@article{ author = {Dehghan, Reyhane and Rahimi, Mehranghiz and nejadkoorki, Farhad and Afshani, Alireza and Amini, Malihe}, title = {Comparison of Dispersion of Air Pollutants Carbon Monoxide and Unburned Hydrocarbon Gases in Combustion Chamber of Gas and Gasoline Cars in the Years 2009-2013 in Shiraz}, abstract ={Gasoline fuel vehicles cause emissions of airborne pollutants that are poisonous and have a deleterious effect on human health and the environment while natural gas fuels have less harmful effects on the environment and humans due to their greater environmental compatibility. The propose of this study is to investigate the concentration of CO, HC, O2 in the exhaust outlet of gas and diesel cars that is referred to the technical examination center and to compare the distribution of these gases based on the fuel type of the vehicle and the lambda coefficient.  Methods: This study was conducted on 1000 vehicles tested in technical examination centers in Shiraz city. To do this, the distribution of air pollutants including CO, H, O2 exhaust from Pride, Peugeot 405 and Samand, which were obtained with two types of gas and gasoline combustion and the relationship between the distribution of these gases with the lambda coefficient and the gasoline and gas type in these three types of vehicles was analyzed by t-test with a significant level (p <0.05). Results: The results showed that there is a significant relationship between vehicle fuel type and CO, HC and O2 emissions from car exhaust (p <0.05) and in gas-fueled cars, it was less gasoline-burned. Also, by increasing the lambda coefficient, the oxygen content of the exhaust was increased while the contaminants, HC, CO decreased. Therefore, with the desired performance of the combustion chamber and the optimum consumption of oxygen in the combustion process, fewer pollutants are produced and introduced into the air. Conclusion: Also gas-fueled cars have higher lambda rates than gasoline cars and emit less pollution in the air.}, Keywords = {Shiraz, Air Pollution, vehicles Mottor, Technical Examination, Lambda Coefficient.}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-10}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/jehe.7.1.1}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-702-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-702-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Mehralipour, Jamal and Kermani, Maji}, title = {Optimization of the Ultrasonic-Electroproxone Process Via Graphene-Titanium Electrodes in Removal of 2, 4 D from Synthetic Wastewater by RSM}, abstract ={Background: Advanced Hybrid Oxidation Processes(AHOPs) have the ability to romove the pesticides. The aim of this study was optimization of sono-electroperoxone process (US-EP) in the removl of 2.4 D from aqueous via RSM. Methods: The pilot that used to in this study included an ozone generator, an ultrasonic generator and an electric direct current source. Two graphene electrodes as  anodes and two titanium electrodes as cathodes were used. This electrodes connected to DC as direct monopolar connection. pH, direct electric current, ozone gas concentration, reaction time and initial 2,4 D concentration were optimized as  an independet and inffluence parameters. COD and TOC removal, kinetics of reaction, synergyist effects of variables, presence of radical scavangers and optimal electrolyte concentration were determined in optimum condition. Results: Efficiency of process was 55-90 percent in different runs. The optimized conditions are modeled was pH=6/04, ozone concentration equal to 2 mg/L.min, electric current equal to 1 amperes, 2, 4 D concentration equal to 30.3 mg/L and in 103 minutes reaction time in the presence of ultrasonic waves with frequencies 40 kHz. The Efficiency of US-EP in this situation was 95 percent. COD and TOC removal were 71% and 63%, respectively. The kinetics of the process follow the first order kinetics. The P-Value and F-value was determined by ANOVA analysis 0.0033 and 24.19 respectively, which indicates the model is significant. R2, R2 adj and R2 predicted were 0.94, 0.84 and 0.89, respectively. Conclusion: US-EP process had a high performance in removing of 2.4 D. The process is an environmentally friendly process because don’t use of chemicals.}, Keywords = {Ultrasonic-Electroproxone process, 2, 4 D pesticid, Optimazation, Aqueous}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {11-28}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/jehe.7.1.11}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-706-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-706-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Majlesi, Monireh and Alavi, Nadali and Atamaleki, Ali and Seyyed, Mostafa and Soheili, Najmeddi}, title = {Investigation of Physicochemical and Microbial Parameters of Doogh River Water and the Effect of Adjacent Felman Wells on Decreasing These Parameters in Kalaleh city During 2012-2016}, abstract ={Background: Water resource management in order to preserving and supplying of high-quality water, plays an important role on communities health. For this reason, humans have always used different methods to provide high-quality water. One of these methods is the use of Radial Collector wells. In this study, the effect of Radial Collector wells on the microbial and physicochemical quality of Doogh River during 5 years has been investigated. Methods: In this study, we assessed some water quality parameters on Dough River (DR) and its adjacent Radial Collector Well (RCW) which supplies water shortage of Gonbad Kavous city, Golestan province, Iran. For this purpose, monthly samples during 2012 to 2016 were collected from DR and RCW, then parameters included nitrate, phosphate, turbidity, pH, fecal coliform, and temperature were measured. Finally, effect of time variation and infiltration of water from DR to RCW on qualitative parameters was analyzed. Results: According to the results, nitrate, phosphate, turbidity, pH, and fecal coliforms significantly decreased during infiltration process (P-Value <0.05). In addition, the time variation of nitrate, phosphate, turbidity, temperature, and fecal coliforms had significant difference. Conclusion: The present dataset demonstrated that RCW has a good efficiency for reduction of measured parameters. Also, monthly variations can be effective on water quality of resources. }, Keywords = {Water resources, Water quality, River, Radial collector well, Golestan}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {29-41}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/jehe.7.1.29}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-700-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-700-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Khamisabadi, Afsaneh and Parvanak, Kamran and Nasrabadi, Mahnaz}, title = {Effect of the Use Treated Wastewater on Microbial Contamination of Soils of Urban Landscapes}, abstract ={Background & objective: Microbial contamination is one of the main concerns about the use of treated wastewater in irrigation. Therefore, the present study conducted to investigate the effect of treated wastewater on microbial contamination of urban landscape soils in Zahedan. Material & methods: In this study, a 1600 m2 plot of palm trees in Zahedan were irrigated with treated wastewater and one plot were irrigated with well water (control treatment) were selected. From the soil of two plot, a random sample of 16 samples from 0 to 50 cm depth were collected in 1397. Sampling were done from treated wastewater and well water. Physical, chemical and microbiological properties of treated wastewater and well water and microbial parameters of soil samples were measured according to standard methods. Data were analyzed using a randomized complete block design with MSTAT-C softwares. Results: Based on the results of analysis of variance, the application of treated wastewater has a significant effect on the microbial parameters of irrigated soils in a 1% statistical level. The results of comparison of meanings by LSD showed, the application treated wastewater at compared to well water significantly (p<0.05) were increased total coliforms, fecal coliforms and egg parasites of soils to 93.3%, 86.8% and 80% respectively. Also, the soil microbial parameters of palm trees were higher than that of the control treatment and the standard limit for agricultural land. Conclusion: The chemical quality of Treated Wastewater of the Zahedan was consistent with the standards of the Iranian environmental organization in terms of its application in agriculture. However, number of the total coliforms, fecal coliforms and egg parasites of treated Wastewater, as well as in the surface soil of palm trees were irrigated with this wastewater was relatively high that could be accepted for limited irrigation according to the Global Health Guidelines.