells. Organic matter degradation was investigated with 1 g of crude oil in basal salt medium (BSM) as sole carbon source. The growth rate was determined through total protein assay and hydrocarbon consuming was measured through organic carbon oxidation and titration by dichromate as oxidizing agent. Results: Two potential isolates named S1 and S2 strains were screened and identified as Planococcus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. As results for S1 and S2 could degrade 80.86 and 65.6% of olive oil, 59.6 and 35.33 of crude oil, while 32 and 26.15 % of coal tar were consumed during 14 days incubation. Conclusion: The results of this investigation showed these indigenous strains high capability to biodegradation at short time and are desirable alternatives for treatment of oil pollutants.}, Keywords = {Hydrocarbon pollutants, Crude oil, Coal tar, Bioremediation}, volume = {3}, Number = {1}, pages = {42-50}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jehe.3.1.42}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-200-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-200-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Takdastan, Afshin and HosseiniPanah, Elham and Neisi, Abdalkazem}, title = {Survey of Biological Wastewater Sludge Biocompost for organizing and disinfectingof Khuzestan Oil Field Drill Cutting}, abstract ={Background and objective: Hydrocarbon compounds from the drilling fluid and the formations containing these compounds enter into the drill cuttings. Toxicity​and complex nature of this type of pollution causes environmental pollution and it can be dangerouse for human health. The objective of this paper was survey of biological wastewater sludge biocompost for organizing and disinfecting of khuzestan oil field drill cutting. Methods: In this study, the effect of a mixture of biological sludge and drill cuttings containing TPH with a 1:1 ratio, along with sawdust and horticultural waste was examined in order to do biocompost processes. The degradation time in this study was nearly 60 days in pilot chamber, and in addition to the TPH, the pH, volatile solids, C/N and temperature levels were measured, and eall tests conducted as triplicate. Statistical Studies were done in EXCEL and SPSS software with significant confidence interval at 95%. Results: The results showed that the mean of TPH in the drilling cutting in Khuzestan oil field was 42.004 g/kg that it has arrived to 18.77 g/kg during 2 months of biocompost biological process with biological sludge in the ratio of 1 to 1. Conclusion: The petroleum hydrocarbons are major parts of contaminants in drilling industry, so biological processes as a suitable process and environmental friendly are available for organizing and disinfecting of drilling cutting.}, Keywords = {Drilling Cutting, Biocompost, Biological sludge, TPH }, volume = {3}, Number = {1}, pages = {51-60}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jehe.3.1.51}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-201-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-201-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {YousefzadehHassanluei, Tohid and RezaeiRayeniNezhad, Mohammad Reza and Hassanzadeh, Mostaf}, title = {The Monte Carlo Simulation of the Absorbed Equivalent Dose in Humans Modeling Due to Tehran Research Reactor and Radioactive Gases Released from It}, abstract ={ In this study, the annual and monthly equivalent dose of the operation of the Tehran Research Reactor in a human phantom in the pool and surrounding areas as well as the dome from the fission of radioactive gases (Kr, Xe, Cs, Ar, S, N, C, K, I) and suspended particulates emitted by the pool, were calculated by MCNPX code. The results show that the exposed doses by workers at the top and around the pool, when the limit was of the order of 408 hours and 1836 hours per year or speed of the air in such a way that the activity of gases given off by the pool,  were reduced to 10% and 80% of the reported values explained by FSAR, respectively.}, Keywords = {Tehran Research Reactor (TRR), Dose Equivalent, Code MCNPX, Radioactive Gases Under The Dome of, Phantom the Human.}, volume = {3}, Number = {1}, pages = {61-68}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jehe.3.1.61}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-202-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-202-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Samarghandi, Mohammad Reza and Asgari, Ghorban and Rahmani, Alireza and Daraee, Zahr}, title = {The Efficiency of Xylene Removal from Air Stream by Using Catalytic Ozonation Process with Modified Pumice with Mg(NO3)2}, abstract ={Background: Xylene is a volatile organic compound That cause central nervous system disorder and suspected cancer. Concern of occupational exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has been increasing. Thus before being discharged to the environment, it must be treated from polluted air stream. Methods: The research study is of the experimental type and was carried out on a laboratory scale. The experimental equipmen including of an air compressor, silicagel filters and activated charcoal, Syringe Pump, an ozone generation and a fixed bed reactor. The sampling, xylene analyzing in samples were done with 1501 Niosh Manual Analytic Method  by GC equipped with FID detector The performance of catalytic ozonation process was compared with that of single adsorption and ozonation in removal of several concentration of xylene under the similar experimental conditions. Results: The results indicated that the catalytic ozonation concentration increased from 50 to 200 ppm, absorption break point and removal of xylene from hybrid reactor decreased from 12 to 8 h, while this time was between 9 and 5 h for pumice. When pumice and ozone come together, their synergistic effects increased on xylene degradation. Also the efficiency of absorbent decreased with the concentration increase of xylene. Conclusion: With regard to high efficiency of catalytic ozonation process and increasing the xylene removal, the catalytic ozonation process is suggested as a promising and alternative technology for elimination of VOCs from the polluted air stream.}, Keywords = {Xylene, Catalytic ozonation, Pumice, Magnesium nitrate}, volume = {3}, Number = {1}, pages = {69-80}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jehe.3.1.69}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-203-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-203-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2015} } @article{ author = {Javan, Safoora and Didehvar, Moslem and Raisi, Rahimbakhsh and Abasiyan, Mohammad and Ahmadi, Somaye and Noori, Roghayeh}, title = {Evaluation of Heavy Metals Concentration and Sequential Extraction in Zahedan Compost}, abstract ={Background: Producing compost out of municipal solid wastes and organic materials is one of the main ways to recycle organic materials which plays an important role in waste management. Compost can also bring some toxic substances such as heavy metals into the soil and food chain and these substances have negative effects on the living things. Methods: This research is a cross-sectional descriptive study which was carried out during two seasons of spring and summer on Zahedan vermicompost factory. There were 100 samples in the research and the rate of mobility of heavy metals of lead, cadmium, and