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بررسی شدت میدان الکتریکی و چگالی شار مغناطیسی در پست‌های برق فشارقوی (230 کیلوولت) استان گلستان Survey of Electric Field Intensity and Magnetic Density at High Voltage Substations (230 kV) in Golestan Province 1 1 مقدمه: تحولات صنعتی اخیر در جوامع بشری باعث پیشرفت سریع فناوری ­های تولید و توزیع برق شده است که به‌نوبه خود منجر به تقویت شبکه­ های برق و استفاده از ولتاژهای بالا می­شود. اثرات ناشی از میدان‌های الکترومغناطیسی بر موجودات زنده مدت‌هاست که تحت بررسی پژوهشگران بوده و در بسیاری از موارد به دلیل درازمدت بودن مطالعات وکندی تأثیر میدان­ها بر فرآیندهای چرخه حیات، اظهارنظر قطعی امکان‌پذیر نیست. با توجه به اثرات مضر مواجهه با امواج الکترومغناطیس این مطالعه باهدف بررسی شدت میدان الکتریکی و چگالی شار مغناطیسی در پست‌های برق فشارقوی (KV220) استان گلستان شکل گرفت. مواد و روش­ها: این پژوهش به روش مقطعی(توصیفی–تحلیلی) در پست­های برق 230 کیلوولت استان گلستان در سال 1395انجام‌گرفته است. میدان الکتریکی و چگالی شار مغناطیسی توسط دستگاه مدل TM-190 در 5 پست استان گلستان اندازه‌گیری و با استانداردها مقایسه گردید. یافته ­ها: 100 درصد شدت میدان الکتریکی و چگالی شار مغناطیسی اندازه­گیری شده در پست‌های برق 230 کیلوولت استان گلستان کمتر از استانداردها هست. نتیجه­ گیری: شدت میدان­های الکتریکی و مغناطیسی در پست­ های برق در دامنه حدود مجاز شغلی قرارداد. 2 Introduction: Recent industrial developments have led to the rapid development of electricity production successively; it leads to power grids and high voltage utilization. The effects of electromagnetic fields have been investigated on the organism by researchers. In many cases, it is not possible to conclusively comment, because of the slowness impact of fields of life-cycle processes and the long-term studies. According to the harmful effects of exposure to electromagnetic waves, this study was conducted to investigate the electric field intensity and magnetic field at high voltage substations (230 kv) in Golestan province. Materials and Methods: This Cross-sectional study (descriptive-analytical) was performed at 230 kv substations in Golestan Province (1396). The electric field and the magnetic field density were measured by instrument model TM-190 at 5 posts in Golestan province and compared with the standards. Results: 100 % of the measured electric field intensity and magnetic field of the 230 kv substations in Golestan Province is less than the standard. Conclusion: The magnitude of the electric and magnetic fields is in the occupational limits. 111 118 2020/04/27 1399/2/8 2020/04/27 1399/2/8 محمد رنجبریان Mohamad Ranjbarian مربی،گروه مهندسی بهداشت حرفه ای وایمنی کار ، دانشکده بهداشت دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی، تهران ، ایران ایران جلال‌الدین سعدی Jaleledin Saadi کارشناس ارشد بهداشت حرفه ای، معاونت بهداشتی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی گلستان، گلستان، ایران ایران کوروش اعتماد Korosh Etemad استادیار، گروه اپیدمیولوژی، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران ایران رزیتا فرهادی Rozita Farhadi 4کارشناس ارشد بهداشت حرفه ای، گروه مهندسی بهداشت حرفه ای وایمنی کار ، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران ایران آذر موسوی فرد Azar Musavifard مربی، گروه مهندسی بهداشت حرفه ای وایمنی کار ، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، البرز، ایران ایران فاطمه زارعی Fatemeh Zarei کارشناس ارشد بهداشت حرفه ای، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، البرز، ایران ایران Substation Electric field Magnetic field density پست های برق میدان الکتریکی چگالی شار مغناطیسی 1. Sharifi Fard, M. Nasiri P., Monazzam M.R, Measurement of the Magnetic Fields from High-Voltage (230kV) Substations in Tehran and Assessment of Their Effects. Iran. J. Med. Phys,2010. 7(2): p 49-56.##2. Ahmadi H,Mohsen S, Shayegani Akmal A, Electromagnetic fields near transmission line problems and solutions J. environ. health sci. eng. 2010.7(2). p.181-188.##3. Environmental Protection Agency (Client),Iran Telecommunication Research Center)Executive). Research project "developing standards of electromagnetic waves from mobile.2004.##4. Halliwell B, Gutteridge JM, The antioxidants of human extracellular fluids. Arch Biochem Biophys, 1990.280(1): p.1-8.##5. Alam M, Hasan Z, Bosu R, Electromagnetic(EM) Radiation From Radio Base Station(RBS) And Reduce Its Impact On Environment. American . AJER,2018(11). p. 141-149.##6. Flynn A, Cell tower and wireless communications -living with radiofrequency radiation.2011.##7. Yousefi HA , Nasiri P, Psychological Effect of Occupational Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields. J Res Health Sci,2006. 6(1): p. 18-21.##8. cumarsaide A, Nadurtha M, Health Effects of Electroma gnetic Fields. Expert Group on Health Effects of Electromagnetic Fields. Indian Journal of Radio&Space Physics,2012.41.p:557-565.##9. Hosseini S, Jalili Jahromi A, Malakootian, Evaluation and measurement of electric and magnetic fields Along Lines and High voltage power substation in Tehran metropolitan Twenty-Seventh International Conference on Electrical, 14-16 oct2012.##10. Ghotbi Ravandi M. R, Monazam M. RHaghdoust A and et al. Assessment of the risk of occupational exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields. J Mil Med,2011.13(3): p.133. [in persian]##11. Health Physics Society [homepage on the Internet]. New York: Extremely low frequency radiation/power lines; c1999-2011[updated 2011 Jul 6; cited 2010 Feb 17]. Available from: http://www.hps.org/hpspublications/articles/elfinfosheet.htm.##12. mohammadyan M, alizadeh larimi A, gorgani firoozjaei M and et al., measurment of electromagnetic field of minitors and electric posts in one of the oil product distribution company in mazandaran province. JREH,2017. 3(2). [in persian]##13. Ghorbani F, Eshaghi M , Karami Z Assessment of Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Electric and Magnetic Fields in Hamedan High Electrical Power Stations and their Effects on Workers. . Iranian Journal of Medical Physics,2011. 8(32): p. 7-61. [in persian]##14. International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection. ICNIRP statement on the guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz). Health Phys:9(3).2009.p8-257.##15. Herbertz J, Comment on the ICNIRP guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields (up to300 GHz) Health Phys,1998;.75 (5): p:535##16. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. TLVs and BEIs based on the documentation of the threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices. Cincinnati: ACGIH Publication; 2007.##17. Zamani Hosseini S , Jalili Jahromi A , Malakootian MA, Investigation and measurement of electric and magnetic fields In the vicinity of Tehran's metropolitan high-power lines and substations. Twenty-seventh International Conference on Electricity, 2012. [in persian]## ##