}, Keywords = {Total coliforms, Fecal coliform, Palm trees, Soil contamination}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {42-52}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/jehe.7.1.42}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-703-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-703-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Abdollahinejad, Behnaz and Farzadkia, Mahdi and JonidiJafari, Ahmad and Esrafili, Ali}, title = {Bioremediation of Soils Contaminated with Gasoline in Bioreactors Containing Earthworms Eisenia Fetida and Mixture of Vermicompost and Raw Activated Sludge}, abstract ={Background and Aims: Nowadays, soil pollution with total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) is one of the major environmental issues caused serious problems to human and other living organisms. One of the best and most reliable methods of bioremediation is the use of earthworms known as vermin-remediation. In this study, bioremediation of gasoline-contaminated soil using Eisenia Fetida, the mixture of activated sludge and compost was evaluated. Materials and Methods: In order to determine the efficiency of bioremediation to removal gasoline from contaminated soil, cow compost and urban sewage sludge with a weight ratio of 1: 0.35:0.25, was used. Experiments were carried out in 6 reactors with different concentrations of diesel (10 and 30 g / kg soil), a different number of Eisenia Fetida earthworm (10 and 20) at ambient temperature during 90 days. To compare the performance of biodegradation of gasoline using Eisenia Fetida earthworm, two control reactors that contained only contaminated soil with two ratios of gasoline, vermicompost and activated sludge, were used. The (TPH) decomposition rate was measured by GC-FID. Results of this study were analyzed by Minitab version 17 software. Results: Results indicated reactor No.3 has the best removal efficiency of light hydrocarbons during 90 days. the removal efficiency of average hydrocarbons was  70% and heavy hydrocarbons with the highest removal efficiency of 68% in reactor No. 4 with characteristics Soil polluted with 10 g / kg of soil + 20 number of Eisenia Fetida, With a significant difference of other reactors. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the degradability of hydrocarbons has increased significantly with the addition of organic modifying materials and the increase in the number of earthworms.}, Keywords = {Bioremediation, Total petroleum hydrocarbons, Eisenia Fetida earthworm, Vermicompost, Activated sludge}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {53-68}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/jehe.7.1.53}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-707-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-707-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Bigdeli, Tania and Motiee, Fereshteh}, title = {Photocatalytic Degradation of Acid Yellow 36 Using Titanium Dioxide Nanocomposites Doped by Zirconium}, abstract ={Introduction: In this research, TiO2-Zr nano-photocatalyst was firstly developed with the aim of improving the photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide via sol-gel method. The recovery of catalysts in acidic, alkaline and thermal conditions was also studied. Method: This research was done on a laboratory scale. The structures and properties were recognized with (BET), (FT-IR), (FE-SEM), and (XRD) methods and the band gap value of the synthesized nano photocatalyst found to 3 eV with DRS. Also, the effect of color concentration, soluble pH, catalyst powder concentration and contact time was kept constant in order to economically effect on the efficacy of dyeing. Then, photocatalytic activity was evaluated for degradation of organic pollution days Acid yellow 36 in aqueous solution specimen by the UV-Vis spectrophotometer and total organic carbon (TOC). Result: Finally, after obtaining the optimum conditions for degradation efficiency, it was compared with titanium dioxide photocatalyst, which revealed that increase in efficiency due to changes in the band gap and, as a final point, shows the power of photocatalytic activity of synthetic doped material in degradation organic environmental pollutants. Conclusion: It founded that doping Zr ions to the TiO2 lattice causes decreasing band gap value, so As a result, the necessary energy to stimulate the electrons from the valence band reduced in results wavelength shift up. The photocatalytic activity has a significant impact on color reduction and has a high potential for the decolorization organic dye wastewater.}, Keywords = {Nano photocatalyst, Organic pollutant degradation, Advanced oxidation, Industrial effluent}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {69-82}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/jehe.7.1.69}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-704-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-704-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Alavi, Nadali and Eslami, Akbar and MajlessiNasr, Monire and Masihi, Najme}, title = {Optimization of Biodiesel Production Process from Restaurant Waste Frying Oils in the Presence of Homogeneous Catalyst}, abstract ={Background and Objective: Because of the importance of the role of energy in the world and nonrenewability of fossil fuels and caused environmental issues by these fuels in recent years, many studies have been conducted to find an appropriate alternative to fossil fuels in different countries of the world. Biofuels such as (biodiesel and bioethanol) have been introduced as one of the most desirable alternatives.The purpose of this study is investigation the production of biodiesel from waste frying oils in the presence of a homogeneous catalyst. Methods: This study is an experimental-laboratory. In this study, the impact of three parameters including reaction time (60,70 and 80 minutes), weight percent of catalyst (.5, 1 and 1.5 percent) and molar ratio of methanol to oil (3:1, 6:1 and 9:1) Was investigated at three levels. The biodiesel production efficiency was calculated using the produced biodiesel mass from the amount of consumed primary oil. Results: The maximum production efficiency of biodiesel in the presence of sodium hydroxide as homogeneous catalyst was obtained 86.6 ± 3.23%. Optimum conditions for the maximum efficiency were methanol to oil molar ratio of 6:1, weight percent of catalyst 1 and reaction time of 70 minutes. In this study the reaction temperature and mixing intensity were considered of 65 ° C and 500 rpm respectively. Conclusion: The waste frying oils of restaurants that are producing a lot in our country are a great source for biodiesel production and energy supply.}, Keywords = {Renewable Energy, Biodiesel, Homogeneous Catalyst.}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {83-93}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/jehe.7.1.83}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-705-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-705-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Farajollahi, Zahra and Noorisepehr, Mohammad and Hasani, Amir Hesam and Dehghanifard, Em}, title = {Evaluation the Efficacy of Granulated Metallic-Magnetic Chitosan Nanocomposite for Adsorption of Interfering Anions in Aqueous Solutions}, abstract ={Background and Objective: Water interfering anions can cause major problems in the quality of drinking water as well as entering water to the industry. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of granulated metallic-magnetic chitosan nanocomposite for adsorption of interfering anions in aqueous solutions (sulfate, chloride, carbonate and bicarbonate. Materials& Methods: Synthesis of granulated metallic-magnetic chitosan nanocomposite was conducted based on co-precipitation method. The anions chloride (300-50 mg / L), carbonate (150-50 mg / L), bicarbonate (50- 150 mg / L) and sulfate (50-300 mg / L) were considered. The pH range of the study was between 5- 8 and the remaining time was 0-90 minutes. For the study of the adsorption process, the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were considered as pseudo-first and pseudo-second kinetics order at temperatures in the range of 20-45 Celsius. Results: The results showed that the best removal efficiency of anions was obtained at pH = 5. With an increase in chlorine concentration from 50 mg / L to 300 mg / L, the removal efficiency decreased from 80.06% to 38.22%. This trend has also been observed for other anions in the study, which decreased from 57.82% to 37.69% for sulfate at similar concentrations. In carbonate and bicarbonate, at 50-50 mg / L concentrations, the removal efficiency decreased from 61.15% to 41.17% and 79.66%, respectively, to 49.36%. The percentage of removal of chlorine ion with an amount of adsorbent between 1-5 g / L increased from 62% to 91%. However, increasing the amount of absorbent after 4 g / L did not have a significant difference in removal of chlorine. The same effect was observed for other anions in the study, so that the removal efficiency of carbonate, bicarbonate and sulfate anions in exchange for an increase in the absorbent dose increased from 1 g / L to g / L 5, which was 56% to 93%, 52% to 96% and 53% to 80%. The results of the study showed that the adsorption process follows Langmuir isotherm model and the adsorption of anions is superficial. The absorption model also follows the pseudo-second order kinetic model. In addition, as the temperature rises, the removal efficiency decreases. Conclusion: The results of the study showed that granulated metallic-magnetic chitosan nanocomposite adsorbent was able to remove the interfering anions from water resources.}, Keywords = {Absorption, Granulated metallic-magnetic chitosan nanocomposite, Interfering anions, Water resources.