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مطالعه کارایی فرایند فوتوکاتالیستی با استفاده از نانوکاتالیست مغناطیسیFe3O4@SiO2@TiO2 در حذف آنتی بیوتیک سفتریاکسون از محلول‌های آبی Evaluation of the efficiency of a photocatalytic process using the magnetic nanocatalyst (Fe3O4@SiO2@TiO2) in the removal of ceftriaxone from aqueous solutions 1 1 زمینه و هدف: آنتی بیوتیک سفتریاکسون به طور گسترده‌ای برای درمان عفونت های مختلف استفاده می‌شود که در آب و فاضلاب انباشته شده و ممکن است مسائل زیست محیطی و بهداشتی ایجاد کند. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی کارایی استفاده از فرآیند فوتوکاتالیستی (Fe3O4@SiO2@TiO2) در حذف سفتریاکسون از محلول‌های آبی بوده است. مواد و روش­ها: این مطالعه از نوع مطالعات تجربی- کاربردی می­باشد. به‌منظور سنتز نانو ذرات Fe3O4@SiO2@TiO2 از روش سل ژل استفاده گردید و با استفاده از آنالیز های SEM، XRD  وEDX خصوصیات کاتالیست بررسی گردید. اثر متغیر‌ها شامل pH، غلظت کاتالیست، غلظت سفتریاکسون، زمان تماس و آزمایش بازیافتی (7 مرتبه)، تعیین میزان معدنی سازی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. غلظت باقیمانده سفتریاکسون توسط دستگاه HPLC در طول موج 240 نانومتر تعیین شد. یافته‌ها: طبق نتایج به‌دست‌آمده در این مطالعه بـالاترین کـارایی فرآینـد در غلظت سفتریاکسون 10 میلی گـرم در لیتر، pH برابر 3 و مقـدار کاتالیسـت برابـر 2 گرم بر لیتر در مـدت زمان 120 دقیقه به میزان 7/96 درصد بـه دسـت آمـد. نتایج نشان داد که حذف سفتریاکسون به‌وسیله این فرآیند از مدل سینتکی درجه اول تبعیت می‌نماید. میزان معدنی سازی پس از پایان زمان واکنش 7/83 درصد تعیین گردید. قابلیت استفاده مجدد کاتالیست تا 7 مرتبه با کاهش راندمان حدود 2/5 درصد را داراست. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج به دست آمده نشان داد که فرآیند فوتوکاتالیستی با استفاده از نانوکاتالیست مغناطیسی Fe3O4@SiO2@TiO2  می‌تواند یک روش موثر در حذف سفتریاکسون از محیط‌های آبی باشد. 2 Background & Objectives: Ceftriaxone is an antibiotic which is extensively used to treat a number of various infections. It is mainly accumulated in water and sewage resulting in the environmental and health problems. This study is centered on the evaluation of the efficiency of a photocatalytic process using Fe3O4@SiO2@TiO2 in the removal of ceftriaxone from aqueous solutions. Methods: This research was based on an experimental-practical study.  Fe3O4 @ SiO2 @ TiO2 was initially synthesized via a sol-gel method and characterized by SEM, XRD and EDX analyses. The effects of variables such as pH, catalyst concentration, ceftriaxone concentration, contact time, reusability tests (n=7) and degree of mineralization were separately assessed in a laboratory scale. The concentration of ceftriaxone was measured by HPLC at 240 nm. Results: Based on the results obtained, the highest process efficiency of 96.7% was obtained under the following optimal conditions: concentration of ceftriaxone 10 mg/L, pH=3, the catalyst dosage of 2 g/L and a time contact of 120 min. At the end of the process, the degree of mineralization was determined to be 83.7%. Additionally, the data regarding the reusability of the nanocatalyst demonstrated that a 5.2% loss in the removal efficiency was observed after 7 times of reuse. Finally, the results revealed that the removal process of ceftriaxone follows the first-order kinetic model. Conclusion: The results demonstrated that the photocatalytic process using the magnetic nanocatalyst (Fe3O4 @ SiO2 @ TiO2) could be effectively used for the removal of ceftriaxone from aqueous media. 229 243 2020/05/13 1399/2/24 2020/05/13 1399/2/24 حمیدرضا صبحی Hamid Reza Sobhi استادیار، گروه شیمی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران ایران مجتبی یگانه بادی Mojtaba Yegane Badi کارشناسی ارشد مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت محیط، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران ایران علی اسرافیلی Ali Esrafili دانشیار گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران ایران مهناز قنبریان Mahnaz Ghambarian استادیار گروه پژوهشی صنایع شیمیایی معدنی، پژوهشکده توسعه صنایع شیمیایی جهاد دانشگاهی، البرز، ایران ایران Photocatalyst Magnetic nanoparticles UV-light Ceftriaxone فوتوکاتالیست نانوذرات مغناطیسی نور UV سفتریاکسون 1. Huang L, Sun Y, Wang W, et al. 