بررسی کارایی فرآیند ازن زنی کاتالیزوری با نانوذرات مغناطیسی TiO2/Fe3O4 در حذف آنتی بیوتیک سفتازید از محیط‌های آبی Evaluation the Efficiency of Catalytic Ozonation by Magnetic Nanoparticles TiO2/Fe3O4 in Removal of Ceftazide Antibiotic from Aqueous Solutions 1 1 سابقه و هدف: حضور پساب های حاوی ترکیبات آنتی بیوتیکی مانند پساب صنعت داروسازی یکی از مشکلات در رابطه با آلودگی محیط زیست می­باشد. برخی از ترکیبات دارویی مورد استفاده در درمان انسان ها به طور کامل در تصفیه خانه های فاضلاب شهری حذف نمی شوند. بنابراین به عنوان آلاینده به آب های پذیرنده تخلیه شده و موجب بروز مشکلات زیست محیطی می گردند. هدف از این مطالعه استفاده از TiO2 به عنوان کاتالیست در فرایند ازن زنی کاتالیزوری غیرهمگن در یک راکتور Semi batch جهت حذف آنتی بیوتیک سفتازید از فاضلاب سنتتیک می باشد. مواد و روش‌ها: این مطالعه از نوع بنیادی - کاربردی می‌باشد که در مقیاس پایلوت انجام گردید. روش سل ژل به‌منظور سنتز نانو ذرات دی اکسید تیتانیوم مغناطیسی شده مورد استفاده قرار گرفت و از آنالیز های SEM،XRD  و  EDXجهت بررسی خصوصیات کاتالیست استفاده گردید. اثر متغیرها شاملpH، دوز کاتالیست، زمان واکنش، غلظت آلاینده بر عملکرد فرایند مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. غلظت باقیمانده سفتازید توسط دستگاه HPLC تعیین گردید. یافته‌ها: یافته­ ها نشان می­دهد که بیشترین کارایی حذف سفتازید در شرایط قلیایی رخ می­دهد و رابطه مستقیمی بین راندمان حذف و pH برقرار است، دوز کاتالیست 2گرم بر لیتر به‌عنوان شرایط بهینه به دست آمد و با افزایش زمان تماس و کاهش غلظت سفتازید راندمان حذف افزایش یافت. نتایج نشان داد که حذف سفتازید به‌وسیله این فرآیند از مدل درجه اول تبعیت می‌نماید. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج نشان داد که فرآیند ازن زنی کاتالیزوری با نانوذرات دی اکسید تیتانیوم مغناطیسی شده برای حذف سفتازید از محیط­های آبی، بازده بالایی دارد. فرایند ازن زنی کاتالیزوری را می توان به عنوان روشی موثر در حذف سفتازید در نظر گرفت. 2 Background & aim: The discharge of pharmaceutical effluent containing antibiotics into water resources is a great of concern associated with environmental pollution. In addition, conventional treatment systems are not capable of eliminating these antibiotics which commonly used in dealing with treatment of humans. Furthermore, over-consuming of antibiotics over the past few decades has forced researchers to find new techniques in order to deal with this environmental issues of great concern. In the present work, TiO2 was employed as a catalyst in the non-homogenous catalytic ozonation process for removal of Ceftazide antibiotics from synthetic sewage. Materials and Methods: This fundamental-practical study was conducted in a pilot scale. The magnetic TiO2 nano-sized particles were synthesized through a sol-gel method. The properties of magnetized titanium dioxide nanoparticles as catalyst were characterized using SEM, XRD and EDX. The effects of variables: pH, catalyst dose, reaction time, pollutant concentration on the performance of catalytic process were investigated. The residual concentration of Ceftazide was analyzed by a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: The findings of present study indicated that the high removal efficiency of Ceftazide occurs in alkaline conditions and a direct relation was observed between removal efficiency and pH. The catalyst dose of 2 g/l was determined as optimum dosage and the Ceftazide removal efficiency was improved by decreasing the initial concentration as time proceeded. The results showed that the removal of Ceftazide by this catalytic process are fitted with the first-order model. Conclusion: The results show that the catalytic ozonation process with magnetized titanium dioxide nanoparticles has high efficiency for removal of Ceftazide from aqueous media. The catalytic ozonation process can be considered as an effective way to remove Ceftazide antibiotics from aqueous environment. 119 134 2020/04/272020/04/28 1399/2/9 2020/04/272020/04/28 1399/2/9 مجتبی یگانه بادی Mojtaba Yegane Badi دانشجوی دکترای مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت ، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران ایران علی اسرافیلی Ali Esrafili دانشیار، گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران ایران حسن پاسالاری Hasan Pasalari دانشجوی دکترای مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت ، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران ایران سودا فلاح جوکندان Sevda Fallah Jokandan دانشجوی دکترای مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت ، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران ایران مهدی فرزادکیا Mahdi Farzadkia استاد، گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران ایران Ceftazide Ozonation Magnetic Titanium dioxide Nanoparticles سفتازید ازن زنی نانوذرات دی اکسید تیتانیوم مغناطیسی 1. 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La2O3-CuO2/CNTs electrode with excellent electrocatalytic oxidation ability for ceftazidime removal from aqueous solution. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 2019;569: 119-28.##7. Thai PK, Binh VN, Nhung PH, et al. Occurrence of antibiotic residues and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in effluents of pharmaceutical manufacturers and other sources around Hanoi, Vietnam. Sci total environ 2018;645: 393-400.##8. Duan P, Hu X, Ji Z, et al. Enhanced oxidation potential of Ti/SnO2-Cu electrode for electrochemical degradation of low-concentration ceftazidime in aqueous solution: Performance and degradation pathway. Chemosphere 2018;212: 594-603.##9. Haller L, Chen H, Ng C, et al. Occurrence and characteristics of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-and carbapenemase-producing bacteria from hospital effluents in Singapore. Sci total environ 2018;615: 1119-25.##10. Lindberg R, Jarnheimer P-Å, Olsen B, et al. 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Study of the Efficiency of Non-Homogeneous Catalytic Ozonation Process using a Catalyst of Magnetic Nanoparticles of Iron Oxide Doped with Silica and Titanium Dioxide in Removal of Metronidazole from Synthetic Wastewater. JEHE 2018;5(4): 323-36.##21. Sui M, Xing S, Sheng L, et al. Heterogeneous catalytic ozonation of ciprofloxacin in water with carbon nanotube supported manganese oxides as catalyst. J Hazard Mater 2012;227–228(0): 227-36.