}, volume = {7}, Number = {1}, pages = {94-110}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/jehe.7.1.94}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-701-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-701-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Ranjbarian, Mohamad and Saadi, Jaleledin and Etemad, Korosh and Farhadi, Rozita and Musavifard, Azar and Zarei, Fatemeh}, title = {Survey of Electric Field Intensity and Magnetic Density at High Voltage Substations (230 kV) in Golestan Province}, abstract ={Introduction: Recent industrial developments have led to the rapid development of electricity production successively; it leads to power grids and high voltage utilization. The effects of electromagnetic fields have been investigated on the organism by researchers. In many cases, it is not possible to conclusively comment, because of the slowness impact of fields of life-cycle processes and the long-term studies. According to the harmful effects of exposure to electromagnetic waves, this study was conducted to investigate the electric field intensity and magnetic field at high voltage substations (230 kv) in Golestan province. Materials and Methods: This Cross-sectional study (descriptive-analytical) was performed at 230 kv substations in Golestan Province (1396). The electric field and the magnetic field density were measured by instrument model TM-190 at 5 posts in Golestan province and compared with the standards. Results: 100 % of the measured electric field intensity and magnetic field of the 230 kv substations in Golestan Province is less than the standard. Conclusion: The magnitude of the electric and magnetic fields is in the occupational limits.}, Keywords = {Substation, Electric field, Magnetic field density}, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {111-118}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/jehe.7.2.111}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-738-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-738-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {YeganeBadi, Mojtaba and Esrafili, Ali and Pasalari, Hasan and FallahJokandan, Sevda and Farzadkia, Mahdi}, title = {Evaluation the Efficiency of Catalytic Ozonation by Magnetic Nanoparticles TiO2/Fe3O4 in Removal of Ceftazide Antibiotic from Aqueous Solutions}, abstract ={Background & aim: The discharge of pharmaceutical effluent containing antibiotics into water resources is a great of concern associated with environmental pollution. In addition, conventional treatment systems are not capable of eliminating these antibiotics which commonly used in dealing with treatment of humans. Furthermore, over-consuming of antibiotics over the past few decades has forced researchers to find new techniques in order to deal with this environmental issues of great concern. In the present work, TiO2 was employed as a catalyst in the non-homogenous catalytic ozonation process for removal of Ceftazide antibiotics from synthetic sewage. Materials and Methods: This fundamental-practical study was conducted in a pilot scale. The magnetic TiO2 nano-sized particles were synthesized through a sol-gel method. The properties of magnetized titanium dioxide nanoparticles as catalyst were characterized using SEM, XRD and EDX. The effects of variables: pH, catalyst dose, reaction time, pollutant concentration on the performance of catalytic process were investigated. The residual concentration of Ceftazide was analyzed by a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: The findings of present study indicated that the high removal efficiency of Ceftazide occurs in alkaline conditions and a direct relation was observed between removal efficiency and pH. The catalyst dose of 2 g/l was determined as optimum dosage and the Ceftazide removal efficiency was improved by decreasing the initial concentration as time proceeded. The results showed that the removal of Ceftazide by this catalytic process are fitted with the first-order model. Conclusion: The results show that the catalytic ozonation process with magnetized titanium dioxide nanoparticles has high efficiency for removal of Ceftazide from aqueous media. The catalytic ozonation process can be considered as an effective way to remove Ceftazide antibiotics from aqueous environment.}, Keywords = {Ceftazide, Ozonation, Magnetic Titanium dioxide Nanoparticles}, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {119-134}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/jehe.7.2.119}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-739-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-739-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Zoqi, Mohamad Javad and Doosti, Mohamad Rez}, title = {Study of Heavy Metal Accumulation in Plants Irrigated with Well Water and Wastewater from Birjand Wastewater Plant}, abstract ={Introduction: In the recent years, the use of municipal wastewater for irrigation has attracted the consideration of arid countries. Despite the potential use of municipal wastewater in plants irrigation as sustainable strategy, the environmental impacts need to be investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of treated wastewater in irrigation crop plants. Methods: The present study was carried out to assess levels of iron, zinc, chrome, copper, manganese and nickel, in plants irrigated with water from different sources. Impact of different irrigation sources on metals uptake by plants were determined using Statistical tests. Results: According to the results, the type of water source (well water, treated wastewater) had a significant effect at 5% level on the mean concentration of Cu in barley leaves, Cr, Cu and Ni in barley root and Cu and Ni in soil around barley root. In this study, nickel concentration was higher than critical value in the soil around the roots for both plants and both irrigation sources due to the presence of nickel in the ultramafic rocks. Due to the proper performance of Birjand treatment plant stabilization ponds in reducing heavy metals from municipal wastewater, the concentration of most heavy metals in plant and soil in irrigation with treated wastewater was significantly lower than in irrigation with well water. The proximity of farms to heavy-duty vehicles increased the concentration of copper in all the situations studied which were close to the critical range. The concentration of chromium in shoots of plant was lower than other metals. Conclusion: As a result, the values of heavy metals in different parts of plants were below the acceptable levels as suggested. In comparison to plants, the soil presented higher concentration of all studied metals. However, the regular monitoring of levels of these metals from well water and treated wastewater, in plants and soil is essential to prevent excessive build-up of these metals in the food chain.}, Keywords = {Heavy metals, Crops, Municipal wastewater, Herbal organs, Soil}, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {135-151}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/jehe.7.2.135}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-740-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-740-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Mirzahedayat, Bahareh and Entezari, Masoomeh and Zarrabi, Mansur and Dehghanifard, Emad and Noorisepehr, Mohamm}, title = {Synthesis of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Application in Removal of Tetracycline Antibiotic from Aqueous Solutions}, abstract ={Background: Magnesium oxide is one of the alkaline earth metal oxides which due to its catalytic properties has been widely used in the analysis of hazardous chemicals. The main purpose of this study was to remove tetracycline antibiotics using magnesium nano oxide. Methods: In this study, magnesium oxide nanoparticles were synthesized in the presence of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide. Synthesized nanoparticles were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal analysis (TGA), transmission microscopic analysis (TEM), particle size distribution analysis (DLS), infrared radiation analysis (FTIR) and electron diffraction (FES) electron microscopy (FES). In the next step, the efficiency of the synthesized nanoparticles in the batch system was investigated by changing one parameter and keeping the other parameters constant in removal of the tetracycline antibiotic. Results: Increasing the pH from 3 to 7 caused efficiency increase, but decreased again to pH = 11. As the contact time increases, the efficiency increases. This increase was steepest for 60 minutes and is almost constant after 60 minutes. According to other available concentrations,the contact time of  60 minutes was chosen as the optimum time. The efficiency without the presence of interfering ions in optimum condition was 81.68%. By adding the interfering ions the efficiency at the lowest concentration level of the interferers was 62.29% (nitrate), 40.11% (sulfate), 55.32% (Cu) and 43.56% (fluoride) decreased. The highest reduction was obtained with sulfate ion at 300 ppm which showed an efficiency of 15%. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that MgO adsorbent can efficiently remove tetracycline contaminants from water resources.