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بررسی کارایی نانولوله کربن مغناطیسی شده در حذف آلاینده آنیلین از محلول آبی Investigation the efficiency of magnetized carbon nanotubes in the removal of aniline from aqueous solutions 1 1 زمینه و هدف: آنیلین ماده ای است که در صنایع شیمیایی و در فرآیندهای مختلفی نظیر تولید آفت کشها، سفید کننده های شیمیایی، رنگهای نساجی و غیره استفاده می گردد. به دلیل اثرات منفی آنیلین بر روی محیط زیست که به دلیل سخت تجزیه بودن این ماده می باشد، روشهای مختلفی جهت حذف این ماده مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. هدف کاربردی این طرح بررسی کارایی نانولوله کربن مغناطیسی شده در حذف آلاینده آنیلین از محلول آبی می باشد. مواد و روش­ها: نانو ذرات مغناطیسی Fe3O4-CNT در مطالعه حاضر به روش هم ترسیبی (Co-Percipitation) تهیه گردید. مورفولوژی سطح جاذب، شکل و اندازه نانوذرات مغناطیسی CNT-Fe3O4 به وسیله میکروسکوپ الکترونی روبشی(SEM ) و میکروسکوپ الکترونی انتقالی (TEM ) بررسی شد. همچنین برای تعیین ویژگی های فیزیکی جاذب نظیر مساحت سطحی، اندازه و حجم حفرات و توزیع آنها بر روی جاذب از آنالیز BET  استفاده شد. به منظور تعیین الگوی پراکنش اشعه ایکس و تعیین خلوص ذرات Fe3O4 تولیدی از دستگاه پراش اشعه ایکس(XRD) استفاده گردید. ویژگی های مغناطیسی جاذب سنتز شده برای قبل و بعد از جذب سطحی به وسیله تکنیک FTIR مورد آنالیز قرار گرفت. به منظور بهینه سازی شرایط جذب و تعیین مقادیر بهینه هر یک از فاکتورهای موثر بر فرایند جذب (pH ، زمان تماس، مقدار جاذب، غلطت اولیه آنیلین و دما) ، آزمایشات جذب انجام شد و غلظت آنیلین توسط روش اسپکتروفتومتری تعیین شد. یافته‌ها: آنالیزهای SEM , TEM نشان داد که نانو لوله های کربنی مغناطیسی تقریباً به صورت یکنواخت بوده و دارای قطر متوسط 5 نانو متر و طول متوسط 100 نانومتر هستند. همچنین آنالیز XRD نشان دهنده تثبیت اکسید آهنFe3O4 بر روی نانو لوله های کربنی می باشد. آنالیز FTIR مربوط به جذب آلاینده آنیلین بر روی جاذب نانولوله کربن مغناطیسی شده، نشان می دهد که باند آلاینده آنیلین بر روی جاذب پدیدار شده است. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج مطالعه نشان داد که جاذب MWCNT مغناطیسی، قادر به حذف موثر آلاینده آنیلین از محیطهای آبی می¬باشد. آنالیزهای آماری نشان داد که پارامترهای pH، غلظت جاذب، غلظت آلاینده، دما و زمان تماس بر روی راندمان حذف آلاینده موثر هستند. 2 Background &Objectives: Aniline is a substance used in chemical industries and in various processes such as pesticide production, chemical bleaching, textile dyes, etc. In spite of the negative effects of aniline on the environment due the difficult decomposition of this substance, various methods have been investigated to remove this substance from water resources. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of magnetized carbon nanotubes in the removal of aniline from aqueous solutions. Methods: Fe3O4-CNT magnetic nanoparticles were prepared by co-precipitation method. The morphology of the adsorbent surface, shape and size of CNT-Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transfer electron microscopy (TEM). BET analysis was also used to determine the physical properties of the adsorbent such as surface area, size and volume of the cavities and their distribution on the adsorbent. An X-ray diffraction device (XRD) was used to determine the pattern and the purity of the Fe3O4 particles. The synthetic adsorbent properties were analyzed by FTIR technique. In order to optimize the adsorption conditions and determine the optimal values of each of the factors affecting the adsorption process (pH, contact time, adsorbent value, initial aniline error and temperature), adsorption experiments were performed and aniline concentration was determined by spectrophotometric method. Results: SEM and TEM analyzes showed that the magnetic carbon nanotubes were almost uniform and had an average diameter of 5 nanometers and an average length of 100 nanometers. XRD analysis also showed the stabilization of Fe3O4 on carbon nanotubes. FTIR analysis for the absorption of aniline contaminants on the magnetic carbon nanotubes adsorbent indicated that the aniline contaminant bond has appeared on the adsorbent. Conclusion: The results of the study showed that magnetic MWCNT adsorbent was able to effectively remove aniline contaminants from aquatic environments. Statistical analysis showed that pH parameters, adsorption concentration, pollutant concentration, temperature and contact time were effective on pollutant removal efficiency. 