nickel was measured through five-step sequential extraction method. Then the hazard of the metals was assessed too. Results: The results show that the highest rate of mobility is related to chromium and then cadmium and lead. Moreover, the risk assessment of heavy metals estimates the average risk of all three metals for the living things in the environment. Conclusion: Heavy metals of lead and cadmium and nickel in Zahedan compost are less than the standard that is set for Iran. }, Keywords = {Compost, Heavy metals, Sequential extraction, Risk assessment, Mobility}, volume = {3}, Number = {2}, pages = {81-92}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jehe.3.2.81}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-221-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-221-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Sahlabadi, Fatemeh and Zandi, Hengameh and Mokhtari, Mahdi and Jamshidi, Sara and Jasemizad, Tahereh and Montazeri, Akram and DehghaniTafti, Arefeh}, title = {The Effectiveness Evaluation of Current Disinfectants on Pathogens Isolated from Surface of Different Parts of Shahid Sadughi Accidents Burns Hospital in City of Yazd}, abstract ={Background: The burn unit is a suitable environment for the growth of pathogenic bacteria that can reduce these pathogens by appropriate disinfection methods. So, choosing an appropriate disinfectant and applying standard methods of disinfection can be effective in reducing nosocomial infections. The aim of this study is evaluation of efficacy of current disinfectants on pathogens isolated from surface of different parts of Shahid Sadughi accidents burns hospital in city of Yazd. Methods: In this study, the sampling method has done simple randomly and 240 samples were collected from 30 different parts of hospital surfaces (for every disinfectant 30 samples before and 30 samples after disinfection). The samples in the Microbiology laboratory of Medical Sciences University were cultured on blood agar and EMB agar culture. Colonies that were suspected to pathogens were identified by biochemical tests and their colony count was determined. Data were analyzed using Paired T-test. Results: The average of isolated bacteria at 4 parts of burn unit of hospital before disinfecting by Deconex 50 AF, Descoscid, Epimax SC and Silvosept was 58.02, 18897.28, 30989.05 and 38.52 respectively and after disinfecting was 12.8, 0.62, 1.65 and 5.09 respectively. Reducing of contamination in all disinfectants shown a significant difference (p<0.05). The most common isolated pathogens were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella, staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter and Escherichia coli. Conclusion: The results showed that all disinfectants was effective on isolated pathogens and also have shown a significant difference (p<0.05) between the average of bacteria count before and after disinfection.}, Keywords = {Disinfectant, Pathogen, Burn unit, Nosocomial infections}, volume = {3}, Number = {2}, pages = {93-101}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jehe.3.2.93}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-222-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-222-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Asgari, Esrafil and Aali, Rahim and Rastgar, Ayoob}, title = {Determine the Integrated Indicators of Air Quality, Radiation, Sound and Lead of the Delphi Technique}, abstract ={Background: With Regard to importance of environmental health issues in recent decades, coherent and planned efforts to identify environmental health indicators and values and how it is controlled. Primarily for evaluation and monitoring for each subject should be determined the indicators also indicators for the evaluation of air quality should be considered. In the present study Addressed to survey of indicators of air quality, radiation, sound and heavy metals to Iran. Methods: In the present study is that all countries in the world in terms of air quality, Radiation, sound and heavy metals (lead and mercury) are to be examined And according to these criteria, indicators that are commensurate with our country elected. For each of these indicators, the indicators and methods of calculation are determined. Results: During this study was about 35 indicator Given the importance of health and the environment, it is calculated and information about the index, an indicator of air quality, radiation, sound and heavy metals, 16, 1, 1 and 0 in the first two years of the first respectively. Conclusion: Among the indicators selected at the beginning of what exists and what indicators in this study were obtained, As can be seen from the 35 indicators surveyed, There are 13 indicators in the country and 22 of the present investigation was added.}, Keywords = {Air quality, Radiation, Sound, Lead, Mercury, Iran}, volume = {3}, Number = {2}, pages = {102-113}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jehe.3.2.102}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-223-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-223-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Nobari, Somaye and Mohammadikalhori, Ebrahim and Dehganifard, Emad and Noroozi, Roghaye and Amarloei, Ali and Mazloomi, Saj}, title = {Evaluation of Consumer Satisfaction for the Quality of Bread Modified with Additives: A Case Study of Alborz Province}, abstract ={Background: Bread is the staple food of Iranian society. Attention to its health and hygiene is important. Nowadays, the use of baking soda in the production of bread has seen by most of bakers which is because of producing bread with more beautiful and appearance and is more public acceptance. Methods: In this cross-sectional study that 40 people were taken, consumer satisfaction of prepared Barbari bread using three types additives Fenugreek juice, baking soda, and tomato juice by means of questionnaires were evaluated. Results: The results of this study showed that consumer satisfaction of taste and smell (34 of 40), appearance, glazing, and quality (36 of 40) of prepared bread by tomato juice was more than Fenugreek juice and baking soda. Consumer satisfaction of taste, smell, appearance, glazing, quality, shopping satisfaction, and quality of bread over time of three types of additives (baking soda, tomato juice, and Fenugreek juice) was significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: Tomato juice has the attributes necessary for public acceptance and satisfaction of consumers, nevertheless don’t have the complications of baking soda. So it can be a reasonable alternative for the processing of bread dough instead of baking soda.