}, Keywords = {Magnesium oxide nanoparticles, Tetracycline antibiotic, Aqueous solutions, Adsorption}, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {152-164}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/jehe.7.2.152}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-737-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-737-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Moradi, Tyeb and Abolhasani, Mohammad Hadi}, title = {The Study of the Age of Compost on the Quality of the Produced Compost (A Case Study of Compost Municipal Waste Management Organization)}, abstract ={Introduction: Today, the issue of urban solid waste or urban waste is one of the most serious problems in the whole world. Composting plants have a significant amount of time from the production and production stage to the sale and consumption stage. In this study, the effect of compost age on the quality of the compost factory was carried out in Isfahan City waste management organization. Method: To conduct this study, a compost mass of about 300 tons of newly produced compost and prepared for sale at a particular site from the plant and was done in a special place of four and nine weeks. There are ammonia, nitrate, ammonium, phosphorus, potassium, total nitrogen, mineral nitrogen, organic nitrogen, sodium, calcium, magnesium, carbon, density, EC, pH, oxygen, sulfur, and the ratio of carbon to nitrogen was done at any time with three iterations of the experiment. Findings: Findings indicate that ammonia, nitrate, ammonium, total nitrogen, mineral nitrogen, EC, pH, moisture, density, and the ration of carbon to nitrogen in the initial compost are respectively as follows: 1800, 58.35, 28.2314, 14000, 2400, 11600, 145.7, 245.7, 85.6, 286, and 54.12. Finally in the 9th week, they changed as follows: 145.873, 325.81, 61.1122, 63.15065, 63.1215, 13850, 71.5, 35.7, 005.5, 5.279 and 04.22. The amount of ammonia, ammonium phosphor, mineral nitrogen, EC, moisture and density was reduced with a significant difference whereas other factors increased with a significant difference. The results of phosphor were not significantly different. Also, the results of the study revealed that ammonia, ammonium, phosphorus, total nitrogen, nitrogen, EC and COD in the zero weeks were respectively as follows: 244.26, 314.05, 298.73, 1153.6, 325.36, 6289.2, 37.088 and 3635.24, whereas in the ninth week, they changed as follows: 110.36, 141.89, 285.43, 366, 148.98, 217, 728.15, 5733.76. The amount of ammonia, nitrate, ammonium, total nitrogen, mineral nitrogen, organic nitrogen, as well as EC reduced with a significant difference, but the amount of COD increased with a significant difference. The results of phosphor and nitrate were not significantly different.  Conclusion: Ultimately it can be concluded that the quality of compost is decreased with time lapse and the more it passes after the compost production, the less the food elements in the compost consumed by vegetarians would be.}, Keywords = {Compost, Leachate, Increase the age of compost, Effective parameters in compost quality}, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {165-178}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/jehe.7.2.165}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-744-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-744-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Ali-Taleshi, Mohammad Saleh and Moeinaddini, Mazaher and Feiznia, Sadat and Squizzato, Stefani}, title = {Heavy Metal Pollution in Street Dust from Tehran in 2018: Metal Richness and Degree of Contamination Assessment}, abstract ={Background: Street dust is an environmental medium with complex composition in urban environment. Heavy metals remain in urban dust for a long time and re-suspended in the atmosphere. This study aimed to evaluate the metal richness and degree of contamination in Tehran street dust.  Methods: Dust samples were collected from nine locations in Tehran in 2018. Heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Al) were analyzed in street dust using ICP-MS. Metal richness and degree of contamination were determined using Enrichment Factor (EF), Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), degree of Contamination (Cd) and modified degree of contamination (mCd). Pearson correlation (PC) and Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were also used for analysis. Results: The mean concentration trend of elements was as Al (53486.54)> Fe (46535.07)> Zn (638.14)> Pb (200.33)> Cr (111.94), Cd (0.49) mg/kg. The highest metal enrichment was due to Pb and Zn. The geoaccumulation index also showed that Cd and Pb had the highest values. Degree of contamination indices also showed high levels of contamination in street dust. Significant correlation was observed between Zn-Cr-Pb and Pb-Cd. Significant negative correlation was also observed between relative humidity-Pb-Zn. Elemental clustering also showed that Pb, Zn, Cr, and Cd had anthropogenic sources and Fe and Al had natural sources of diffusion.     Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the street dust of Tehran is highly polluted. Therefore, this environmental medium can have significant negative effects. Therefore, continuous monitoring of street dust is essential.}, Keywords = {Street dust, Heavy metal, Metal richness, Degree of contamination, Tehran}, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {179-194}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/jehe.7.2.179}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-741-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-741-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Riahi, Saleh and Ayyoubzadeh, Seyed Ali and Samadi-Boroujeni, Hossein and Moussavi, Gholamrez}, title = {Evaluation of Rotary Reactor Model Performance to Removal Turbidity from Aqueous Environments by Electrocoagulation Method}, abstract ={Background & Objectives: One of the most important problems facing the water treatment plants is seasonal turbidity removal from the drinking surface waters. In this work, the efficiency of turbidity removal from water surface has been studied using a batch rotary reactor model and electrocoagulation process and different electrodes including iron and aluminum were tested. Finally, the optimum values of the studied parameters were evaluated at different operating conditions. Methods: In order to eliminate the turbidity from drinking water, the discontinuous rotary reactor model with monopolar electrodes was used in parallel connection. The sample volume in the experiments was 377 liters, and the rotation of the model caused all fluid particles, sediments, and contaminants to be homogeneously touched with the electrodes. This model provided a higher efficiency of turbidity removal due to not having pump blades and return pipes. Results: Results of this study showed that the maximum efficiency of turbidity removal from drinking water would be achieved by using the material of aluminum for electrode and considering time duration of 60 min,  rotation speed of the model equal to 1.3 rpm, current density of 18.8 A/m2 in pH=7.4 and electrode gap distance of 3 cm. At these conditions the maximum turbidity removal efficiency was obtained 84.1 and 93.3% for the iron and aluminum electrodes, respectively. Conclusion: Results of this work showed that the proposed batch rotary reactor model, in addition to its easy application, is able to remove turbidity from the aqueous solutions at a the high efficiency. Therefore this model would be strongly suggested for application in drinking water treatment plants.}, Keywords = {Electrocoagulation, Turbidity, Pollution treatment, Batch rotary reactor model}, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {195-210}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/jehe.7.2.195}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-742-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-742-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Masoomi, Bahman and Tabatabaie, Tayebeh and Jaffarzadeh, Neematollah and Jorfi, Sahand and Kouhgardi, Esmaeil}, title = {The Impact of Water Quality Entering the Refinery on the Formation of Color and Foams in Water Purification Process Units (Case Study: Koohsabz Drinking Water Treatment Plant)}, abstract ={Background and objectives: The Physical, chemical and biological parameters one of the most important factors determining the quality of drinking water. The overall purpose of this project is to investigate how the quality of water entering the plant in changing the water-color and creating the foams in different units of water purification.  Methods: This study is a case study and in real scale on the raw water inlet to the Koohsabz drinking water treatment plant has been done. The study was conducted over a period of 6 months (February 2016 to July 2017). In the first stage, the raw water quality was assessed according to standard methods. In the second step, the effect of each of the parameters on the color and foam formation in the water treatment process units and the mechanism of effects have been examined. Results: Average changes in temperature, turbidity, the color of the water entering the plant during the study period were 15.8oC, 6NTU, and 6TCU respectively and pH ranges from 6.9 to 8.4. Mean change of EC, TOC and DOC respectively is; 765 μS / cm, 5.8mg /l and 3.53mg /l. The average change UV254 and SUVA were 0.178 l / m and 5.856 L/ mg, respectively. Also, the mean changes of humic acid, surfactant, and chlorophyll a in the input raw water were 0.24, 0.05 mg / l and 2.4 μg/m2, respectively. Conclusion: Investigations showed that the water quality parameters of water entering the treatment plant are effective in creating color and foam in water treatment process units.}, Keywords = {Water quality, Natural organic matter, hydrophobic parts, Color, Foams}, volume = {7}, Number = {2}, pages = {211-228}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/jehe.7.2.211}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-743-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-743-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Sobhi, Hamid Reza and YeganeBadi, Mojtaba and Esrafili, Ali and Ghambarian, Mahnaz}, title = {Evaluation of the efficiency of a photocatalytic process using the magnetic nanocatalyst (Fe3O4@SiO2@TiO2) in the removal of ceftriaxone from aqueous solutions}, abstract ={Background & Objectives: Ceftriaxone is an antibiotic which is extensively used to treat a number of various infections. It is mainly accumulated in water and sewage resulting in the environmental and health problems. This study is centered on the evaluation of the efficiency of a photocatalytic process using Fe3O4@SiO2@TiO2 in the removal of ceftriaxone from aqueous solutions. Methods: This research was based on an experimental-practical study.  