244 260 2020/05/132019/07/18 1398/4/27 2020/05/132020/01/5 1398/10/15 بابک کاکاوندی Babak Kakavandi گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج، ایران2مرکز تحقیقات بهداشت، ایمنی و محیط (RCHSE)، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج، ایران ایران محمد نوری سپهر Mohammad Noorisepehr گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج، ایران2مرکز تحقیقات بهداشت، ایمنی و محیط (RCHSE)، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج، ایران ایران عماد دهقانی فرد Emad Dehghanifard گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج، ایران2مرکز تحقیقات بهداشت، ایمنی و محیط (RCHSE)، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج، ایران ایران محمد رفیعی Mohammad Rafiee گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران ایران Aniline Magnetized carbon nanotubes Surface adsorption Aqueous solution آنیلین نانولوله کربن مغناطیسی شده جذب سطحی محلول آبی. 1. 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بررسی کارایی حذف آفت کش مالاتیون توسط نانوکامپوزیت g-C3N4/Fe3O4/Ag از محلول‌های آبی در حضور اشعه UV Evaluation of Malathion Pesticide Removal Efficiency by g-C3N4/ Fe3O4/Ag Nanocomposites from Aqueous Solutions in the Presence of UV Irradiation 1 1 زمینه و هدف: ارگانوفسفره‌ها از شایع‌ترین سموم دفع آفات در جهان به شمار می‌روند. از سموم پرمصرف این گروه مالاتیون می‌باشد که توسط EPA در گروه III مواد از نظر سرطانزایی تقسیم می‌شود. بنابراین باتوجه به مصرف زیاد این آفت کش و قدرت بیماری زایی آن باید به شیوه مناسب حذف گردد. یکی از راه‌های حذف استفاده از فرآیندهای اکسیداسیون پیشرفته است. هدف از این مطالعه حذف فتوکاتالیستی آفت کش مالاتیون توسط نانوکامپوزیت g-C3N4/Fe3O4/Ag می‌باشد. روش: در این مطالعه از نانوکامپوزیت g-C3N4/Fe3O4/Ag که با استفاده از روش هیدروترمال سنتز گردید، برای حذف فتوکاتالیستی مالاتیون استفاده شد. متغیر‌های مورد بررسی pH، دوز نانوکامپوزیت، غلظت آلاینده بود. هم چنین اثر رادیکال خوارهای اگزالات آمونیوم ، ترت بوتانول و بنزوکینون بر انجام آزمایش سنجش شد. یافته ها: بهترین راندمان حذف مالاتیون در 7=pH، دوز 5/0 گرم بر لیتر و غلظت آلاینده 10 میلی گرم بر لیتر و در زمان 60 دقیقه و برابر با 100 % بود. با افزایش دوز کاتالیست تا 5/0 گرم بر لیتر راندمان افزایش یافت. اما با افزایش غلظت آلاینده راندمان حذف روند نزولی داشت. هم چنین راندمان حذف مالاتیون در حضور رادیکال خوارهای اگزالات آمونیوم، ترت بوتانول و بنزوکینون به ترتیب 36/93 %، 78/44 % و 71/90 % به دست آمد و سینتیک واکنش از معادله درجه اول با  9852/0= R2  پیروی کرد. نتیجه گیری: بنابراین g-C3N4/Fe3O4/Ag از پتانسیل بالایی برای حذف مالاتیون برخوردار بوده و می‌تواند برای از بین بردن آلاینده‌های مختلف از محلول‌های آبی استفاده شود. 2 Background: Organophosphates are one of the most common pesticides in the world. One of the most commonly used toxins in this group is malathion, which is classified by the EPA as Group III carcinogenic substances. Therefore, due to the high consumption of this pesticide and its pathogenicity, it should be eliminated in an appropriate manner. One of the elimination ways is the use of advanced oxidation processes. The aim of this study was to determine the photocatalytic removal of malathion pesticide by g-C3N4/Fe3O4/Ag nanocomposite. Method: In this study, g-C3N4/Fe3O4/Ag nanocomposites synthesized by hydrothermal method were used for photocatalytic removal of malathion. The variables studied were pH, nanocomposite dose, and contaminant concentration. Furthermore, the radical effects of ammonium oxalate, tert-butanol, and benzoquinone were analyzed on the experiment procedure. Results: The best removal efficiency of malathion at pH = 7, the dose of 0.5 g/l, and contaminant concentration 10 mg/l at 60 min was 100%. By increasing the catalyst dose up to 0.5 g/L, the efficiency increased. However, with increasing contaminant concentration, the removal efficiency decreased. Additionally, the removal efficiency of malathion in the presence of ammonium oxalate, tert-butanol, and benzoquinone radicals was 93.36%, 44.78%, and 90.71%, respectively, and the reaction kinetics followed the first equation with R2 = 0.9852.  