##22. Qi L, Yao J, You H, et al. Oxidation products and degradation pathways of 4-chlorophenol by catalytic ozonation with MnO x/γ-Al2O3/TiO2 as catalyst in aqueous solution. Environ Carcinog Rev, Part A 2014;49(3): 327-37.##23. Alpatova A, Meshref M, McPhedran KN, El-Din MG. Composite polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane impregnated with Fe2O3 nanoparticles and multiwalled carbon nanotubes for catalytic degradation of organic contaminants. J Membrane Sci 2015;490: 227-35.##24. Moussavi G, Mahmoudi M. Removal of azo and anthraquinone reactive dyes from industrial wastewaters using MgO nanoparticles. J Hazard Mater 2009;168(2–3): 806-12.##25. Yegane badi M, Esrafili A, Rezaei Kalantary3 R, et al. Removal of Diethyl phthalate from Aqueous Solution Using Persulfate-based (UV / Na2S2O8 / Fe2+) Advanced Oxidation Process. jmums 2016;25(132): 122-35.##26. Wan H, Li J, Yu W, et al. Fabrication of a novel magnetic yolk–shell Fe 3 O 4@ mTiO 2@ mSiO 2 nanocomposite for selective enrichment of endogenous phosphopeptides from a complex sample. RSC Advances 2014;4(86): 45804-8.##27. Moussavi G, Alizadeh R. The integration of ozonation catalyzed with MgO nanocrystals and the biodegradation for the removal of phenol from saline wastewater. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 2010;97(1): 160-7.##28. Hsu Y-C, Yang H-C, Liu J-W, Chen J-H. The ozonations of catechol and hydroquinone solutions using gas-inducing reactor. J-Chinese Institute Of Env Eng 2003;13(3): 151-8.##29. 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بررسی تجمع فلزات سنگین در گیاهان آبیاری شده با آب چاه و فاضلاب تصفیه شده‌ی شهر بیرجند Study of Heavy Metal Accumulation in Plants Irrigated with Well Water and Wastewater from Birjand Wastewater Plant 1 1 زمینه و هدف: در سال‌های اخیر در کشورهای خشک و نیمه خشک استفاده از فاضلاب شهری در آبیاری گیاهان مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. با وجود اینکه استفاده از فاضلاب می‌تواند یک استراتژی پایدار و موثر باشد، اثرات زیست محیطی این کاربرد باید بررسی شود. هدف در این مطالعه بررسی امکان استفاده از فاضلاب شهری تصفیه شده در آبیاری گیاهان زراعی می‌باشد. مواد و روش‌ها: در این مطالعه غلظت فلزات سنگین آهن، روی، کروم، مس، منگنز و نیکل در اندام‌های مختلف و خاک اطراف ریشه گیاه جو و ذرت بررسی شد. گیاهان مورد بررسی با منابع مختلف آب آبیاری شدند. سپس اثرات منابع مختلف آبیاری بر جذب فلزات در قسمت‌های مختلف گیاه به وسیله آزمون‌های آماری بررسی شد. یافته‌ها: با توجه به نتایج، نوع منبع آب (آب چاه، فاضلاب تصفیه شده) بر میانگین غلظت فلز سنگین مس در برگ جو، فلزات کروم ، مس و نیکل در ریشه جو و فلزات مس و نیکل در خاک اطراف ریشه جو در سطح 5% معنی‌دار بود. غلظت نیکل در این مطالعه در خاک اطراف ریشه برای هر دو گیاه و هر دو منبع آبیاری به علت وجود نیکل در سنگ‌های اولترامافیک منطقه بیش از حد بحرانی بود. به علت عملکرد مناسب برکه‌های تثبیت تصفیه خانه شهر بیرجند در کاهش فلزات سنگین از فاضلاب شهری، غلظت اکثر فلزات سنگین اندام‌های گیاهی و خاک اطراف ریشه در حالت آبیاری با فاضلاب تصفیه شده نسبت به حالت آبیاری با آب چاه بطور معنی‌داری کمتر بود. به علت نزدیکی مزارع به محل تردد خودروهای سنگین غلظت مس در تمام حالات مورد بررسی بالا و نزدیک به محدوده بحرانی بود. غلظت فلز کروم در اندام‌های هوایی گیاه نسبت به سایر فلزات مورد بررسی کمتر بود که نشان دهنده، تحرک کمتر این فلز نسبت به سایر فلزات مورد بررسی است. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به نتایج این مطالعه، غلظت فلزات سنگین در گیاهان مورد بررسی کمتر از حدود بحرانی بود. همچنین غلظت فلزات در خاک اطراف ریشه بیشتر از غلظت در اندام گیاهان بود. بنابراین پایش مستمر غلظت این فلزات در خاک و گیاهان برای جلوگیری از تجمع فلزات سنگین در زنجیره غذایی ضروری است. 2 Introduction: In the recent years, the use of municipal wastewater for irrigation has attracted the consideration of arid countries. Despite the potential use of municipal wastewater in plants irrigation as sustainable strategy, the environmental impacts need to be investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of treated wastewater in irrigation crop plants. Methods: The present study was carried out to assess levels of iron, zinc, chrome, copper, manganese and nickel, in plants irrigated with water from different sources. Impact of different irrigation sources on metals uptake by plants were determined using Statistical tests. Results: According to the results, the type of water source (well water, treated wastewater) had a significant effect at 5% level on the mean concentration of Cu in barley leaves, Cr, Cu and Ni in barley root and Cu and Ni in soil around barley root. In this study, nickel concentration was higher than critical value in the soil around the roots for both plants and both irrigation sources due to the presence of nickel in the ultramafic rocks. Due to the proper performance of Birjand treatment plant stabilization ponds in reducing heavy metals from municipal wastewater, the concentration of most heavy metals in plant and soil in irrigation with treated wastewater was significantly lower than in irrigation with well water. The proximity of farms to heavy-duty vehicles increased the concentration of copper in all the situations studied which were close to the critical range. The concentration of chromium in shoots of plant was lower than other metals. Conclusion: As a result, the values of heavy metals in different parts of plants were below the acceptable levels as suggested. In comparison to plants, the soil presented higher concentration of all studied metals. However, the regular monitoring of levels of these metals from well water and treated wastewater, in plants and soil is essential to prevent excessive build-up of these metals in the food chain. 135 151 2020/04/272020/04/282020/04/28 1399/2/9 2020/04/272020/04/282020/04/28 1399/2/9 محمد جواد ذوقی Mohamad Javad Zoqi استادیار، دانشکده مهندسی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران ایران محمد رضا دوستی Mohamad Reza Doosti دانشیار، دانشکده مهندسی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران ایران Heavy metals Crops Municipal wastewater Herbal organs Soil فلزات سنگین محصولات زراعی فاضلاب شهری اندام‌های گیاهی خاک 1. Al-Busaidi A, Shahroona B, Al-Yahyai R, Ahmed M. Heavy metal concentrations in soils and date palms irrigated by groundwater and treated wastewater. Pak J Agric Sci 2015;52(1): 129-34.##2. Chen Y, Wang C, Wang Z. Residues and source identification of persistent organic pollutants in farmland soils irrigated by effluents from biological treatment plants. Environ Int 2005;31(6): 778-83.