Fe3O4 @ SiO2 @ TiO2 was initially synthesized via a sol-gel method and characterized by SEM, XRD and EDX analyses. The effects of variables such as pH, catalyst concentration, ceftriaxone concentration, contact time, reusability tests (n=7) and degree of mineralization were separately assessed in a laboratory scale. The concentration of ceftriaxone was measured by HPLC at 240 nm. Results: Based on the results obtained, the highest process efficiency of 96.7% was obtained under the following optimal conditions: concentration of ceftriaxone 10 mg/L, pH=3, the catalyst dosage of 2 g/L and a time contact of 120 min. At the end of the process, the degree of mineralization was determined to be 83.7%. Additionally, the data regarding the reusability of the nanocatalyst demonstrated that a 5.2% loss in the removal efficiency was observed after 7 times of reuse. Finally, the results revealed that the removal process of ceftriaxone follows the first-order kinetic model. Conclusion: The results demonstrated that the photocatalytic process using the magnetic nanocatalyst (Fe3O4 @ SiO2 @ TiO2) could be effectively used for the removal of ceftriaxone from aqueous media.}, Keywords = {Photocatalyst, Magnetic nanoparticles, UV-light, Ceftriaxone}, volume = {7}, Number = {3}, pages = {229-243}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/jehe.7.3.229}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-749-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-749-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Kakavandi, Babak and Noorisepehr, Mohammad and Dehghanifard, Emad and Rafiee, Mohamm}, title = {Investigation the efficiency of magnetized carbon nanotubes in the removal of aniline from aqueous solutions}, abstract ={Background &Objectives: Aniline is a substance used in chemical industries and in various processes such as pesticide production, chemical bleaching, textile dyes, etc. In spite of the negative effects of aniline on the environment due the difficult decomposition of this substance, various methods have been investigated to remove this substance from water resources. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of magnetized carbon nanotubes in the removal of aniline from aqueous solutions. Methods: Fe3O4-CNT magnetic nanoparticles were prepared by co-precipitation method. The morphology of the adsorbent surface, shape and size of CNT-Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transfer electron microscopy (TEM). BET analysis was also used to determine the physical properties of the adsorbent such as surface area, size and volume of the cavities and their distribution on the adsorbent. An X-ray diffraction device (XRD) was used to determine the pattern and the purity of the Fe3O4 particles. The synthetic adsorbent properties were analyzed by FTIR technique. In order to optimize the adsorption conditions and determine the optimal values of each of the factors affecting the adsorption process (pH, contact time, adsorbent value, initial aniline error and temperature), adsorption experiments were performed and aniline concentration was determined by spectrophotometric method. Results: SEM and TEM analyzes showed that the magnetic carbon nanotubes were almost uniform and had an average diameter of 5 nanometers and an average length of 100 nanometers. XRD analysis also showed the stabilization of Fe3O4 on carbon nanotubes. FTIR analysis for the absorption of aniline contaminants on the magnetic carbon nanotubes adsorbent indicated that the aniline contaminant bond has appeared on the adsorbent. Conclusion: The results of the study showed that magnetic MWCNT adsorbent was able to effectively remove aniline contaminants from aquatic environments. Statistical analysis showed that pH parameters, adsorption concentration, pollutant concentration, temperature and contact time were effective on pollutant removal efficiency.}, Keywords = {Aniline, Magnetized carbon nanotubes, Surface adsorption, Aqueous solution}, volume = {7}, Number = {3}, pages = {244-260}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/jehe.7.3.244}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-750-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-750-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Esrafili, Ali and Ghodsi, Soudabeh and RezaeiKalantary, Roshanak and Gholami, Mitr}, title = {Evaluation of Malathion Pesticide Removal Efficiency by g-C3N4/ Fe3O4/Ag Nanocomposites from Aqueous Solutions in the Presence of UV Irradiation}, abstract ={Background: Organophosphates are one of the most common pesticides in the world. One of the most commonly used toxins in this group is malathion, which is classified by the EPA as Group III carcinogenic substances. Therefore, due to the high consumption of this pesticide and its pathogenicity, it should be eliminated in an appropriate manner. One of the elimination ways is the use of advanced oxidation processes. The aim of this study was to determine the photocatalytic removal of malathion pesticide by g-C3N4/Fe3O4/Ag nanocomposite. Method: In this study, g-C3N4/Fe3O4/Ag nanocomposites synthesized by hydrothermal method were used for photocatalytic removal of malathion. The variables studied were pH, nanocomposite dose, and contaminant concentration. Furthermore, the radical effects of ammonium oxalate, tert-butanol, and benzoquinone were analyzed on the experiment procedure. Results: The best removal efficiency of malathion at pH = 7, the dose of 0.5 g/l, and contaminant concentration 10 mg/l at 60 min was 100%. By increasing the catalyst dose up to 0.5 g/L, the efficiency increased. However, with increasing contaminant concentration, the removal efficiency decreased. Additionally, the removal efficiency of malathion in the presence of ammonium oxalate, tert-butanol, and benzoquinone radicals was 93.36%, 44.78%, and 90.71%, respectively, and the reaction kinetics followed the first equation with R2 = 0.9852.  Conclusion: Therefore, g-C3N4/Fe3O4/Ag has a high potential for malathion removal moreover can be used to remove various pollutants from aqueous solutions. }, Keywords = {Photocatalyst, Malation, C3N4/Fe3O4/Ag}, volume = {7}, Number = {3}, pages = {261-279}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/jehe.7.3.261}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-757-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-757-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Jaffari, Faezeh and Hassanzadeh, Nasri}, title = {Distribution, Ecological and Health Risk Assessment of Anionic Surfactant (LAS) As a Molecular Marker for Wastewater Discharge in Ekbatan Dam, Hamedan}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Given the increasing use of detergents and the problems of water pollution caused by the release of wastewater containing large amounts of detergents in recent decades, this study aimed to investigate the concentration and health and ecological risk assessment of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) as the most important detergent composition in Ekbatan Dam is Hamedan. Materials and Methods: 31 sampling stations from Ekbatan dam reservoir and Inlet Rivers to Ekbatan dam and overflow dam (Abshineh dam) selected for water sampling. Parameters such as water temperature, pH, EC, TDS, DO and ORP was measured at the sampling site. LAS adsorption was reading through a spectrophotometer (WTW 660) at 650 nm. The pollutant concentration was calculated through the equation of the calibration curve. Results: The results showed the measured LAS concentration in the range of 0.01-1.4 mg / L. The results of the Spearman correlation test between LAS and water quality factors showed a positive significant relationship between LAS with salinity, TDS and EC at 0.01 level and a negative relationship between LAS and DO at 0.05 levels. The results of the health risk assessment of LAS showed no risk in different age groups. The results of the comparison of LAS concentration with surfactant discharge standard in surface water and irrigation and agricultural applications in Iran showed that the concentration of LAS is below the permissible level (1.5 mg / L) for discharge into surface water. However, in terms of use for agricultural and irrigation purposes, the LAS value at 7 stations was higher than the permissible level (0.5 mg / L). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that Ekbatan dam and rivers entering the dam are exposed to mild wastewater as a result of human activities. Therefore, it is necessary to take effective and preventive activities to control and reduce pollutants entering this valuable dam.}, Keywords = {Ekbatan dam, Abshineh dam, (LAS), Ecological risk, Health risk}, volume = {7}, Number = {3}, pages = {280-297}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/jehe.7.3.280}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-758-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-758-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Delnavaz, Mohammad and Peidad, Mahs}, title = {Optimization and Prediction of Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) Using Surface Response Method (RSM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN)}, abstract ={Background  In this study, the optimization and prediction of the efficiency of a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) in the treatment of synthetic wastewater containing organic material including aniline was investigated using response surface methodology and artificial neural network. Materials and Methods: Modeling results were applied to a 5-liter volume reactor filled with 30%, 50% and 70% LECA lightweight aggregates as a growth medium for microorganisms and biofilm layer formation. In order to determine the optimum conditions in the experiments results and also to predict the tests not performed, three factors were feed levels at levels of 100 to 3000 mg/L, retention time of 8 to 72 hours and filling percentage of 30 and 50 and 70% were performed using RSM. The accuracy of the presented models was evaluated by ANOVA. Prediction of system removal efficiency using radial basis ANN was also investigated. Results: Process optimization showed that the optimum conditions for maximum removal were at feed rate of 1700 mg/l and 72 hours at 56.82% filling percentage. The results of the process prediction using radial basis ANN also showed that in the best network structure with Radbas and linear functions (Purelin) with R2 = 0.982 can predict the efficiency. Conclusion: By comparing the radial basis ANN model and RSM and comparing the error rates of these two methods, it can be concluded that the radial base ANN method predicts the data process more accurately and with lower error.