Conclusion: Therefore, g-C3N4/Fe3O4/Ag has a high potential for malathion removal moreover can be used to remove various pollutants from aqueous solutions.  261 279 2020/05/132019/07/182020/06/28 1399/4/8 2020/05/132020/01/52020/06/28 1399/4/8 علی اسرافیلی Ali Esrafili گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت،مرکز تحقیقات تکنولوژی بهداشت محیط، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران ایران سودابه قدسی Soudabeh Ghodsi دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران ایران روشنک رضایی کلانتری Roshanak Rezaei Kalantary گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت،مرکز تحقیقات تکنولوژی بهداشت محیط، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران ایران میترا غلامی Mitra Gholami گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت،مرکز تحقیقات تکنولوژی بهداشت محیط، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران ایران Photocatalyst Malation C3N4/Fe3O4/Ag فتوکاتالیست مالاتیون g-C3N4/Fe3O4/Ag 1. 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بررسی توزیع، ریسک اکولوژیک و سلامت سورفاکتانت آنیونی (LAS) به عنوان نشانگر مولکولی تخلیه فاضلاب در سد اکباتان، همدان Distribution, Ecological and Health Risk Assessment of Anionic Surfactant (LAS) As a Molecular Marker for Wastewater Discharge in Ekbatan Dam, Hamedan 1 1 زمینه وهدف: با توجه به افزایش مصرف شوینده­ ها و مشکلات آلودگی منابع آبی در اثر رهاسازی فاضلاب­ های حاوی مقادیر زیاد شوینده­ ها در چند دهه اخیر، در این مطالعه به بررسی غلظت و ارزیابی ریسک سلامت و اکولوژیک آلکیل بنزن سولفانات خطی (LAS) به عنوان مهم­ترین ترکیب شوینده­ ها در سد اکباتان همدان پرداخته شده است. مواد و روش: 31 ایستگاه نمونه­ برداری از مخزن سد اکباتان و رودخانه­ های ورودی به سد و سرریز سد اکباتان (سد آبشینه) جهت نمونه­ برداری آب انتخاب شد. پارامترهایی همچون دمای آب، pH، EC، TDS، DO و ORP در محل نمونه­ برداری اندازه­ گیری شد. جذب LAS از طریق دستگاه اسپکتروفتومتر(WTW 660) در طول موجnm  650 قرائت شد. یافته­ ها: نتایج غلظت LAS اندازه ­گیری شده را در دامنه mg/L 4/1- 01/0 نشان داد. نتایج آزمون همبستگی اسپیرمن بین LAS و فاکتورهای کیفی آب نشان داد بین LAS با شوری، TDS و EC رابطه مثبت و معنی­ دار در سطح 01/0 و بین LAS و DO رابطه منفی در سطح 05/0 وجود دارد.  نتایج محاسبه ارزیابی ریسک اکولوژیک، در 13 ایستگاه ریسک زیاد، در 15 ایستگاه ریسک متوسط و در3 ایستگاه ریسک کم را نشان داد. همچنین محاسبه ارزیابی ریسک سلامت LAS، عدم وجود ریسک در گروه­ های مختلف سنی مختلف را نشان داد. نتایج مقایسه غلظت LAS با استاندارد تخلیه سورفاکتانت­ ها به داخل آب­ های سطحی و مصارف کشاورزی و آبیاری در ایران نشان داد غلظت LAS از نظر تخلیه به داخل آب­ های سطحی کمتر حد مجاز (mg/L 5/1) ولی از نظر استفاده برای مصارف کشاورزی و آبیاری مقدار LAS در 7 ایستگاه بیشتر از استاندارد  مربوطه است.   نتیجه­ گیری: نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد سد اکباتان و رودخانه­ های منتهی به سد در معرض ورود ترکیبات شوینده ناشی از ورود فاضلاب­ های خانگی قرار دارد. بنابراین لازم است اقدامات موثر و پیشگیرانه در جهت کنترل و کاهش ورود فاضلاب­ های تصفیه نشده به این سد مهم و حیاتی صورت گیرد. 2 Background and Aim: Given the increasing use of detergents and the problems of water pollution caused by the release of wastewater containing large amounts of detergents in recent decades, this study aimed to investigate the concentration and health and ecological risk assessment of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) as the most important detergent composition in Ekbatan Dam is Hamedan. Materials and Methods: 31 sampling stations from Ekbatan dam reservoir and Inlet Rivers to Ekbatan dam and overflow dam (Abshineh dam) selected for water sampling. Parameters such as water temperature, pH, EC, TDS, DO and ORP was measured at the sampling site. LAS adsorption was reading through a spectrophotometer (WTW 660) at 650 nm. The pollutant concentration was calculated through the equation of the calibration curve. Results: The results showed the measured LAS concentration in the range of 0.01-1.4 mg / L. The results of the Spearman correlation test between LAS and water quality factors showed a positive significant relationship between LAS with salinity, TDS and EC at 0.01 level and a negative relationship between LAS and DO at 0.05 levels. The results of the health risk assessment of LAS showed no risk in different age groups. The results of the comparison of LAS concentration with surfactant discharge standard in surface water and irrigation and agricultural applications in Iran showed that the concentration of LAS is below the permissible level (1.5 mg / L) for discharge into surface water. However, in terms of use for agricultural and irrigation purposes, the LAS value at 7 stations was higher than the permissible level (0.5 mg / L). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that Ekbatan dam and rivers entering the dam are exposed to mild wastewater as a result of human activities. Therefore, it is necessary to take effective and preventive activities to control and reduce pollutants entering this valuable dam. 280 297 2020/05/132019/07/182020/06/282020/06/28 1399/4/8 2020/05/132020/01/52020/06/282020/06/28 1399/4/8 فائزه جعفری Faezeh Jaffari گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه ملایر، ملایر، ایران ایران نسرین حسن زاده Nasrin Hassanzadeh گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه ملایر، ملایر، ایران ایران Ekbatan dam Abshineh dam (LAS) Ecological risk Health risk سد اکباتان سد آبشینه (LAS) ریسک اکولوژیک ریسک سلامت 1. Siziba N. Effects of damming on the ecological condition of urban wastewater polluted rivers. Ecol Eng 2017;102: 234-9.##2. Samarghandi M, Weysi K, Mehrizie A, et al. Evaluation of Water Quality in Hamadan Akbatan Reservoir by NSFWQI Index. J North Khorasan Univ Med Sci 2013;5(1): 63-9 [In Persian].##3. Nazaripouya H, Kardavany P, Farajy Rad AR. Assessing climate change impacts on hydro-climatic parameters in the dam basin of Ekbatan, Hamedan. Ecohidrology 2016;3(2): 181-94.##4. Taheri A, Serajian MR, Ghashghaie M, Weysi K. Estimation of Chlorophyll-a Concentration Using Remote Sensing Images. Irani J Soil Water Res 2018;49(1): 39-50 [In Persian].##5. Bergé A, Wiest L, Baudot R, et al. Occurrence of multi-class surfactants in urban wastewater: contribution of a healthcare facility to the pollution transported into the sewerage system. Environ Sci and Pollut Res 2018;25(10): 9219-29.##6. Jones-Costa M, Franco-Belussi L, Vidal FAP, et al. Cardiac biomarkers as sensitive tools to evaluate the impact of xenobiotics on amphibians: the effects of anionic surfactant linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018;151: 184-90.##7. Zhou J, Wu Z, Yu D, et al. Toxicity of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate to aquatic plant Potamogeton perfoliatus L. Environ Sci and Pollut Res 2018;25(32): 32303-11.##8. Balcıoğlu EB. Seasonal changes of LAS, phosphate, and chlorophyll-a concentrations in coastal surface water of the Prince Islands, Marmara Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 2019;138: 230-4.##9. Thomas R, Gough R, Freeman C. Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) removal in constructed wetlands: The role of plants in the treatment of a typical pharmaceutical and personal care product. Ecol Eng 2017;106: 415-22.##10. Gong T, Zhang X, Li Y, Xian Q. Formation and toxicity of halogenated disinfection byproducts resulting from linear alkylbenzene sulfonates. Chemosphere 2016;149: 70-5.##11. Oyoroko E, Ogamba E. Effects of detergent containing linear alkyl benzene sulphonate on behavioural response of Heterobranchus bidorsalis, Clarias gariepinus and Heteroclarias. Biotec Res 2017;3(3): 59-64.