}, Keywords = {Barbari Bread, Baking Soda, Fenugreek Juice, Tomato Juice}, volume = {3}, Number = {2}, pages = {114-122}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jehe.3.2.114}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-257-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-257-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Sadeghi, Ehsan and Almasi, Ali and Bashiri, Moein and Mohammadi, Mitr}, title = {Performance Evaluation of Alternative Disinfectants in Reducing Microbial Contamination of Vegetables Supplied from City of Kermanshah}, abstract ={Background: In recent decades, due to the scarcity of fresh water resources and high costs of wastewater treatment, cases of irrigation of cultivation of vegetables using raw sewage and polluted effluents or the use of human and animal faeces have been reported. Vegetables are important sources of exposure of human pathogenic pathogens such as fecal coliforms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of three different disinfectant on several kinds of vegetables that would normally be released in Kermanshah. Methods: In this cross sectional study, 180 randomly selected vegetable samples were collected from mobile and fixed stores of vegetables in Kermanshah. Then, to evaluate the effectiveness of disinfectants in eliminating microbial samples, three types of disinfectants containing active ingredient Benzalconium chloride, were studied. Heterotrophic plate count (HPC) surface culture method, coliform count (VRBA) Violet Red Bile Agar purplate method and Yeast Glucose Chloramphemicole Agar (YGCA) surface culture method was used in order to count the microbial load. Results: The findings of this study suggest that the overall average performance of all three disinfectants was less than 75% and most disinfection efficiency was observed in two-fold concentrations of proposed by manufacturer. Based on the analysis of the resulting data, disinfectants examined in this study had an average efficiency of 76.13% for the removal of coliforms as an indicator of gram-negative bacteria and 100% for the removal of Streptococcus bacteria as indicators gram positive bacteria. Conclusion: Disinfection can not solely guarantees the maintaining the health of the consumer. We could have declared that recommended disinfection conditions and existing facilities can effectively reduce the microbial load of vegetables. However, preparing vegetables from safe and ensure proper burial are recommended. Moreover, consuming the raw vegetables in sensitive seasons and precarious conditions should be avoided.}, Keywords = {Raw vegetables, Disinfection, Fecal coliform, fecal streptococci, Kermanshah}, volume = {3}, Number = {2}, pages = {123-128}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jehe.3.2.123}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-225-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-225-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {AlmasiNahnaji, Adel and Mahdavian, Leil}, title = {Investigation of the removal of chromium (VI) by Nanocomposites Chitosan-tragacanth solution from aqueous solution}, abstract ={Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the removal of chromium (VI) by Nanocomposites Chitosan-tragacanth solution from aqueous solution. Methods: In this study, chitosan-tragacanth nanocomposites were synthesized and analyzed by electron microscopy (SEM), (TEM) and Fourier transform spectroscopy (FT-IR) for the size and shape of the surface. The nano-composite of chitosan-tragacanth, for the adsorption of chromium (VI) in aqueous solution was used as adsorbent. Results: The optimum conditions with multiple experiments to enhance the absorption were evaluated. The highest absorption of Cr (VI) was occurred in the adsorbent dosage of 0.2 g, 8 ppm concentration of chromium ions, the pH=6 and also retention time of 50 min; in 298 ˚K temperature. After determining optimal conditions of adsorption, isotherms equations and study and thermodynamic parameters were applied. Adsorption process of chromium (VI) on nano-composite chitosan - Tragacanth was conformed with Temkin isotherm. Conclusion: The thermodynamic parameters such as standard Gibbs free energy changes, changes in enthalpy and entropy changes in the standard showed that the adsorption process of Cr (VI) is spontaneous and heating, and kinetics studies of models Lagergren, Ho , Alovich and intraparticle is used, the results show that the adsorption kinetics follows the pseudo-second order.}, Keywords = {Nano-composite chitosan – Tragacanth, Chromium ion (VI), Surface adsorption, Alovich model, Intraparticle model}, volume = {3}, Number = {2}, pages = {129-142}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jehe.3.2.129}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-226-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-226-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Miri, Mohammad and Ghaneian, Mohammad Taghi and Gholizadeh, Abdolmajid and YazdaniAvval, Mohsen and Nikoonahad, Ali}, title = {Assessment of Spatial Analysis Methods in Mapping of Air Pollution in Mashhad}, abstract ={Background: This study aimed to compare and evaluate the spatial and statistical models to predict PM2.5 concentrations at ground level and at the macro scale in Mashhad. Methods: To investigate the status of air pollution in the metropolis of Mashhad air, three interpolating models including Ordinary Kriging (OK), Universal Kriging (UK) and inverse distance weighting (IDW) were used. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and correlation coefficient (R2) were employed to compare three models and choose the best one. As well as to select the most optimal conditions for the implementation of both OK and UK, used from Standardized RMSE. Results: The results showed that the highest monthly average of PM2.5 was belonged to September and “Sakhteman” station (95.1 μg/m3). Also, the lowest monthly average pollution had happened in "Torogh" station, in November (15.5 μg/m3). According to the data, the OK had the lowest RMSE (10.601) compared to the UK and IDW. Lower RMSE represents lower error between the predicted and measured values. So, OK model selected as better one in interpolation. Also, Judging by correlation coefficient (R2), the highest correlation belonged to OK compared to other two models. UK model showed a greater standard error of predicts than OK. The greatest standard errors of prediction were related to areas that have more distance from air pollution monitoring stations. Conclusion: it should be noted that the production and use of geo-referenced maps could quickly provide spatial analyses, and because it can be combined with GIS, the user is able to investigate the influence the various concentrations of contaminants.}, Keywords = {Particles, Mashhad, Modeling, GIS}, volume = {3}, Number = {2}, pages = {143-154}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jehe.3.2.143}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-227-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-227-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Noroozi, Roghayeh and Noorisepehr, Mohamm}, title = {Qualitative and Guantitative Evaluation of Air Pollution in the Panjom Azar and Sayyad Shirazi Hospitals of Gorgan}, abstract ={Background: Microorganisms in hospitals are potential sources of infection to patients and staff.   Bioaerosol exposure is associated with a vast range of adverse health effects including infectious diseases, acute toxic effects, allergy and cancer. This study aimed to survey the type and density of bioaerosols in ambient air of different parts of educational hospitals Gorgan 2012. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, different wards of Gorgan educational hospitals including dialysis, patient room and ICU were investigated. Totally, 81 air samples were taken based on NIOSH standard method. Saborad Dextrose agar and Nutrient agarculture medium was used passive method media. Samples collected were shipped to lab and incubated for 48 hours. Finally Concentration was determined in cfu/m2/hr. Results: The diversity and density of Bioaerosoles the highest and lowest densities were in dialysis (30.65%) and operating rooms (19.55%) wards of panjom azar hospital and surgical women (23.35%) and operating rooms(15.35%) wards of  Sayyad Shirazi hospital. The most common fungi and bacteria isolated from air hospitals were Staphylococcus epidermisand (41%) and penicillium (23.45%). Conclusion: According to the results of the chi-square test for detection of bacterial contamination of surfaces and equipment in the hospitals studied did not show a significant statistical difference (p-value<0.5) and the highest percentage of bacterial contamination of December is the fifth hospital. Also compared fungal infection in two hospitals showed that there is a significant statistical difference (p-value 0.000) and the highest percentage of fungal infections of December is the fifth hospital.}, Keywords = {Bioaerosols, Hospital ambient air pollution, Bioaerosls sampling}, volume = {3}, Number = {2}, pages = {155-168}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jehe.3.2.155}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-228-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-228-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Samadi, Mohammad Taghi and TarlaniAzar, Monire and Almasi, Halime and Shanesaz, Samane and Harati, Roy}, title = {Efficiency Comparison of Modified-Clay and Lime-Marlin the Adsorption of Fluoride from Aqueous Solution}, abstract ={Background and purpose: Fluoride is one of the common anion in water that its concentration varies in different water supplies. Most of the body's requirement for fluoride is supplied through drinking water. Fluoride in low concentration is essential for human health but in high concentration is very hazardous for human health. The efficiency of modified-clay and lime-marl were investigated in this research as an adsorbent for the elimination of fluoride from aqueou solution.  Methods: In this study, the capability of modified-clay and lime-marl to adsorb fluoride ions was conducted using a series of batch tests in a shaker-incubator instrument. The effect of experimental parameters such as pH (4,7,10),  adsorbent dosage (1,5,10 g/L), initial fluoride concentration  (5,10,15 mg/L) andcontact time (15-120 min) were evaluated. The morphological and micro-structural character of  modified-clay and lime-marl have performed by using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The formation of the carboxylic functional groups was verified by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR).  Findings: results well demonstrate higher removal efficiency of fluoride was 95.23% and 28.71 by clay-modified and lime-marl, respectively; at 10 mg/L of fluoride concentration and 60 min contact time. The adsorption kinetics fitted well using the pseudo second-order kinetic model; however, equlibrium data were best fitted onto Langmiur isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacities of modified-clay and lime-marl for fluoride were found to be 4.43 mg/g and 1.32 mg/g, respectively. Conclusion: According to our finding, it proposed that adsorption process by using modified clay is very efficient and economic process for fluoride removal from aqueous solution.}, Keywords = {Fluoride, Clay, Lime, Aqueous solutions}, volume = {3}, Number = {3}, pages = {169-181}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jehe.3.3.169}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-237-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-237-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {MajlesiNasr, Monireh and Ansarizadeh, Mohammad and Leili, Mostaf}, title = {The Assessment of Air Pollutant Concentrations and Air Quality Index in Shiraz during 2011-2013}, abstract ={Background: Exposure to air pollutants can cause many problems, including the health effects in humans and animals. The aim of this study was to assay the air quality in the Shiraz city during 2011-2013. Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, the air pollutant data during the study period were taken from Air Quality Co. for two main stations i.e. Darvazeh Kazeroun and Imam Hossein and then were analysed to determine air quality index. Results: The maximum (0.018 ppm) and minimum (0.015 ppm) annual concentration of SO2 were determined in 2011 and 2013, respectively. The maximum NO2 concentration was measured in summer 2011 with a value of 0.025 ppm. Regarding ozone, the highest average concentration was measured in the summer season of 2013 with the concentration of 0.068 ppm. In terms of air quality, the worst situation was experienced in 2011, which about 31 percent of the days have been marked as unhealthy, but during the last years of the study, the air quality get better. Conclusion: In general, the results of the study showed that SO2 concentration has been decreased during recent years due to strengthen of air pollution regulation but NO2 concentration was increased because the number of gas fuel automobile was also increased. With regard to air quality, it has an improving trend during the study period.}, Keywords = {Air Pollution, SO2, NO2, O3, Air Quality Index, Shiraz}, volume = {3}, Number = {3}, pages = {182-192}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jehe.3.3.182}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-238-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-238-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Jafarigol, Farzaneh and Atabi, Farideh and Momeni, Mahmoudrez}, title = {The Survey of NOX Distribution Using Dispersion Models AERMOD and CALPUFF at a Gas Refinery}, abstract ={Background & Objectives: Nowadays, air pollution is one of the major challenges in the world, therefore, in the present study, according to the importance of the fourth refinery gas as the largest gas refinery in the region, the amount of emissions from stacks has been initially determined and then the distribution has been identified in the region. Methods: In this research, AERMOD and CALPUFF models have been used as the tools for the analysis of NOX emissions of stacks of 4th South Pars gas refinery located in Assaluyeh. First, NOX emissions from refinery stacks have been obtained by field measurements. Then, the distribution of these emissions has been examined using dispersion models AERMOD and CALPUFF in an area of 50 × 50 km in each direction x and y in the one-year period of 2013 to the average time of 1, 3, 8, and 24 and the amounts resulting from the implementation of the models have been compared to the results of field measurements at 9 receiving stations as a separate receptors in the model. Results: Review of charts and statistical parameters has shown that, according to the evaluation of predictions made, the CALPUFF model was better than AERMOD model, in the studied area. Conclusion: It could be concluded that performance of both models to predict the concentration of pollutants in the region can be generally considered acceptable.