}, Keywords = {Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor, Aniline, Surface Response Method, Artificial Neural Network}, volume = {7}, Number = {3}, pages = {298-313}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/jehe.7.3.298}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-759-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-759-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {ShojaeeBarjoee, Saeed and Azimzadeh, HamidReza and MoslehArani, Asghar}, title = {Evaluation of Individual and Integrated Pollution Indices of Some Heavy Metals in Atmospheric Dust Deposition Around Khak-e-chini, Tile and Ceramic, Sand and Gravel and Glass in Ardakan County Industries in Winter 2018}, abstract ={Background and objective: Striving for employment in developing countries, as industries develop, heavy metals are released to the environment continuously. The purpose of this study was to measure heavy metal concentrations and to evaluate dust pollution levels in a number of industries using ecological indices. Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study was conducted in winter by installing 35 dust traps around the industrial Khak-e-chini, Tile and Ceramic, Sand and Gravel and Glass in Ardakan county. The concentration of heavy metals in dust was measured by ICP-MS. The level of dust pollution was assessed using Contamination Factor, Pollution Index, Threshold Pollution Index, New Pollution Index, Vector Modulus of Pollution Index, Weighted Average of Pollution Index, Enrichment Factor, Multi-Element Contamination, Mean Effects Range-Median Quotient, Exposure Factor and Integrated pollution indices and it was zoned in GIS version 10.5. Results: Mean heavy metal concentrations in dust were measured in the form of Zinc (3310.54 mg/kg)> Pb (137.28 mg/kg)> Copper (63.65 mg/kg)> Nickel (45.91 mg/kg)> Arsenic (35.12 mg/kg> cobalt (13.73 mg/kg)> molybdenum (4.40 mg/kg). In all sampling stations CF index of lead, arsenic and zinc elements was in very high pollution class and PI index in severe pollution class. Zinc metal showed very high enrichment at 30 stations. For environmental protection user, zinc element PIT index in all sampling stations was very severe in the pollution class. Also, all stations were in severe pollution class based on the IPI index. Based on MERMQ index the heavy metals at 32 stations had 76% toxicity and based on PIN index were in polluted class. Highest values of MEC (3.43) and PIvector (35.93) indices were obtained at S1 and S15 stations, PIwAvg (42.27) at S1 and S12 and ExF (117.11) at S1 stations. Conclusion: Based on results of zoning a number of pollution indices, dominant downwind in region plays has important role in increase of concentration of heavy metals in downstream stations the industries.}, Keywords = {Heavy metals, Industries, Pollution indices, Atmospheric dust deposition}, volume = {7}, Number = {3}, pages = {314-337}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/jehe.7.3.314}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-760-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-760-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Hajisami, Bahar and Mohammadi, Somayeh and Shirdam, Ravanbakhsh}, title = {Investigation of the Adsorption Efficacy in Removal of Chloride Ions by Synthesized magnesium–aluminum hydroxide from Zanjan Lead ;Zinc Industry wastewater}, abstract ={Background and Purpose: The presence of corrosive anions in industrial wastewater can have many environmental and economic problems. Materials and methods: In this study, layered magnesium–aluminum oxide was synthesized which has an extra positive charge and was used for adsorption of chloride ions from waste-water of lead and zinc industry. Results: The synthesized crystalline material was investigated by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectroscopic analysis. X-ray diffraction spectroscopy results showed that there was no difference in the crystalline structure before and after chloride ion adsorption. Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectroscopic analysis showed the condensation of adsorbent after chloride ions adsorption and EDX analysis confirmed the presence of chloride and precipitation of Ca2+ ions after adsorption. Measurement of zeta-potential for synthesized layered magnesium–aluminum hydroxide confirmed the positive surface charge. Isotherm studies have shown the compatibility of experimental data with the Langmuir model, which indicates the interaction between adsorbent and chloride ions, the maximum adsorption capacity for the synthesized adsorbent with Mg / Al ratio of 4 was determined 153.8 mg/g at 60 ° C. The obtained values showed the intercalation rate follows pseudo-second-order. The experimental data confirmed adsorption capacity has been increased with increasing the adsorbent dosage from 1.5 to 4.5 gr and the equilibrium time increased from 90 min. to 4 h from 1.5 g adsorbent to 4.5 g. Thermodynamic studies revealed the adsorption occurs spontaneously and positive entropy changes indicated strengthening the interaction between adsorbent and chloride ions with increasing the temperature from 25 to 60°C. Conclusion: Finally, it can be concluded synthesized double layered Al-Mg hydroxide can be a good candidate to reduce chlorine ions from lead and zinc Industry wastewaters.}, Keywords = {Chloride ions adsorption, Adsorption isotherms, Adsorption kinetics}, volume = {7}, Number = {3}, pages = {338-355}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/jehe.7.3.338}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-761-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-761-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {AzimiYancheshmeh, Rokhsareh and Moeinaddini, Mazaher and FeyzNia, Sadat and Shahbazi, Rez}, title = {Assessment of the Environmental Pollution of Trace Elements in Atmospheric Deposition of Karaj City Using Enrichment Factor and Ecological Risk Index in 2018}, abstract ={Background: Atmospheric deposition has a significant influence on environmental pollution and human health because of its role on transport mechanisms. The aims of this study were the determination of Concentrations, Sources and Ecological Risks of trace elements in atmospheric deposition of Karaj City, Iran. Method: 18 atmospheric deposition samples were collected from the flat roof of buildings in six districts and then, the concentration of elements including Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Li and other (Co and Pb) were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), respectively. Pearson Correlation, One-Way ANOVA and Factor Analyses were used to identify probable sources of the trace elements. Results: The mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Co, and Li were 184.73, 931.75, 94.61, 98.79, 83.90, 21.05 and 24.71 μg/g, respectively. Also, the result showed the Enrichment Factors (EF) of Pb and Zn were high; Cr, Ni, and Cu were moderate while Co was unpolluted. Based on statistical analyses, trace elements could be originated from several anthropogenic (Vehicular Sources, Industrial Emissions and Fossil Fuel Combustion) and natural sources. Zn and Cu showed the highest concentrations at high-traffic stations, especially at Karkhene-Ghand located in city center. Maximum concentrations of Cr, Ni, and Co were observed at Fardis Station closed to Karaj Power Plant. Industrial Stations including Kamalshahr, Mohammadshahr, and Mahdasht had the most amount of Pb. Finally, Risk index (RI) showed all studied stations had low potential risk except of Kamalshar with a considerable risk. Conclusion: Karaj has influenced by several anthropogenic sources of environmental pollution that are created many human health problems and the pollutants have increased with the population density. Therefore, we would have suggested the continuous monitoring of trace elements, especially Pb and Zn to control of the emission sources.