##12. Sakai N, Shirasaka J, Matsui Y, et al. Occurrence, fate and environmental risk of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate in the Langat and Selangor River basins, Malaysia. Chemosphere 2017;172: 234-41.##13. Jensen J. Fate and effects of linear alkylbenzene sulphonates (LAS) in the terrestrial environment. Sci Total Environ 1999;226(2-3): 93-111.##14. Akkan T. An assessment of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) pollution in Harsit Stream, Giresun, Turkey. Fresenius Environ Bull 2017;26(5): 3217-21.##15. Ríos F, Fernández-Arteaga A, Lechuga M, Fernández-Serrano M. Ecotoxicological Characterization of Surfactants and Mixtures of Them. Toxicity and Biodegradation Testing: Method Pharmacol and Toxicol; 2018. p. 311-30.##16. Mungray AK, Kumar P. Fate of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in the environment: a review. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 2009;63(8): 981-7.##17. Pérez-López M, Arreola-Ortiz A, Zamora PM. Evaluation of detergent removal in artificial wetlands (biofilters). Ecol Eng 2018;122: 135-42.##18. Komasi M, Sharghi S. Surface Water Quality Assessment and Prioritize the Factors Pollute This Water Using Topsis Fuzzy Hierarchical Analysis. J Environ Health Eng 2017;4(2): 174-84 [In Persian].##19. Piri M, Fallahi M. The impact of detergents on the mortality of Daphnia magna. Irani Sci Fish J 1998;6(4): 1-10 [In Persian].##20. Gholami M, Fatemi S, Falahi M, et al. Influence Individual And Mixed Heavy Metals (Zn, Pd) And Detergent (Las) On The Mortality White Fish 1g (Rutilus Frisii Kutum) Of Caspian Sea. J Animal Environ 2007;4(4): 43-4 [In Persian].##21. Hajian Nejad M, Godarzi B, Taheri E, Vahid Dastjerdi M. Investigation of linear alkyl benzene sulphonate (LAS) concentration in Zayanderood River and Wells in skirt of Zayanderood in 2007. J Health Syst Res 2012;7(6): 1-9 [In Persian].##22. Soleimani Roudi A, Nasrollahzade Saravi H, Afraei MA, Younesipour H. Spatial and Temporal Concentration of Anionic Surfactant of Water in the Southern Caspian Sea. J Oceanogr 2015;6(22): 107-14 [In Persian].##23. Riyahhi Bakhtiari AR, Javedankherad I, Mohammadi J, Taghizadeh R. Distribution of linear alkylbenzenes as a domestic sewage molecular marker in surface sediments of International Anzali Wetland in the southwest of the Caspian Sea, Iran. Environ Sci Pollut Res 2018;25(21): 20920-9.##24. Ebrahimi A, Ehrampoosh M, Samaie M, et al. Removal efficiency of linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (las) in Yazd stabilization pond. J Water and Wastewater 2010;21(4): 38-43[In Persian].##25. Pirsaheb M, Khamutian R, Dargahi A. Efficiency of Activated Sludge Process (Extended Aeration) in Removal of Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate (LAS) from Municipal Wastewater-Case Study: Wastewater Treatment of Paveh City. J Health 2013;4(3): 249-59 [In Persian].##26. Mahvi A, Alavi Nakhjavan N, Naddafi K. A survey on detergent removal in Qods township wastewater treatment plant based on activated sludge method. Quarter Horizon Med Sci 2004;10(2): 36-41[In Persian].##27. Bradai M, Han J, El Omri A, et al. Cytotoxic effect of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate on human intestinal Caco-2 cells: associated biomarkers for risk assessment. Environ Sci and Pollut Res 2014;21(18): 10840-51.##28. Gerba C. Risk Assessment. Environmental and Pollution Science. 2 ed. Academic press, London: Elsevier; 2011. p. 212-32.##29. Suter II GW. Ecological risk assessment: CRC press; 2016. 65pp##30. Babaei H, Khodaparast S. Determination of linear alkyl benzene sulfonate ( LAS ) detergent pollution concentration in water of Sefidrood river in Guilan province. J Aquat Sci 2010;1(3): 35-45 [In Persian].##31. APHA. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. Washington, DC, USA: American Public Health Association 2005.