##3. 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سنتز نانو ذرات اکسید منیزیم و بررسی کاربرد آن در حذف آنتی بیوتیک تتراسایکلین از محلولهای آبی Synthesis of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Application in Removal of Tetracycline Antibiotic from Aqueous Solutions 1 1 زمینه و هدف: اکسید منیزیم از جمله اکسیدهای فلزات قلیایی خاکی می باشد که به دلیل خاصیت کاتالیزوری آن بطور گسترده ای در در تجزیه مواد شیمیایی خطرناک مورد استفاده قرار گرفته است. هدف اصلی در این پژوهش، حذف آنتی بیوتیک تتراسایکلین با استفاده از نانو اکسید منیزیم می باشد. مواد و روش­ها: در این پژوهش نانو ذرات اکسید منیزیم به روش همرسوبی و در حضور دترجنت ستیل تری متیل آمونیوم برماید سنتز شد. در نانو ذرات سنتز شده توسط تکنیک های آنالیز پراش اشعه ایکس (XRD)، آنالیز حرارتی (TGA) آنالیز میکروسکوپی انتقالی (TEM)، آنالیز توزیع اندازه ذرات (DLS)، آنالیز اشعه مادون قرمز (FTIR) و میکروسکوب فاز انتشاری الکترونی  (FESEM) مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. در مرحله بعد کارایی نانو ذرات سنتز شده در سیستم ناپیوسته و با تغییر دادن یک پارامتر و ثابت نگه داشتن سایر پارامترها در حذف آنتی بیوتیک تتراسایکلین مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. یافته­ ها: با افزایش pH از 3 به 7 راندمان افزایش یافته ولی بعد از آن تا رسیدن به 11=pH با کاهش دوباره راندمان مواجه شدیم. با افزایش زمان تماس راندمان افزایش یافته است. این افزایش تا زمان 60 دقیقه شیب تندتری داشته و بعد از 60 دقیقه تقریبا ثابت می شود. با توجه به سایر غلظت های موجود زمان 60 دقیقه به عنوان زمان بهینه انتخاب شد. راندمان بدون حضور یون های مداخله گر در شرایط بهینه برابر 68/81 % بود که با افزودن یون های مداخله گر راندمان در کمترین سطح غلظت مداخله گرها به 29/62%(نیترات)، 11/40 %(سولفات)، 32/55 %(مس) و 56/43% (فلوراید) کاهش یافت. بیشترین کاهش راندمان مربوط به یون سولفات با غلظت ppm 300 بود که راندمانی معادل 15% را نشان داد. نتیجه­ گیری: نتایج مطالعه نشان داد که جاذب MgO  قادر به حذف مناسب آلاینده تتراسایکلین از منابع آبی می‌باشد 2 Background: Magnesium oxide is one of the alkaline earth metal oxides which due to its catalytic properties has been widely used in the analysis of hazardous chemicals. The main purpose of this study was to remove tetracycline antibiotics using magnesium nano oxide. Methods: In this study, magnesium oxide nanoparticles were synthesized in the presence of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide. Synthesized nanoparticles were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal analysis (TGA), transmission microscopic analysis (TEM), particle size distribution analysis (DLS), infrared radiation analysis (FTIR) and electron diffraction (FES) electron microscopy (FES). In the next step, the efficiency of the synthesized nanoparticles in the batch system was investigated by changing one parameter and keeping the other parameters constant in removal of the tetracycline antibiotic. Results: Increasing the pH from 3 to 7 caused efficiency increase, but decreased again to pH = 11. As the contact time increases, the efficiency increases. This increase was steepest for 60 minutes and is almost constant after 60 minutes. According to other available concentrations,the contact time of  60 minutes was chosen as the optimum time. The efficiency without the presence of interfering ions in optimum condition was 81.68%. By adding the interfering ions the efficiency at the lowest concentration level of the interferers was 62.29% (nitrate), 40.11% (sulfate), 55.32% (Cu) and 43.56% (fluoride) decreased. The highest reduction was obtained with sulfate ion at 300 ppm which showed an efficiency of 15%. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that MgO adsorbent can efficiently remove tetracycline contaminants from water resources. 152 164 2020/04/272020/04/282020/04/282019/10/18 1398/7/26 2020/04/272020/04/282020/04/282020/02/5 1398/11/16 بهاره میرزاهدایت Bahareh Mirzahedayat گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج، ایران. ایران معصومه انتظاری Masoomeh Entezari گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج، ایران. ایران منصور ضرابی Mansur Zarrabi ۱ گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج، ایران. ۲مرکز تحقیقات بهداشت، ایمنی و محیط (RCHSE)، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج، ایران. ایران عماد دهقانی فرد Emad Dehghanifard ۱ گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج، ایران. ۲مرکز تحقیقات بهداشت، ایمنی و محیط (RCHSE)، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج، ایران. ایران محمد نوری سپهر Mohammad Noorisepehr ۱ گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج، ایران. ۲مرکز تحقیقات بهداشت، ایمنی و محیط (RCHSE)، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج، ایران. ایران Magnesium oxide nanoparticles Tetracycline antibiotic Aqueous solutions Adsorption نانو ذرات اکسید منیزیم آنتی بیوتیک تتراسایکلین محلولهای آبی جذب سطحی. 1. Hirsch R, Ternes T, Haberer K, Kratz K-L. Occurrence of antibiotics in the aquatic environment. Sci Total Environ 1999;225(1):109-18.##2. Pacheco S, Medina M, Valencia F, Tapia J. Removal of inorganic mercury from polluted water using structured nanoparticles. J Environ Eng 2006;132(3):342-9.##3. Martinez JL. Environmental pollution by antibiotics and by antibiotic resistance determinants. Environ Pollut 2009;157(11):2893-902.##4. Kümmerer K. Antibiotics in the aquatic environment–a review–part II. Chemosphere 2009;75(4):435-41.##5. Zhang R, Zhang G, Zheng Q, Tang J, Chen Y, Xu W, et al. Occurrence and risks of antibiotics in the Laizhou Bay, China: impacts of river discharge. Ecotoxicol Environ Safe 2012;80:208-15.##6. Zhang R, Tang J, Li J, Cheng Z, Chaemfa C, Liu D, et al. Occurrence and risks of antibiotics in the coastal aquatic environment of the Yellow Sea, North China. Sci Total Environ 2013;450:197-204.##7. Mojica E-R, Aga D. Antibiotics pollution in soil and water: potential ecological and human health issues. 2011.##8. Javid A, Nasseri S, Mesdaghinia A, Hossein Mahvi A, Alimohammadi M, Aghdam RM, et al. Performance of photocatalytic oxidation of tetracycline in aqueous solution by TiO 2 nanofibers. J Environ Health Sci Eng 2013;11(1):24.##9. Daghrir R, Drogui P. Tetracycline antibiotics in the environment: a review. Environ Chem Lett 2013;11(3):209-27.##10. Li Z, Schulz L, Ackley C, Fenske N. Adsorption of tetracycline on kaolinite with pH-dependent surface charges. J Col Interf Sci 2010;351(1):254-60.