}, Keywords = {Trace elements, Karaj, Ecological risk, Atmospheric deposition}, volume = {7}, Number = {3}, pages = {356-375}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/jehe.7.3.356}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-762-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-762-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Noorisepehr, Mohammad and Dehghanifard, Emad and Kakavandi, Babak}, title = {Evaluation of the efficiency of nanomagnetic chitosan in the removal of nitrate and phosphate from aqueous solutions}, abstract ={Background & Objective: The presence of nitrate and phosphate in concentrations above the allowable level in surface and groundwater resources leads to disease and problems. The aim of this study was to investigate the adsorption efficiency of magnetic-metallic chitosan nanocomposite in the adsorption of nitrate and phosphate from aqueous solutions. Materials and methods: The adsorbent was synthesized by co-precipitation method. Different concentrations of nitrate (50-300 mg/L) and phosphate (100-400 mg/L) were prepared and their removal was evaluated by different concentrations of synthesized adsorbent (0.1-0.5 g/L). Various parameters such as temperature (20-40 ° C), pH (5-8), contact time (0-90 minutes) and the presence of interfering ions (chloride, phosphate, hardness 1.5 mM) were investigated. SEM, XRD, FTIR and XRF tests were used to determine the synthesized adsorbent characteristics. Results: Magnetic-metallic chitosan nanocomposite adsorbent is able to effectively remove nitrate and phosphate from aqueous solutions. Nitrate and phosphate removal efficiencies under conditions of  pH=5, nitrate concentration (100 mg/L), phosphate concentration (200 mg/L), 60 min contact time and 0.3 g/L adsorbent concentration were 87.2% and 74.9%, respectively. The adsorption process of both pollutants followed the langmuir model and pseudo second kinetic order. Interfering ions reduced the removal efficiency of contaminants by 73.1% for nitrate and 65.9% for phosphate. Conclusion: Since the presence of nitrate and phosphate anions, as common contaminants and indicators of water resources, the use of magnetic-metallic chitosan nanocomposite adsorbent is very effective in the removal of these contaminants.}, Keywords = {: Chitosan, Magnetic iron oxide, Nitrate, Phosphate, Adsorption}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {373-383}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/jehe.7.4.373}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-769-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-769-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Almasi, Faranak and Dehghanifard, Emad and MohammadiKalhori, Ebrahim}, title = {Apllication of photocatalitic process using Fe3O4/ TiO2 nanocomposite coreshell on the removal of Cefixim antibiotic from aqueous solutions}, abstract ={Background & Objective: Antibiotics are considered among the pollutants in water environments with stable effects. This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of photocatalytic process using core–shell TiO2 under ultraviolet radiation for the removal of Cefixime antibiotic from aqueous solutions. Materials and methods: This study was conducted in an experimental-laboratory scale. The effect of factors such as pH (5, 6, 7, 8 and 9), initial concentrations of Cefixime (2-10 mg/L) and concentrations of catalyst (0.5-5 g/L) was surveyed. Sample volume for every step of the experiments was 1000 ml. A batch stainless steel 3L photo catalytic reactor was designed. The synthesized catalyst was characterized by SEM ، XRD and VSM Methods. Results: Physical characteristics of the Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2 revealed that the catalyst particles had the average size of 10 nm. The photocatalytic degradation of Cefixime with UV+ Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2 in the optimal condition was 100% (pH =6, retention time= 25 min, Cefixime concenteration= 2 mg/L catalyst dosage= 4 g/L). Synthetic models showed that the process of photocatalytic removal of Cefixime followed the first-order model. Conclusion: The results of this study suggested that UV+ Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2 process is very effective method for the complete removal of Cefixime antibiotic from aqueous solutions.}, Keywords = {Advanced oxidation, Photocatalytic processes, Cefixime, Magnetic TiO2 nanoparticles core/shell.}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {384-400}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/jehe.7.4.384}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-770-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-770-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {ShojaeeBarjoee, Saeed and Azimzadeh, HamidReza and MoslehArani, Asghar}, title = {Application of SWEEP and AERMOD Models to Simulate PM10 Emission Risk from Primary Materials and Waste Depos of Tile and Ceramic, Khak-e-Chini and Glass Industries of Ardakan, Yazd, Iran in 2018}, abstract ={  Background: Application of air quality models in Health Risk Assessment system has been defined as an effective tool in assess the human population exposure to environmental harmful factors. The present study was conducted to aim of health risk assessment of respiratory exposure to PM10 Emitted from Depos of primary materials and waste a number of Non-metallic minerals industries by Modeling method. Methods: In this descriptive study, first to Field visits and laboratory measurements was obtained the information needed for SWEEP model to estimate PM10 emission rate from depos of Tile and Ceramic, Khak-e-chini and glass industries. Then, with the introduction of meteorological information to AERMET, the digital elevation model to AERMAP, the emission rate and the geometric dimensions of the pollutant sources to AERMOD, simulated the values of exposure to PM10 in the affected population. The chemical composition of the depos was determined using ICP-MS. Subsequently, using the EPA suggested relationships was estimated the risk of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic exposure to PM10. Results: According to the simulation results of SWEEP model, the highest PM10 emission was estimated for the Tile and Ceramic depo. The highest concentration maximum of 1, 8, and 24 h of PM10 simulated were 8840, 1967, and 1272 µg/m3, respectively. The highest average respiratory exposure of 1 (52.53), 8 (11.64), 24 (5.85 µg/m3) hour to PM10 was estimated for Sand and Gravel processing plant staff. The highest percentage of chemical compounds in depos was for silica. Accordingly, the carcinogenicity risk (ILCR) of exposure to PM10 was predicted less than 10-4 and non- carcinogenicity risk (HQ) less than one. Conclusion: Although numerical values of risk were predicted in the permissible limit, but to creating Surface rock on the depo industries can reduce the emission of PM10.}, Keywords = {PM10, AERMOD, SWEEP, Health Risk Assessment, Respiratory exposure}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {401-426}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/jehe.7.4.401}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-784-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-784-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Aghelan, Nastaran and Sobhanardakani, Soheil and Cheraghi, Mehrdad and Lorestani, Bahareh and Merrikhpour, Hajar}, title = {Evaluation of Chelating Agents with Different Biodegradability Rates on the Enhanced Phytoremediation Efficiency of Ornamental Species (Amaranthus caudatus and Tagetes patula) in Cadmium Contaminated Soils}, abstract ={Background & Objective: Nowadays, since increasing environmental pollution particularly soil contamination can cause adverse health effects, kind of methods such as phytoremediation techniques are commonly used to remediate organic, inorganic and nuclear pollutants from contaminated sites. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess of chelating agents with different biodegradability rates on the enhanced phytoremediation efficiency of Amaranthus caudatus and Tagetes patula as ornamental species in cadmium contaminated soils in 2018. Materials & Methods: In pot experiments, the soil specimens were moderately artificially contaminated by cadmium chloride (50 and 100 mg/kg).            Then 2.5 mmol/kg of EDTA, 2.0 mmol/kg of salicylic acid (SA) and 2.5 mmol/kg of citric acid (CA) solution were added to the contaminated soils to study the influence of these chelating agents on phytoremediation efficiency by studied ornamental plants. Finally, after acid digestion of cultivated soil, roots and stems of A. caudatus and T. patula, the Cd content was determined using ICP-OES. Results: The results showed that after 60 days of pots irrigation, the maximum mean content of Cd (mg/kg) in cultivated soil, root and stem samples of A. caudatus with 1.87, 4.50 and 1.89 were found in the SA, EDTA and SA treatments, respectively. Moreover, the maximum mean content of Cd in cultivated soil, root and stem samples of T. patula with 1.86, 1.18 and 3.10 were found in the control, CA and SA treatments, respectively. Also, the values of translocation and bioconcentration factors indicate that A. patula can be considered to be potential plant species for phytostabilization and phytoextraction of cadmium, respectively. Conclusion: The results reported in this study show that the organic acids such as SA and CA have considerable role in soil refining electrokinetic or enhance of soil electrokinetic bioremediation through mechanisms resembling hormonelike effects, phosphate  release and dissolution, enhancing of cadmium mobility and some enzymatic activities, microstructural variations and retention capacity decreasing of clay particles. Therefore, due to the desirable effects of organic acids as chelate agents to enhancing phytoremediation efficiency of hyperaccumulator species use of these compounds in the cleanup of contaminated soil is recommended.