}, Keywords = {NOX, AERMOD dispersion model, CALPUFF dispersion model, Gas Refinery}, volume = {3}, Number = {3}, pages = {193-205}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jehe.3.3.193}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-239-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-239-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Mohammadnia, Mahin and Naghizadeh, Ali}, title = {Application of Graphene Nanoparticles in Removal of Fluoride from Aqueous Solution in Presence of Sulfate Anion}, abstract ={Background and Objective: Fluoride is one of the essential elements of water that introduce to water resources through several natural and human activities ways. The benefits and risks of fluoride depend on concentration of this anion on drinking waters. In this research, defluoridation of aqueous solution with graphene nanoparticles was studied. Methods: In the present study, effects of pH, contact time, fluoride initial concentration, adsorbent dosage, temperature as well as presence of sulfate anion in performance of graphene nanoparticles in removal of fluoride from aqueous solution were investigated. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms also were evaluated. Results: Maximum adsorption capacity occurred in first 15 minutes in pH=3 and initial fluoride concentration of 10 mg/L. The results also show that adsorption of fluoride on graphene well fitted with Freundlich isotherms. In presence of the sulfate anion, the adsorption capacity decreased. Furthermore, Increasing of temperature led to reducing the adsorption capacity that indicative of exothermic adsorption reaction. Conclusion: According to results of this research, graphene have good adsorption capacity in removal of fluoride from aqueous solution.}, Keywords = {Nanoparticles, Graphene, Adsorption isotherm, Fluoride}, volume = {3}, Number = {3}, pages = {206-219}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jehe.3.3.206}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-240-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-240-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Saeedi, Sedigheh and Godini, Hatam and Kamarehie, Bahram and Zare, Sudabeh and Rashidipoor, Marziyeh and Ebrahimi, Zohre and Mostafaee, Parvi}, title = {Investigation of Experimental Factors in Photocatalytical Degradation of Phenol from Aqueous Solution by UV/ZnO}, abstract ={Background and purpose: Phenol is an aromatic hydrocarbon and one of the banzan derivatives which have a higher dissolution rate in water and common methods cannot completely remove it. The main objective of this research was to study removal of phenol using UV/ZnO. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in a batch system. the experiments was conducted in a reactor with a capacity of 1 liter using zinc oxide nanoparticles that fixed on glass with the thermal fixing method and UVc radiation were used. The effects of initial concentration of phenol, solution pH, and contact time on the photocatalytic removal of phenol were studied. [MP2D1]  Results: The results showed that the best conditions for the removal of phenol were achieved at  pH 3, 5 mg/L initial phenol concentration, 3950 μw/cm2 radiation intensity and 120 min contact time (100% removal efficiency). The pH, initial phenol concentration, and contact time have an effect on phenol removal efficiency; the phenol removal efficiency increases with the decrease of initial phenol concentration and pH. Conclusion: Results of the present study showed that the photocatalytic degradation process (UV/ZnO) is an effective method in removal of phenol from aqueous solutions.  }, Keywords = {Photocatalytic oxidation, ZnO nanoparticles, Phenol, pH}, volume = {3}, Number = {3}, pages = {220-227}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jehe.3.3.220}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-241-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-241-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Baneshi, Mohammad Mehdi and RayganShirazi, Alireza and Zare, Morteza and Rezaei, Soheila and Sadat, Abdolmohamm}, title = {The Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyls Compounds on the Number of Bacteria in the Rhizosphere Sorghum and Onobrychis.s Plants by Single and Mix Cultivation}, abstract ={Background: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are toxic xenobiotic compounds that are extremely persistent in the environment. Use of plants for the treatment of polluted sites, has been used successfully to removal of variety of organic compounds, including PCBs. In this study the effects of polychlorinated biphenyls evaluated on bacterial populations of two plants onobrychis.s and sorghum single and mixed plants cultivation. Materials and methods: The soil samples were collected from ranges (0–20cm Depth) of Yasuj city, province of Kohqiluyeh & Buyerahmad and then polluted with different concentrations of PCBs (0, 100, 200,400,800 ppm). Soil bacterial population was measure than dilution series (Serial method), and, expressed as cfug-1 dry soil. At the end of the study (120 days after planting), plants were separated from the soil. Result: According to the results, average bacterial population in the soil with plant in compare by soil without the plant had a significant difference (p <0.05) between of different modes have the greatest impact on the population of bacteria mix culture> sorghum> onobrychis. S. root/shoot ratios have the greatest amount in mix culture (90%) and after onobrychis.s (72%) and sorghum (63 percent) Conclusion: According to the results of mix culture to single it caused more stimulate of bacteria and increase their numbers in the rhizosphere zone. In generally mix culture + surfactant (Tween80) were as the best mod.}, Keywords = {Phytoremediation, Sorghum, Onobrychis.s, Mix culture, Surfactant }, volume = {3}, Number = {3}, pages = {228-238}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jehe.3.3.228}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-242-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-242-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Aali, Rahim and Nikaeen, Mahnaz and Hatamzadeh, Maryam and Moazeni, Malihe and Khanahmad, Hossain and Shahryari, Ali}, title = {The role of Hospital Wastewaters in Dissemination of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria and Resistance Genes to the Environment}, abstract ={Background: Antibiotic resistance Genies causes many problems in hospitals. Dissemination of these agents to the environment is a great concern worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the concentration of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and presence of antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs) in hospital wastewaters. Methods: in present work, 33 sample from raw hospital wastewater were taken from three hospitals. Heterotrophic plate counts (HPC) method was used to assess the concentration of ARB in hospital wastewater samples. Six conventional antibiotics were selected. Presence of six resistance genes regarding to the selected antibiotics were surveyed in wastewater samples and isolated ARB by PCR method. Results: Average concentration of ARB in raw hospital wastewater was 3.81 ×107 CFU/100mL. Frequency pattern of ARB in raw hospital wastewater was as follows: ceftazidim(CAZ)> tetracycline(TE)> sulfomethoxazol (STX)> chloramphenicol (CHL)> erythromycin (ER)> and gentamicin(GM), respectively. ARGs in raw wastewater samples were detected more than isolated bacteria. ARGs frequency pattern in wastewater samples were as follows: sul1>cmlA1>ermB>tetW>aac3-1>ctx-m-32. Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that there are high concentration of ARB and ARGs in hospital wastewaters. Therefore, hospital wastewaters could play an important role in dissemination of ARB and ARGs into the natural environment and therefore, may pose serious public health risks.