##11. Kang J, Liu H, Zheng Y-M, Qu J, Chen JP. Application of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV–Visible spectroscopy and kinetic modeling for elucidation of adsorption chemistry in uptake of tetracycline by zeolite beta. J Col Interf Sci 2011;354(1):261-7.##12. Gao Y, Li Y, Zhang L, Huang H, Hu J, Shah SM, et al. Adsorption and removal of tetracycline antibiotics from aqueous solution by graphene oxide. J Col Interf Sci 2012;368(1):540-6.##13. Chen W-R, Huang C-H. Adsorption and transformation of tetracycline antibiotics with aluminum oxide. Chemosphere 2010;79(8):779-85.##14. Nga NK, Hong PTT, Dai Lam T, Huy TQ. A facile synthesis of nanostructured magnesium oxide particles for enhanced adsorption performance in reactive blue 19 removal. . J Col Interf Sci 2013;398:210-6.##15. Park J-Y, Lee Y-J, Jun K-W, Baeg J-O, Yim DJ. Chemical synthesis and characterization of highly oil dispersed MgO nanoparticles. J Ind Eng Chem 2006;12(6):882-7.##16. Huang X, Wu T, Li Y, Sun D, Zhang G, Wang Y, et al. Removal of petroleum sulfonate from aqueous solutions using freshly generated magnesium hydroxide. J Hazard Mater 2012;219:82-8.##17. Lee G, Park J, Harvey OR. Reduction of Chromium (VI) mediated by zero-valent magnesium under neutral pH conditions. Water Res 2013;47(3):1136-46.##18. Caraballo MA, Rötting TS, Silva V. Implementation of an MgO-based metal removal step in the passive treatment system of Shilbottle, UK: Column experiments. J Hazard Mater 2010;181(1):923-30.##19. Tang W, Su Y, Li Q, Gao S, Shang JK. Superparamagnetic magnesium ferrite nanoadsorbent for effective arsenic (III, V) removal and easy magnetic separation. Water Res 2013;47(11):3624-34. ##20. Ghahramani E, Ghaneian M, Abouee Mehrizi E, Ghavami Z, Ahmadi K, Taghavi M, Sadeghi S. Evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of magnesium oxide nanoparticles in removal of reactive yellow 3 dyestuffs from aqueous. J North Khorasan Univ Med Sci 2016;8(1):117.24. [In Persian]##21. Xu Z, Fan J, Zheng S, Ma F, Yin D. On the adsorption of tetracycline by calcined magnesium-aluminum hydrotalcites. J Environ Qual 2009;38(3):1302-10.## ##

بررسی اثر سن کمپوست بر کیفیت کمپوست ساخته شده(مطالعه موردی کارخانه‌ کمپوست سازمان مدیریت پسماند شهرداری اصفهان) The Study of the Age of Compost on the Quality of the Produced Compost (A Case Study of Compost Municipal Waste Management Organization) 1 1 مقدمه: امروزه مسئله مواد زائد جامد شهری یا پسماند شهری یکی ازمسایل و مشکلات جدی در کل شهرهای دنیا است. کمپوست کارخانه ­های بازیافت از زمان تولید و رسیدن تا مرحله فروش و مصرف آن مدت زمان قابل توجهی نگهداری می­شود. در این پژوهش بررسی اثر سن کمپوست بر کیفیت آن در کارخانه کمپوست سازمان مدیریت پسماند شهرداری اصفهان انجام شد. روش کار: جهت انجام این پژوهش یک توده کمپوست به وزن حدودا 300 تن از کمپوست تازه تولید شده و آماده شده برای فروش در محل خاصی از کارخانه بصورت جدا نگهداری شد و در زمان­ های صفر، چهار و نه هفته انجام شد. در کمپوست­ها فاکتورهای آمونیاک، نیترات، آمونیوم، فسفر، پتاسیم، نیتروژن کل، نیتروژن معدنی، نیتروژن آلی، سدیم، کلسیم، منیزیم، کربن، چگالی، EC، pH، اکسیژن خواهی شیمیایی و نسبت کربن به نیتروژن در هر مقطع زمانی با سه تکرار آزمایش صورت گرفت. یافته­ ها: نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد فاکتورهای آمونیاک، نیترات، آمونیوم، نیتروژن کل، نیتروژن معدنی، نیتروژن آلی، EC، pH، رطوبت، چگالی و نسبت کربن به نیتروژن در کمپوست اولیه به ترتیب 1800، 58/35، 28/2314، 14000، 2400، 11600، 145/7، 245/7، 85/6، 286 و 54/12 بود و در نهایت در هفته نهم 145/873، 325/81، 61/1122، 63/15065، 63/1215، 13850، 71/5، 35/7، 005/5، 5/279 و 04/22 شد که میزان آمونیاک، آمونیوم فسفر، نیتروژن معدنی، EC، رطوبت و چگالی با اختلاف معنی ­داری کاهش پیدا کرد و بقیه فاکتورها با اختلاف معنی­ داری افزایش یافت. نتایج فسفر نیز با یکدیگر اختلاف معنی­ داری نداشتند. همچنین نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد فاکتورهای آمونیاک، آمونیوم، فسفر، نیتروژن کل، نیتروژن معدنی، نیتروژن آلی، EC و COD در شیرابه در هفته صفر 26/244، 05/314، 73/298، 6/1153، 36/325، 2/6289، 088/37 و 24/3635 بود و در هفته نهم به ترتیب 36/110، 89/141، 43/285، 366، 98/148، 217، 728/15 و 76/5733 شد که میزان پارامترهای آمونیاک، نیترات، آمونیوم، نیتروژن کل، نیتروژن معدنی، نیتروژن آلی و EC با اختلاف معنی­ داری کاهش یافت ولی میزان COD با اختلاف معنی­داری افزایش یافت و نتایج فسفر و نیترات با یکدیگر اختلاف معنی­ داری نداشتند. نتیجه­ گیری: در نهایت می­ توان نتیجه گرفت که کیفیت کمپوست با گذشت زمان کاهش می­ یابد و هرچه از مدت زمان تولید کمپوست بگذرد به­ صورت کلی عناصر غذایی مورد مصرف گیاهان در کمپوست کاهش می­ یابد. 2 Introduction: Today, the issue of urban solid waste or urban waste is one of the most serious problems in the whole world. Composting plants have a significant amount of time from the production and production stage to the sale and consumption stage. In this study, the effect of compost age on the quality of the compost factory was carried out in Isfahan City waste management organization. Method: To conduct this study, a compost mass of about 300 tons of newly produced compost and prepared for sale at a particular site from the plant and was done in a special place of four and nine weeks. There are ammonia, nitrate, ammonium, phosphorus, potassium, total nitrogen, mineral nitrogen, organic nitrogen, sodium, calcium, magnesium, carbon, density, EC, pH, oxygen, sulfur, and the ratio of carbon to nitrogen was done at any time with three iterations of the experiment. Findings: Findings indicate that ammonia, nitrate, ammonium, total nitrogen, mineral nitrogen, EC, pH, moisture, density, and the ration of carbon to nitrogen in the initial compost are respectively as follows: 1800, 58.35, 28.2314, 14000, 2400, 11600, 145.7, 245.7, 85.6, 286, and 54.12. Finally in the 9th week, they changed as follows: 145.873, 325.81, 61.1122, 63.15065, 63.1215, 13850, 71.5, 35.7, 005.5, 5.279 and 04.22. The amount of ammonia, ammonium phosphor, mineral nitrogen, EC, moisture and density was reduced with a significant difference whereas other factors increased with a significant difference. The results of phosphor were not significantly different. Also, the results of the study revealed that ammonia, ammonium, phosphorus, total nitrogen, nitrogen, EC and COD in the zero weeks were respectively as follows: 244.26, 314.05, 298.73, 1153.6, 325.36, 6289.2, 37.088 and 3635.24, whereas in the ninth week, they changed as follows: 110.36, 141.89, 285.43, 366, 148.98, 217, 728.15, 5733.76. The amount of ammonia, nitrate, ammonium, total nitrogen, mineral nitrogen, organic nitrogen, as well as EC reduced with a significant difference, but the amount of COD increased with a significant difference. The results of phosphor and nitrate were not significantly different.  