}, Keywords = {Amaranthus caudatus, Tagetes patula, Cadmium, Environmental remediation, Chelating agents}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {427-442}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/jehe.7.4.427}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-781-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-781-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Rakhshan, Shahla and Farmani, Nesa and Asadi, Anvar}, title = {Investigation of the Hospital Waste Management in Iran: a Case Study of the Kermanshah Province During 2015-16 Years}, abstract ={Background & objectives: The management of healthcare wastes is receiving greater attention because of the risks to both human health and the environment caused by inadequate waste management practices. In that context, the objective of this study was to investigate the hospital solid waste management in Kermanshah city, Kermanshah province, Iran based on Ministry of Health and Medical Education checklist which is related to environmental health of hospitals. Methods: This study (qualitative-quantitative) was performed in two interval time in two consecutive years through a valid checklist of waste management process of Iranian Ministry of Health which include all steps of medical waste management. The quantity of hospital waste produced was measured during one week in autumn session during study interval.  Results: The results of this study showed that the total averages of desirability in waste management compared to health standards in Kermanshah city hospitals were 70.38 ± 15.5 and 74.3 ± 14.8 in 2015 and 2016, respectively. The average desirability of waste management in governmental, military, private and social hospitals improved from 61 to 65.14, 75 to 79, 87 to 90 and 84.5 to 86%, respectively in two years of study interval. The average (weighted mean) of total hospital wastes generation rate (in Kermanshah city) was 4.06 kg/bed-day and for governmental, military, private and social hospitals were 4.69, 3.26, 2.7 and 1.62 kg/bed-day, respectively. The results indicated that there was a significant correlation (p < 0.05) between hospital active bed and medical wastes production. Conclusion: From the results of this study, the score of waste management practices in Kermanshah hospitals are evaluated as moderate. Therefore, more efforts, monitoring and control should be implied to achieve the desired state of hospital waste management}, Keywords = {Hospital waste, Waste management, Medical waste, Generation rate, Kermanshah, Iran}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {443-454}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/jehe.7.4.443}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-779-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-779-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Khojastehpour, Mehdi and GhanbariAzadPashaki, Saeed and Ebrahimi-nik, Mohammadali and Rohani, Abbas}, title = {Modelling and Optimization of Coagulation–Flocculation Process of Landfill Leachate by Response Surface Methodology}, abstract ={  Background and Objective: Nowadays, due to the conventional methods of landfilling, the environmental concerns about generated leachate are becoming a global problem. Physical-chemical process is considered a potential and cost-effective solution for the treatment of municipal landfill leachate. Since jar-test are time-consuming experiments for obtaining the appropriate concentration of coagulants, the aim of this research was the treatment of landfill leachate using response surface methodology as a substitute for conventional methods in coagulation–flocculation process. Materials and Methods: Experiments were performed in a six-cell jar-test with effective volume of 500 mL. The ability of Ferric chloride hexahydrate to response to four parameters including COD, TSS, alkalinity and turbidity was investigated. To evaluate the model and optimization of coagulant concentration and pH, central composite design and response surface methodology were used due to the highest removal efficiency. Physical and chemical analyses were performed based on standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. Results: The results showed that the quadratic model was achived for the three responses (COD, TSS and alkalinity) and the Reduced Quadratic model was obtained for Turbidity under the optimum conditions for the concentration of 10.23g/L at pH 8.85. Verification experiments, under optimum conditions in removal of COD, TSS, turbidity and alkalinity resulted 66.79%, 88.61%, 97.53% and 67.89%, respectively. Statistical studies (ANOVA table, the amounts of R2 and P-value) showed that the models were suitable for providing experimental data and in all models, the R2 value was greater than 0.99. P-value values also showed that the effects of quadratic model and reduced quadratic model were significant in ferric choloride dosage and coagulation pH. These experimental results were consistent with those predicted by the model. Conclusion: According to the obtained results by response surface methodology, coagulation–flocculation process can be used as the effective process to remove leachate inhibitors.}, Keywords = {: Leachate treatment, Ferric chloride, Response surface methodology, Coagulation–flocculation.}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {455-476}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/jehe.7.4.455}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-782-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-782-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Tahmasebi, Kobra and RezaeiKalantary, Roshanak and Esrafili, Ali and Mazloomi, Saj}, title = {Immobilization of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae on Alginate Substrate to Biodegradation of Ibuprofen from Aqueous Solutions}, abstract ={  Background: Ibuprofen is one of the most widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that enter the water resources through manufacturing plants and disposal of hospital effluents and even domestic wastewater. The aim of this study was to removal of ibuprofen using biodegradation process by Saccharomyces Cerevisiae yeast fixed on alginate substrate from aqueous solutions. Method: This research was an experimental-laboratory study. The effect of parameters including yeast concentration (0.1-0.3 g/100ml), Initial concentration of ibuprofen (50-350 mg/l), contact time (1-30 hours),  initial pH (4-7) on the biodegradation of ibuprofen with stabilized yeast on alginate substrate was investigated. Experiments were designed and optimized using response surface methodology in Design Expert 7 software. Results: The findings of this study showed that the maximum removal of ibuprofen by fixed yeast on alginate at pH = 5.5, yeast concentration 0.2 (g /100ml), time 30 hours, and initial concentration of ibuprofen=50 mg/L was 93.5%. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the fixed Saccharomyces cerevisiae is capable to biodegradation of ibuprofen at low cost and high efficiency and this cost-effective method can be used for the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater.}, Keywords = {Alginate, Aqueous solutions, Biodegradation, Ibuprofen, Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {477-494}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/jehe.7.4.477}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-783-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-783-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Ghambarian, Mahnaz and YeganeBadi, Mojtaba and Esrafili, Ali and Behbahani, Mohammad and Hoseini, Mahdi and Sobhi, Hamid Rez}, title = {An Investigation on the Efficiency of Magnetite/Biosilicate/Sodium Alginate (MBSA) for the Removal of Hg(II) from Aquatic Environments: Kinetics, Isotherms and Thermodynamic Studies}, abstract ={Backgrounds and objectives: Today 's World is faced with the environmental problems associated with heavy metal contamination as one of the main issues of concern. Mercury, known as one of the most toxic heavy metals, has gained a lot of attention due to its sustainability and bioaccumulation in the food chain as well as having detrimental health problems such as kidney failure and gastrointestinal damages. This study is centered on the removal of Hg (II) ions from aqueous solutions using a magnetite/biosilica/sodium alginate nanocomposite as an efficient adsorbent. Materials and methods: Within this study, the magnetite/biosilica/sodium alginate nanocomposite was successfully synthesized via a co-precipitation method. The structure and morphology of the prepared adsorbent were confirmed by SEM, XRD and VSM analyses. The parameters affecting the adsorption process such as pH, contact time, adsorbent amount, temperature and initial concentration of Hg (II) ions were all evaluated. Findings: The optimum conditions obtained were as follows: pH 5, adsorbent dosage 0.2 g/L, contact time 80 min, temperature 45 °C. The results revealed that the removal efficiency dropped by increasing Hg(II) concentration. The adsorption of Hg (II) obeyed the Langmuir isotherm (R2 0.9998) and pseudo-second kinetic model (R2 0.9997). Additionally, the thermodynamic studies demonstrated that the adsorption process is of endothermic and spontaneous nature. Conclusions: All in all, the synthesized adsorbent was applied for the removal of Hg (II) ions from the aquatic environment. Ease of separation from the aqueous solution due to its magnetic properties as well as high level of Hg (II) recovery are amongst the unique feature of the adsorbent.}, Keywords = {Adsorption, MBSA nanoparticle, Mercury, Isotherms, Kinetics, Thermodynamics}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {495-509}, publisher = {Alborz University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/jehe.7.4.495}, url = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-778-en.html}, eprint = {http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-778-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Health Engineering}, issn = {2383-3211}, eissn = {2588-4239}, year = {2020} }