##32. Jurado E, Fernández-Serrano M, Nunez-Olea J, et al. Simplified spectrophotometric method using methylene blue for determining anionic surfactants: applications to the study of primary biodegradation in aerobic screening tests. Chemosphere 2006;65(2): 278-85.##33. Sharma BM, Bečanová J, Scheringer M, et al. Health and ecological risk assessment of emerging contaminants (pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and artificial sweeteners) in surface and groundwater (drinking water) in the Ganges River Basin, India. Sci Total Environ 2019;646: 1459-67.##34. Pattusamy V, Nandini N. Detergent and sewage phosphates entering into lake ecosystem and its impact on aquatic environment. Inter J Advance Res 2013;1(3).##35. Khayadani M, Pour Moghadas H, Goudarzi B, Vahid Dastjerdi M. Investigation of linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS) concentration in Zayandehrood area (from Aseman Cham to Ziar Bridge), its peripheral wells and south Isfahan wastewater treatment plant. 11th National Conference on Environmental Health; 7-9 october; Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan; 2008. p. 1-7 [In Persian].##36. APHA. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. washington, DC: American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation; 1998.##37. USEPA. water: Monitoring & Assessment, Conductivity. Washington, DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency; 2012.##38. USEPA. Monitoring & Assessment, Disolve oxygen. Washington, DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency.2012.##39. USEPA. Volunteer Estuary Monitoring Manual, A Methods Manual, Second Edition, Chapter 11: pH and Alkalinity. washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Office of Wetlands ; 2006.##40. James CN, Copeland RC, Lytle DA. Relationships between oxidation-reduction potential, oxidant, and pH in drinking water. WQTC Conference; San Antonio, Texas: American Water Work Associaation; 2004.##41. Masood N, Zakaria MP, Halimoon N, et al. Anthropogenic waste indicators (AWIs), particularly PAHs and LABs, in Malaysian sediments: Application of aquatic environment for identifying anthropogenic pollution. Mar Pollut Bull 2016;102(1): 160-75.##42. Uc-Peraza R, Delgado-Blas V. Acute toxicity and risk assessment of three commercial detergents using the polychaete Capitella sp. C from Chetumal Bay, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Intern Aquatic Res 2015;7(4): 251-61.##43. Hoshyari E, Hasanzadeh N, Charkhestani A. Ecological and health risk assessment of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in Doroodzan dam (Fars). Irani J Health and Environ2019;12(1): 129-40 [In Persian].##44. de Jesus Gaffney V, Almeida CM, Rodrigues A, et al. Occurrence of pharmaceuticals in a water supply system and related human health risk assessment. Water Res 2015;72: 199-208.##45. USEPA, editor Guidance on selecting age groups for monitoring and assessing childhood exposures to environmental contaminants2005: Risk Assessment Forum, Washington, DC.## ##

بهینه سازی و پیش بینی فرآیند بیوفیلمی با بستر متحرک (MBBR) با استفاده از روش‌ پاسخ سطح (RSM) و شبکه عصبی مصنوعی (ANN) Optimization and Prediction of Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) Using Surface Response Method (RSM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) 1 1 زمینه و هدف: در این تحقیق بهینه سازی و پیش بینی راندمان راکتور بیوفیلمی با بستر متحرک (MBBR) در تصفیه فاضلاب مصنوعی حاوی آنیلین با استفاده از روش سطح پاسخ (RSM) و شبکه عصبی مصنوعی (ANN) بررسی شده است. مواد و روش‌ها: نتایج مدلسازی از راکتور به حجم تقریبی 5 لیتر که با درصد پرشدگی 30، 50 و 70 درصد با سنگدانه‌های سبک لیکا به عنوان محیط رشد میکروارگانسیم‌ها و تشکیل لایه بیوفیلم پر شده بود، استفاده گردید. برای تعیین شرایط بهینه در آزمایش­ های انجام شده و همچنین پیش ­بینی آزمایش ­های انجام نشده، سه عامل میزان خوراک در سطوح بین 100 تا 3000 میلی­گرم بر لیتر، زمان ماند 8 تا 72 ساعت و درصد پرشدگی 30 و 50 و 70 درصد با استفاده از RSM صورت گرفت. دقت و صحت مدلهای ارائه