}, Keywords = {Hospital wastewaters, ARGs, PCR, Environment}, volume = {3}, Number = {3}, pages = {239-248}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jehe.3.3.239}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-243-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-243-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Nourisepehr, Mohammad and HajibagherTehrani, Sahba and MolaeiTavani, Sakineh and Ghanbari, Amir Hossei}, title = {The survey of biological absorption of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions by Wastewater stabilization pond algae}, abstract ={Background: Contamination of aquatic habitats due to toxicity and accumulation of heavy metals leading to serious damage to organisms and their advance to the food chain. Chrome is one of these heavy metals for the three and six-valence oxides used in industry. Health risks such as carcinogenic hexavalent chromium have been For this reason, removal and reduction of environment is essential. Target of this study hexavalent chromium biosorption by waste stabilization pond algae is of the aquatic environment. Methods: This study was a fundamental applied; In this batch reactor, variables Was investigated pH(3,5,7,9,11), Contact time(30,60,120,180,240,300min), The concentration of hexavalent chromium(0.5,1,5mg ) And the concentration of algae(0.25, 0.5, 1, 3g). Liquid mixed municipal wastewater treatment stabilization pond was used for insemination. For the investigate the effects of variables pH, contact time, the concentration of hexavalent chromium values in a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask prepared and various amounts of dried algae (0.25-0.5-1- 3 g) were added to it. Then became the shakers. After mixing, the filter paper was passed. The lab temperature was centrifuged for min10-5 rpm 2700 rpm. Then it was read at a wavelength absorbed by 540 nm. . Then collected was data to Excel and SPSS software. Finally was used for hexavalent chromium adsorption isotherm model equation of Langmuir and Freundlich. Results: This study shows that PH, contact time, the concentration of hexavalent chromium and chromium concentrations of algae optimal absorption by algae concentrations, respectively, in5 mg / l, min 120, 0.5 mg / l and is 1gr. Average maximum absorption of chromium Wastewater stabilization ponds by algae 97/2%, respectively. Correlation coefficients absorption curves of these models showed that Cr (VI) adsorption isotherm on wastewater stabilization pond algae follows (= R).  Conclusion: The results showed that wastewater stabilization pond algae as a biological absorption, very high ability to absorb their hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions. In addition with advantages such as low cost, no need for skilled workers, low excess Chemical waste sludge, metal restore capabilities have been further considered. }, Keywords = {Biosorption, Heavy Metals, Chromium, Algaeو Wastewater Stabilization Ponds}, volume = {3}, Number = {3}, pages = {249-258}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jehe.3.3.249}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-249-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-249-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {YeganeBadi, Mojtaba and FallahJokandan, Sevda and RezaeiNia, Salimeh and Esrafili, Ali and FarzadKia, Mehdi and Gholami, Mitr}, title = {Monitoring of Para-Hydroxy Benzoic Acid Esters (Antimicrobial and Preservative) in Tehran Wastewater Treatment Plants and Performance Evaluation of Various Wastewater Treatment Method in the Removal of These Compounds}, abstract ={Background and Purpose: Parabens are a group of Para-hydroxy Benzoic acid alkyl esters which extensively used as preservative in personal care products. Parabens have been recently found in wastewater, rivers, soil and dust. Therefore, the purpose of this study aimed to Monitor the occurrence of parabens from selected wastewater treatment plants (Shahrak Ghods and south of Tehran) and evaluate the performance of different treatment methods for removing these compounds. Methods: In this study, the samples from influent and effluent were collected from Shahrak Ghods and South of Tehran wastewater treatment plant as Seasonal and Three samples per season. Concentration of Para-hydroxy Benzoic acid esters was determined by HPLC, CECIL, 4100 at 242 nm. Result: After sampling in the different seasons from the west and south treatment plants, two selective paraben concentrations (Methyl paraben and Ethyl paraben) were measured. The results showed that average concentration of Methyl paraben (MeP) and Ethyl paraben) EtP( respectively were 740.7 and 277.7 ng/L in the Influent and 179.3 and 45.8 ng/L in the effluent of Shahrak Ghods treatment plant. Also, the average concentration of MeP and EtP respectively were 835.3 and 295.3 ng/L in Influent and 132.8 and 29.7 ng/L in the effluent of South of Tehran treatment plant. In the next step, Risk assessment of effluent treatment plants discharging to environment with comparing the studies was done. According to the paraben concentration in the effluent of both treatment plants, discharge of effluent treatment plants whit selective contaminants, have little biological effects on ecosystems. Conclusions: The removal efficiency of Shahrak Ghods treatment plant in removing parabens, was lower than the South of Tehran. But the effluent quality of both treatment plant was less than the Effluent discharge standard. So both of treatment plant have appropriate performance to removal contaminants.}, Keywords = {Parabens, Wastewater Treatment Plants}, volume = {3}, Number = {4}, pages = {259-269}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jehe.3.4.259}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-267-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-267-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Takdastan, Afshin and Kordestani, Bahareh and Nisi, Abdolkazem and JalilzadehYangjeh, Rez}, title = {Study of Operational and Maintenance Problems and Parameters of Extended Aeration Activated Sludge Process in Golestan Hospital Wastewater Treatment Plant, Ahvaz, and Their Solutions}, abstract ={Background:Hospital wastewater is among hazardous wastewater due to its composition of pathogens and toxic chemicals. Discharge of untreated hospital wastewater to environment is hazardous for human and environment. Aims of this study were to identify Operational and Maintenance problems of Extended Aeration Activated sludge process in Golestan Hospital wastewater treatment plant (WTP), Ahwaz, Iran, and to find their solutions.                                                                   Materials and Methods:Sampling period was 6 months of 2015. BOD5, COD, and TSS parameters analysed in the hospital WTP effluent. In addition, VLR, Qr/Q, MLSS, F/M, SVI, HRT, and θc parameters measured in aeration tank, then operational and maintenance parameters calculated.                                                                                                         Results:Results shown that average of operation & maintenance parameters were: F/M = 0.35, HRT = 6 hour, Qr/Q = 64.28 %, VLR = 1.1 Kg BOD/m3.d, MLSS = 2819.36 mg/l, SVI = 144.89 ml/g, θc = 10.93 days.                                                       