Conclusion: Ultimately it can be concluded that the quality of compost is decreased with time lapse and the more it passes after the compost production, the less the food elements in the compost consumed by vegetarians would be. 165 178 2020/04/272020/04/282020/04/282019/10/182020/04/29 1399/2/10 2020/04/272020/04/282020/04/282020/02/52020/04/29 1399/2/10 طیب مرادی Tyeb Moradi کارشناسی ارشد محیط زیست، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد اصفهان)خوراسگان(، اصفهان، ایران ایران محمد هادی ابوالحسنی Mohammad Hadi Abolhasani استادیار، گروه محیط زیست، مرکز تحقیقات پسماند و پساب، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد اصفهان)خوراسگان(، اصفهان، ایران ایران Compost Leachate Increase the age of compost Effective parameters in compost quality کمپوست شیرابه افزایش سن کمپوست پارامترهای تاثیرگذار در کیفیت کمپوست 1. Zazuli M A, Bagheri Ardabilian M, Ghahramani A, GhorbanianAllahAbad M. Principles of Compost Production Technology, Khaniran Publishing 2013; 340 pages. [in Persian].##2. Adejumo A V, Adejumo O O. Sustainable Development: Implications for Energy Policy in Nigeria. Towards a Sustainable Bioeconomy: Principles, Challenges and Perspectives 2018; 395.##3. Salehi S. 2009 Economic and Technical Study of Khomein Compost Plant Compared to Tehran Compost Plant, PhD thesis, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. [in Persian].##4. Negassa W, Sileshi GW. Integrated soil fertility management reduces termite damage to crops on degraded soils in western Ethiopia. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment 2018; 251: 124-131.##5. Quedraogo E, Mndo A, Zombre NP. Use of compost to improve soil properties and crop productivity under low input agricultural system in West Africa. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environ 2001; 84: 259-266.##6. Nevens F, Reheul D. The application of vegetable, fruit and garden waste (VFG) compost in addition to a cattle slurry in a silage maize monoculture: Nitrogen availability and use. European Journal of Agron 2003; 19: 189-203.##7. Olabode AD. Assessment of Waste Generation and Sanitation Strategies for Sustainable Environmental Management in Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria. J Waste Manag Disposal 2018; 1: 102.##8. 8. SangSefidi Z, Ahmadi A. Gourchian H. 2005. Environmental hazards Use of compost from municipal waste mixtures. Eighth National Conference on Environmental Health Tehran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. [ in Persian].##9. Tchobanoglous G, Kreith F. 2002. Handbook of Solid Waste Management. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw- Hill.##10. Samavat S. Study of the possibility of improving the quality of urban waste compost and comparing it with current standards. Soil and Water Research Institute 2004; 1: 35-41. [ in Persian].##11. Gerngross CA, Farland MC, Thompson WH. 2006. Compost sampling guideline dairy compost utilization. Prepared in cooperation with Texas commission on environmental quality and USA.##12. Waste Recycling and Recycling Organization of Isfahan Municipality. Quality Control of Organic Fertilizer, Quarterly Journal of Management of Waste Management 2008; 8: 22-31. [ in Persian].##13. Farzadkia M, Salehi S, Ameri A, Jenniidi Jafari A, Nabi zadeh R. Qualitative study and comparison of compost produced at Khomein and Tehran compost plants, Journal of Health and Environment. Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Research Journal 2009; 3 (2): 16-169. [ in Persian].##14. Al-Bataina BB, Young TM, Ranieri E. Effects of compost age on the release of nutrients. International Soil and Water Conservation Research 2016; 4: 230–236##15. WEF, APHA, AWWA. 2000. Standard methods for examination of water and waste water.19th ed, USA, Washington: American Public Health Association.##16. Parvaresh A A, Haydarian Dana N. 2007. Importance and Position of Compost Standards in the Composting Industry, 9th National Conference on Environmental Health, Isfahan. [ in Persian].##17. We F, Aph A, Aww A. 1995. Standard methods for examination of water and waste water. 19 ed. Washington: American Public Health Association.##18. Jalili M., Ebrahimi A., Karimi H. Mokhtari M. The effect of composting process of pistachio processing waste with different treatments on heavy metals concentration, Tolo-e-san 2017; 3 (15): 103-114. [ in Persian].##19. Yusufi J, Younesi H A. Compositing of municipal solid waste and sawdust to maintain moisture and prevent loss of nitrogen in the compost mass. Environmental science and technology 2013; 59 (15): 75-84. [ in Persian].##20. Amuei, AA, Asgharnia HA, Khodadadi, A. Evaluation of the quality of manure produced from rural poppies in Babol. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2009; 19 (74): 54-61. [ in Persian].##21. HomayounNejad A, Amirian P, Piri A. Roodsi Quality Characteristics of Compost and Biocompulse Fertilizers in Zahedan. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 2013; 14 (2): 99-105. [ in Persian].##22. Fournel S, Godbout S, Ruel P, Fortin A, Duquette-Lozeau K, Létourneau V, Duchaine C. Production of recycled manure solids for use as bedding in Canadian dairy farms: II. Composting methods. Journal of dairy science 2018.##23. Daniel J. Royse. Effects of fragmentation, supplementation and the addition of phase II compost to 2nd break compost on mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) yield. Bioresource Tecnology 2010; 101: 188-192.##24. Safa M, Omrani Gh. Effect of composition of input materials on the quality of compost produced by static mass with active aeration in rural areas(Case study: Sulaghan village). Quarterly Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 2018. Published.##25. Heydari F. Qualitative study of manure production of Zahedan plant with regard to physical and chemical properties. Quarterly Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 2016; 18(2): 335-341.##26. Alvarenga P, Palma P, Mourinha C, Farto M, Dôres J, Patanita M, Cunha-Queda C, Natal-da-Luz T, Renaud M, Sousa JP. Recycling organic wastes to agricultural land as a way to improve its quality: a field study to evaluate benefits and risks. Waste management 2017; 1(61): 582-92.## ##