Conclusion:Results of operational and maintenance parameters shown that biological process behavior of the hospital WTP was Extended Aeration Activated Sludge in past years, but converted to conventional activated sludge process due to increase in hospital beds of clinical and out patients departments , which increased water consumption lead to increase wastewater flow rate. High flow rate lead to increase hydraulic load and diluting organic matter load, so hydraulic retention time and sludge age decreased.}, Keywords = { Hospital Wastewater, Activated Sludge, Operation Treatment }, volume = {3}, Number = {4}, pages = {270-279}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jehe.3.4.270}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-268-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-268-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {ESlami, Akbar and Noorisepehr, Mohammad and Jafarinia, Maghsu}, title = {The Study of Microbial Contamination in Karaj City Swimming Pools and Its Relation to Physicochemical Parameters and the Number of Swimmers}, abstract ={Background:Among safe recreation, use of pools are becoming more popular. Due to health issues and ways to ensure the health and welfare of people, swimming pools are very important. The major health issues in this field is attention to water quality. Also Immersion in water may cause water to inter the mouth, nose, ear and eye. Thus, in the case of water pollution related deaseses will be acure. Sanitary control of swimming pools is necessary to maintain siwimmer health and prevent swimmer from deasese.Thus The need for research in this area seems necessary. Methods:This study, based on applied research and analytical - descriptive, correlational, cross-sectional survey was conducted. In this project, we studied 35 swimming pools in the city of Karaj. For this purpose, samples were collected every month for 9 months, turbidity, pH, free residual chlorine measuring was cundacted at the sampling time and testing for total coliform, E.coli coliform and counting of hetrotrophic organisms in the laboratory of water and wastewater was performed. data analyzed by using Excel and SPSS software. Results:The results showed a total of 315 analysed the measuring parameters chlorine, pH, turbidity , respectively were 88.9 percent, 90.8 and 100 percent in standard range and 9.2 %, 11.1 non-standard were reported, and the negative total coliform and heterotrophic were reported 95% and 99% respectively. Based on statistical analysis, no significant correlation was obtained between microbial contaminations by residual chlorine. Conclusion:The results showed swimming pools were in appropriate health status. The control of risk factors and pay attention to hygiene standards by swimmers and pool staff are good strategy for pollution control.}, Keywords = {Swimming Pool, Karaj, Microbial Contamination}, volume = {3}, Number = {4}, pages = {280-286}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jehe.3.4.280}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-269-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-269-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {KheirkhahRahimabad, Kave and Hasani, Amir Hessam and Saeedi, Reza and KheirkhahZarkesh, Mir Masoud and Sayadi, Mojtab}, title = {Evaluation and Assessment of Fluoride in Drinking Water Wells Damavand Villages Zoning in GIS According to DMF Index}, abstract ={Background:Fluoride is one the vital anions and the drinking water is the main source of preparing it for the human body. Nonetheless, the aim of this paper is to investigate the Fluoride rate in water supplying wells by using GIS environment according to decay, missing or filled (DMF) index.  Methods: This research is an analytic and cross-sectional descriptive study with sampling approach of 12 water supplying wells of Damavand villages in summer and autumn the year 2013. The Fluoride concentration was measured by standard method SPADNS using MN-Nano color 400 Photometer in laboratory of Rural Water and Wastewater Company of Tehran. Then DMF was investigated for local students and finally the obtained data were modeled in GIS. Results: The average of Fluoride concentration was 0.094 to 0.212 mg/L in summer and 0.137 to 3.48 mg/L in autumn. The DMF index was estimated around 5.46 for all evaluated students that the mentioned index was 7.635 and 3.29 for male and female pupils respectively which are statistically significant difference. Conclusion: The amounts of fluorine in drinking water supplies in rural Damavand villages are lower than the international water standards. According to the results of experiments and lack of fluorine ion in the villages of this town, required fluorine should be done by drinkable water fluoridation and continuities of implementation plan for fluoride ion among the schools until reaching the fluoride concentration to the standard threshold, Supplying required fluorine of body by mouth-wash materials for people of this region}, Keywords = {Fluoride, Drinking Water, Fluoridation, Well, Damavand}, volume = {3}, Number = {4}, pages = {287-297}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jehe.3.4.287}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-270-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-270-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {MolaeiTvani, Sakineh and Goodini, Hatem and MehrAli, Aziz and SharifiArab, Ghulamali and Ashoori, Shahrbanu and AlyanNejad, Nasree}, title = {Survey the Current State of Quality Potable Water Clearing Supplied to the Distribution System and the Role of Water & Wastewater Company And the Distribution of Network and Improve Its Quality Case Study in Shahrood City}, abstract ={ Background and Purpose: Supply of high-quality water (drinking water quality), is a critical component for sustainable socioeconomic development. This study aimed to assess the current state of water quality supplied to the distribution system and importance of participating water and sewer its distribution network to improve the quality selected. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study in 1394 in both spring and summer, during a systematic search, local information on the quality (microbiological, physical and chemical) drinking water distribution systems were evaluated using a questionnaire. The samples for the presence of CL, PH, TDS, sulfates, total hardness, nitrite, nitrate, fluoride, chloride, turbidity and total coliform were analyzed by standard methods and 1053 were compared with the national standard. Results: The average parameters studied a total of 303 water samples collected from amount CL, PH, TDS, sulfates, total hardness, magnesium, calcium, nitrite, nitrate, fluoride, chloride, turbidity and total coliform respectively equal Was reported 0/1 mg/L, 7/66 mg/L, 773/39 mg/L,108/15 mg/L, 287/84 mg/L, 31/59 mg/L, 50/05 mg/L, 0/02 mg/L, 19/56 mg/L, 1/08 mg/L, 80/57 mg/L, 0/6 mg/L, 24/5 MPN/100ML. The role of water and sewage company as well as the effect of the drinking water distribution network respectively physicochemical and microbiological quality of drinking water in the utility had a significant relationship (p <0/005), (p <0/0001). And significant relationship between the quality of water supplied by the technical infrastructure and health, fatigue and corrosion, leakage and pressure was high hydro Leakey (p <0/000). According to the results of the statistical test Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficient also showed a strong correlation between the leak with water quality. Conclusion: The results showed that the water samples tested for microbial and physico-chemical parameters were within the range of Iran's national standard 1053 except the CL, which is less than the national standard. The role of water and sewage company distribution network and improve its quality is very important. }, Keywords = {Microbial Quality, Physicochemical Quality, Drinking Water, Shahroud}, volume = {3}, Number = {4}, pages = {298-312}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jehe.3.4.298}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-271-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-271-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Seyedian, Morteza and Farasati, Masumeh and Heshmatpoor, Ali and Rasouli, Akbar}, title = {Evaluation of Nitrate Transport in Clay Soil}, abstract ={ Background and purpose: With the increase in world population and the need to provide food, farmers are now using a variety of chemical fertilizers, organic pesticides have turned. Indiscriminate use of these inputs without considering its side effects, both environmental problems and brings in terms of human health. Among these, organic fertilizers contain soluble compounds such as nitrate. These compounds through precipitation or irrigation of the soil solution, groundwater and surface water resources are. The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of nitrate transport in clay and simulation software using HYDRUS2D. Methods: In order to perform it, 5 different height of soil column 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 cm selected. In thicknesses of 20, 40, 60 and 80 cm respectively output levels after a period of 6, 12, 18 and 22 hours to input the concentration of nitrate (50 mg/lit) is. In thicknesses of 20, 40, 60 and 80 cm, respectively, after the time of 5/6, 5/12, 21, and 25-hour concentration of 50 mg/lit is output. In thickness 20, 40, 60 and 80cm, outlet concentration after 6, 12, 18 and 22 minutes inlet concentration (50mg/lit). Results: The result showed that Hydrus software ability of simulates nitrate movement in soil and result of Hydrus software and laboratory data near. Conclusions: With increasing soil thickness difference HYDRUS2D results and experimental data more and more time to transfer nitrate were spent with increasing thickness. }, Keywords = {Nitrate Transport, Soil Columns, HYDRUS 2D, Clay Soil}, volume = {3}, Number = {4}, pages = {313-322}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jehe.3.4.313}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-272-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-272-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Yaghmaeian, Kaveh and Mehrafrooz, Ahmad and Pouraslan, Ali and Akbarpour, Madineh and Akbarpour, Bahm}, title = {Removal of Nitrate from Aqueous Solutions by Starch Stabilized nano Zero-Valent Iron(nZVI)}, abstract ={Background and Objective: Nitrate is one of the inorganic anions derived as a result of oxidation of elemental nitrogen. Urban and industrial wastewater, animal and vegetable waste products in large cities that have organic nitrogen are excreted along the soil. The primary risk of Nitrate in drinking water occurs when nitrate in the gastrointestinal tract switch to nitrite. Nitrite causes the oxidation of iron in hemoglobin of red blood cells, result in red blood cells could not carry the oxygen, a condition called methemoglobinemia. Therefore, achieving the new technologies for nitrate removal is necessary. Material and Methods: The present study was conducted at laboratory Scale in non-continuous batches. Stabilized adsorbent was produced through reducing Iron sulfate by sodium borohydride (NaBH4) in presence of Starch (0.2W %) as a stabilizer. At first, the effect of various parameters such as contact time (10-90min), pH (3-11), adsorbent dose (0.5-3 g/L) and initial concentration of arsenate (50-250 mg/L) were investigated on process efficiency. Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm model equilibrium constant, were calculated. Residual nitrate were measured by using the DR5000 spectrophotometer. Results: The optimum values based on RSM for pH, absorbent dose, contact time, and initial concentration of nitrate were 5.87, 2.25 g/L, 55.7 min, and 110.35 mg/L respectively. Langmuir isotherm with R2= 0.9932 for nitrate was the best graph for the experimental data. The maximum amount of nitrate adsorption was 138.88mg/g. Conclusion: Stabilized absorbent due to have numerous absorption sites and Fe0 as a reducing agent could have great potential in nitrate removal from water.}, Keywords = {Adsorption, Nitrate, Starch, Modified Zero Valent Iron Nanoparticles.}, volume = {3}, Number = {4}, pages = {323-335}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jehe.3.4.323}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-273-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-273-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Nourisepehr, Golnar and Emtiazjoo, Mozhgan and Nourisepehr, Mohammad and Dehghanifard, Em}, title = {Performance Evaluation of Magnetic-Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube in Removal of 2,4-DNP from Aqueous Solutions and Determining Toxicity Reduction}, abstract ={Background and Objective: In Iran, due to vast development of different chemical and petrochemical industries and water resource pollution to refractory organic matters, using a costeffective method for the removal of those pollutant from drinking water. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of magnetic-multiwalled carbon nanotube for the removal of 2,4- dinitrophenol from aquoeous solutions and deteremining toxicity reduction of the effluent. Methods: Adsorption experiments were conducted in a batch system. Magnetic-multiwalled carbon nanotubes were synthesized by co-precipitation method. Variables of contact time (0-90 min), pH (3,5, 7, 9, 11), pollutant concentration (10-100 mg/L) and adsorbent concentration (1-2.5 g/L) were considered. For the determination of toxicity reduction of the effluent, the Bioassay tests were applied by using Daphnia magna which toxicity of 48h and 96 h were obtained. Results: Results were showed that the maximum removal of 92.97% in the contact time of 90 min were obtained in pH=7, pollutant concentration of 10 mg/L and adsorption concentration of 2.5 g/L. The adsorption process was in accordance with Freundlich isotherm which showed non-uniform and multi-layered adsorption on the surface of the adsorbent and heterogeneous adsorption. The results of the toxicity of 2,4-DNP, before the adsorption process, on the Daphnia magna organism showed that the lethal concentration (LC50) 48h and 96 h of the raw wastewater was 42 and 38 percent (4.2 and 3.8 mg/L), respectively. Conclusions: The magnetic-multiwalled carbon nanotube adsorbent could be a proper choice for removal of 2,4-DNP, due to high removal efficiency, recyclability, reusability and activity in neutral pH.}, Keywords = {Magnetic-multiwalled carbon nanotube, 2,4-DNP, Toxicity reduction, Daphnia magna}, volume = {3}, Number = {4}, pages = {337-349}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.jehe.3.4.337}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-274-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-274-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2016} }