آلودگی فلزات سنگین در ذرات غبار خیابانی شهر تهران در سال 1397: ارزیابی غنای فلزی و درجه آلودگی Heavy Metal Pollution in Street Dust from Tehran in 2018: Metal Richness and Degree of Contamination Assessment 1 1 زمینه و هدف: غبار خیابانی یک واسطه زیست‌محیطی با ترکیب پیچیده در مناطق شهری است. فلزات سنگین در غبار خیابانی برای مدت طولانی باقی مانده و در اتمسفر بازتعلیق می‌شوند. هدف از مطالعه حاضر، ارزیابی غنای فلزی و درجه آلودگی فلزات سنگین در غبار خیابانی شهر تهران بود. مواد و روش‌ها: نمونه‌های غبار از 9 نقطه از شهر تهران در سال 1397 برداشت شد. فلزات سنگین (کادمیوم، کروم، سرب، روی، آهن و آلومینیوم) در غبار خیابانی با استفاده از دستگاه ICP-MS آنالیز شد. غنای فلزات و درجه آلودگی با استفاده از شاخص‌های فاکتور غنی‌شدگی (EF)، انباشت زمینی (Igeo)، درجه آلودگی (Cd) و درجه آلودگی اصلاح‌شده (mCd) تعیین شد. از آزمون‌های همبستگی پیرسون (PC) و تجزیه خوشه‌ای سلسله مراتبی (HCA) نیز برای تحلیل استفاده شد.  یافته‌ها: روند میانگین غلظت عناصر به صورت آلومینیوم (54/53486= )> آهن (07/46535= )> روی (14/638= )> سرب (33/200= )> کروم (94/111= )> کادمیوم (49/0= ) میلی­گرم بر کیلوگرم بود. بالاترین غنی‌شدگی فلزی ناشی از عناصر سرب و روی بود. شاخص انباشت زمینی عناصر در ذرات غبار خیابانی نیز نشان داد که عناصر کادمیوم و سرب بالاترین مقادیر را دارا بودند. شاخص‌های درجه آلودگی نیز سطوح بالای آلودگی را در غبار خیابانی نشان دادند. همبستگی معنی‌داری بین عناصر روی با کروم و سرب و عناصر سرب با کادمیوم مشاهده شد. همبستگی منفی معنی‌داری نیز بین رطوبت نسبی با غلظت عناصر سرب و روی مشاهده شد. خوشه‌بندی عناصر نیز نشان داد که عناصر سرب، روی، کروم و کادمیوم دارای منابع انسانی و عناصر آهن و آلومینیوم دارای منابع طبیعی انتشار هستند. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که غبار خیابانی شهر تهران دارای درجه آلودگی بالایی است. لذا این محیط واسطه می‌تواند آثار منفی قابل توجهی داشته باشد. بنابراین پایش مداوم غبار خیابانی ضروری است.  2 Background: Street dust is an environmental medium with complex composition in urban environment. Heavy metals remain in urban dust for a long time and re-suspended in the atmosphere. This study aimed to evaluate the metal richness and degree of contamination in Tehran street dust.  Methods: Dust samples were collected from nine locations in Tehran in 2018. Heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, Fe, and Al) were analyzed in street dust using ICP-MS. Metal richness and degree of contamination were determined using Enrichment Factor (EF), Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), degree of Contamination (Cd) and modified degree of contamination (mCd). Pearson correlation (PC) and Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were also used for analysis. Results: The mean concentration trend of elements was as Al (53486.54)> Fe (46535.07)> Zn (638.14)> Pb (200.33)> Cr (111.94), Cd (0.49) mg/kg. The highest metal enrichment was due to Pb and Zn. The geoaccumulation index also showed that Cd and Pb had the highest values. Degree of contamination indices also showed high levels of contamination in street dust. Significant correlation was observed between Zn-Cr-Pb and Pb-Cd. Significant negative correlation was also observed between relative humidity-Pb-Zn. Elemental clustering also showed that Pb, Zn, Cr, and Cd had anthropogenic sources and Fe and Al had natural sources of diffusion.     Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the street dust of Tehran is highly polluted. Therefore, this environmental medium can have significant negative effects. Therefore, continuous monitoring of street dust is essential. 179 194 2020/04/272020/04/282020/04/282019/10/182020/04/292020/04/28 1399/2/9 2020/04/272020/04/282020/04/282020/02/52020/04/292020/04/28 1399/2/9 محمدصالح علی طالشی Mohammad Saleh Ali-Taleshi دانشجوی دکتری آلودگی محیط‌زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران ایران مظاهر معین الدینی Mazaher Moeinaddini استادیار گروه محیط‌زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران ایران سادات فیض نیا Sadat Feiznia استاد گروه احیای مناطق خشک و کوهستانی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران ایران استفانیا اسکوئیزاتو Stefania Squizzato انستیتو علوم مهندسی شیمی، سازمان تحقیقات و تکنولوژی، هالاس، یونان یونان Street dust Heavy metal Metal richness Degree of contamination Tehran غبار خیابانی فلزات سنگین غنای فلزی درجه آلودگی تهران 1. Fang Y, Sun X, Yang W, et al. Concentrations and health risks of lead, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury in rice and edible mushrooms in China. Food Chem 2014; 147:147–151.##2. Wang J, Liu R, Wang H, Yu, et al. 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ارزیابی عملکرد مدل راکتور دوار در حذف کدورت از محیط‌های آبی با استفاده از روش انعقادالکتریکی Evaluation of Rotary Reactor Model Performance to Removal Turbidity from Aqueous Environments by Electrocoagulation Method 1 1 زمینه و هدف: حذف کدورت‌های فصلی از جریان‌های آب سطحی به منظور استفاده شرب، یکی از مهمترین معضلات پیش‌روی واحد‌های تصفیه‌خانه می‌باشد. در این تحقیق کارایی روش انعقاد الکتریکی و مدل راکتور دوار ناپیوسته، به منظور حذف کدورت از جریان‌های آب سطحی با در نظر گرفتن الکترودهایی از جنس آهن و آلومینیوم مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. در نهایت با بررسی شرایط بهره‌برداری، مقادیر بهینه برای هر یک از پارامترها مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. مواد و روش‌ها: به منظور حذف کدورت جریان، از مدل راکتور دوار ناپیوسته با آرایش تک قطبی الکترودها و به صورت موازی استفاده گردیده شد. حجم نمونه در آزمایشات معادل 377 لیتر بوده است و مدل مذکور این امکان را فراهم می‌سازد که تمامی ذرات سیال، رسوب و همچنین آلاینده به واسطه چرخش ایجاد شده در مدل به صورت همگن با الکترودها در تماس قرار گرفته و مجموعه بواسطه عدم تاثیر عواملی همچون پره‌های پمپ و لوله‌های بازگشت، راندمان حذف بالاتری فراهم نماید. یافته‌ها: نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که پارامترهای بهینه بهره‌برداری شامل جنس الکترود آلومینیومی، زمان بهینه 60 دقیقه، سرعت چرخش rpm 3/2 و شدت جریان A/m28/18 در 4/7= pH، فاصله الکترود 3 سانتی‌متر و دمای آزمایشگاه بدست آمد. بر این اساس بالاترین میزان حذف کدورت در شرایط بهینه برای الکترودهای آهنی و آلومینیومی به ترتیب برابر با 1/84 و 3/93 درصد بدست آمد. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که مدل راکتور دوار ناپیوسته، ضمن سهولت کاربری قادر به حذف بالای کدورت جریان از محیط‌های آبی بوده و کاربرد این مدل جهت استفاده در تصفیه‌خانه‌های آب شرب توصیه می‌گردد. 2 Background & Objectives: One of the most important problems facing the water treatment plants is seasonal turbidity removal from the drinking surface waters. In this work, the efficiency of turbidity removal from water surface has been studied using a batch rotary reactor model and electrocoagulation process and different electrodes including iron and aluminum were tested. Finally, the optimum values of the studied parameters were evaluated at different operating conditions. Methods: In order to eliminate the turbidity from drinking water, the discontinuous rotary reactor model with monopolar electrodes was used in parallel connection. The sample volume in the experiments was 377 liters, and the rotation of the model caused all fluid particles, sediments, and contaminants to be homogeneously touched with the electrodes. This model provided a higher efficiency of turbidity removal due to not having pump blades and return pipes. Results: Results of this study showed that the maximum efficiency of turbidity removal from drinking water would be achieved by using the material of aluminum for electrode and considering time duration of 60 min,  rotation speed of the model equal to 1.3 rpm, current density of 18.8 A/m2 in pH=7.4 and electrode gap distance of 3 cm. At these conditions the maximum turbidity removal efficiency was obtained 84.1 and 93.3% for the iron and aluminum electrodes, respectively. Conclusion: Results of this work showed that the proposed batch rotary reactor model, in addition to its easy application, is able to remove turbidity from the aqueous solutions at a the high efficiency. Therefore this model would be strongly suggested for application in drinking water treatment plants. 195 210 2020/04/272020/04/282020/04/282019/10/182020/04/292020/04/282020/04/28 1399/2/9 2020/04/272020/04/282020/04/282020/02/52020/04/292020/04/282020/04/28 1399/2/9 صالح ریاحی Saleh Riahi دانشجوی دکتری گروه سازه‌های آبی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران ایران سید علی ایوب‌زاده Seyed Ali Ayyoubzadeh دانشیار گروه سازه‌های آبی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران ایران حسین صمدی بروجنی Hossein Samadi-Boroujeni دانشیار گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران ایران سید غلام‌رضا موسوی Gholamreza Moussavi استاد گروه بهداشت محیط، دانشکده علوم پزشکی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران ایران Electrocoagulation Turbidity Pollution treatment Batch rotary reactor model انعقاد الکتریکی کدورت تصفیه آلاینده مدل راکتور دوار ناپیوسته 1. Yang T, Qiao B, Li GC, Yang QY. 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تأثیر کیفیت آب ورودی به تصفیه‌خانه در ایجاد رنگ و کف در واحدهای فرایندی تصفیه آب (مطالعه موردی: تصفیه‌خانه آب کوه سبز) The Impact of Water Quality Entering the Refinery on the Formation of Color and Foams in Water Purification Process Units (Case Study: Koohsabz Drinking Water Treatment Plant) 1 1 زمینه و هدف: پارامترهای فیزیکی، شیمیایی و بیولوژیکی از مهمترین فاکتورهای تعیین کننده کیفیت آب آشامیدنی هست. هدف کلی این پروژه بررسی چگونگی تاثیرگذاری کیفیت آب ورودی به تصفیه‌خانه در تغییر رنگ آب و همچنین ایجاد کف در واحدهای مختلف فرایندی تصفیه آب است. روش کار: این پژوهش به صورت مطالعه موردی و در در مقیاس واقعی برروی آب خام ورودی به تصفیه‌خانه آب کوه سبز انجام شده است. پژوهش در طول 6 ماه در فاصله زمانی (بهمن ماه سال 95 تا تیر ماه سال 96) انجام گرفته است. در مرحله اول کیفیت آب خام بر اساس روشهای استاندارد متد ارزیابی گردید. در مرحله بعد تاثیرهر یک از پارامترها در ایجاد رنگ و کف در واحدهای فرایندی تصفیه آب و مکانیسم تاثیرات مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است . یافته‌ها: میانگین تغییرات دما، کدورت ، رنگ آب ورودی به تصفیه‌خانه در طی دوره پژوهش به ترتیب oC8/15 ، NTU 6 و TCU 6 بوده و محدوده تغییرات pH از 9/6 الی 4/8 است. میانگین تغییرات EC، TOCو DOC به ترتیب برابر است با؛  μS/cm765، mg/l8/5 و mg/l53/3. متوسط تغییرات UV254 و SUVAبه ترتیب برابر است با l/m 178/0و L/mg.m 856/5. همچنین متوسط تغییرات اسید هیومیک، سورفاکتانت و کلروفیل a در آب خام ورودی به ترتیب برابر است با 24/0، 05/0 میلی گرم بر لیتر و 4/2 μg/m2. نتیجه‌گیری: بررسی‌ها نشان داد که پارامترهای کیفی آب ورودی به تصفیه‌خانه در ایجاد رنگ و کف در واحدهای فرایندی تصفیه آب موثرند. 2 Background and objectives: The Physical, chemical and biological parameters one of the most important factors determining the quality of drinking water. The overall purpose of this project is to investigate how the quality of water entering the plant in changing the water-color and creating the foams in different units of water purification.  Methods: This study is a case study and in real scale on the raw water inlet to the Koohsabz drinking water treatment plant has been done. The study was conducted over a period of 6 months (February 2016 to July 2017). In the first stage, the raw water quality was assessed according to standard methods. In the second step, the effect of each of the parameters on the color and foam formation in the water treatment process units and the mechanism of effects have been examined. Results: Average changes in temperature, turbidity, the color of the water entering the plant during the study period were 15.8oC, 6NTU, and 6TCU respectively and pH ranges from 6.9 to 8.4. Mean change of EC, TOC and DOC respectively is; 765 μS / cm, 5.8mg /l and 3.53mg /l. The average change UV254 and SUVA were 0.178 l / m and 5.856 L/ mg, respectively. Also, the mean changes of humic acid, surfactant, and chlorophyll a in the input raw water were 0.24, 0.05 mg / l and 2.4 μg/m2, respectively. Conclusion: Investigations showed that the water quality parameters of water entering the treatment plant are effective in creating color and foam in water treatment process units. 211 228 2020/04/272020/04/282020/04/282019/10/182020/04/292020/04/282020/04/282020/04/28 1399/2/9 2020/04/272020/04/282020/04/282020/02/52020/04/292020/04/282020/04/282020/04/28 1399/2/9 بهمن معصومی Bahman Masoomi گروه مهندسی محیط زیست، واحد بوشهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بوشهر، ایران ایران طیبه طباطبایی Tayebeh Tabatabaie گروه مهندسی محیط زیست، واحد بوشهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بوشهر، ایران ایران نعمت اله جعفرزاده حقیقی فرد Neematollah Jaffarzadeh دانشگاه علوم پزشکی جندی شاپور اهواز، اهواز، ایران ایران سهند جرفی Sahand Jorfi مرکز تحقیقات فناوریهای محیط زیست، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی جندی شاپور اهواز، اهواز، ایران ایران اسماعیل کوهگردی Esmaeil Kouhgardi گروه مهندسی محیط زیست، واحد بوشهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بوشهر، ایران ایران Water quality Natural organic matter hydrophobic parts Color Foams کیفیت آب مواد آلی طبیعی ترکیبات هیدروفبیک رنگ کف 1. 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