شده به کمک تحلیل واریانس ANOVA بررسی شد. پیش­ بینی راندمان حذف سیستم با استفاده از ANN پایه شعاعی نیز بررسی گردید. یافته‌ها: بهینه­ سازی فرایند نشان داد که شرایط بهینه برای بیشترین حذف در میزان خوراک mg/l 1700 و زمان ماند 72 ساعت در درصد پرشدگی 82/56 درصد می­باشد. نتایج پیش بینی فرایند با استفاده از ANN پایه شعاعی نیز نشان داد که در بهترین ساختار شبکه با توابع انتقال Radbas و خطی (Purelin) با 982/0=R2 قادر به پیش بینی راندمان حذف می­باشد. نتیجه‌گیری: با مقایسه مدل ANN پایه شعاعی و RSM و مقایسه میزان خطای این دو روش می­توان گفت که روش ANN پایه شعاعی با دقت بیشتر و خطای کمتر روند داده­ ها را پیش ­بینی کرده است. 2 Background  In this study, the optimization and prediction of the efficiency of a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) in the treatment of synthetic wastewater containing organic material including aniline was investigated using response surface methodology and artificial neural network. Materials and Methods: Modeling results were applied to a 5-liter volume reactor filled with 30%, 50% and 70% LECA lightweight aggregates as a growth medium for microorganisms and biofilm layer formation. In order to determine the optimum conditions in the experiments results and also to predict the tests not performed, three factors were feed levels at levels of 100 to 3000 mg/L, retention time of 8 to 72 hours and filling percentage of 30 and 50 and 70% were performed using RSM. The accuracy of the presented models was evaluated by ANOVA. Prediction of system removal efficiency using radial basis ANN was also investigated. Results: Process optimization showed that the optimum conditions for maximum removal were at feed rate of 1700 mg/l and 72 hours at 56.82% filling percentage. The results of the process prediction using radial basis ANN also showed that in the best network structure with Radbas and linear functions (Purelin) with R2 = 0.982 can predict the efficiency. Conclusion: By comparing the radial basis ANN model and RSM and comparing the error rates of these two methods, it can be concluded that the radial base ANN method predicts the data process more accurately and with lower error. 298 313 2020/05/132019/07/182020/06/282020/06/282020/06/28 1399/4/8 2020/05/132020/01/52020/06/282020/06/282020/06/28 1399/4/8 محمد دلنواز Mohammad Delnavaz گروه مهندسی عمران، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران ایران مهسا پیداد Mahsa Peidad گروه مهندسی عمران، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران ایران Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor Aniline Surface Response Method Artificial Neural Network راکتور بیوفیلمی با بستر متحرک آنیلین روش پاسخ سطح شبکه عصبی مصنوعی 1. Delnavaz M, Ayati B, Ganjidoust H. Treatment of Wastewater Containing Aromatic Amine compounds Using Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR), Master of Science thesis in Environmental Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, 2017 [In Persian].##2. Bering S, Mazur J, Tarnowski K, Janus M, Mozia S, Morawski A.W. The application of moving bed bio-reactor (MBBR) in commercial laundry wastewater treatment. Sci Total Environ, 2018;627: 1643-8.##3. Chen S, Sun F, Chung J.S. Treatment of pesticide wastewater by moving-bed biofilm reactor combined with Fenton-coagulation pretreatment. J. Hazard Mater, 2007;144(1-2): 577-84.##4. Devulapalli R, Jones F. Separation of aniline from aqueous solutions using emulsion liquid membranes. J. Hazard Mater, 1999;70(3):157–70.##5. Brillas E, Casado J. Aniline degradation by Electro-Fenton® and peroxi-coagulation processes using a flow reactor for wastewater treatment. Chemosphere 2002;47(3): 241-48.##6. Qi X.H, Zhuang Y.Y, Yuan Y.C, Gu W.X. Decomposition of aniline in supercritical water. J. Hazard Mater, 2002;90(1): 51-62.##7. Zangooei H, Delnavaz M, Asadollahfardi G. Prediction of coagulation and flocculation processes using ANN models and Fuzzy regression, Water Sci Technol, 2016;74(6): 1296-1311.##8. Qaderi, F, Sayahzadeh A,Azizi M. Efficiency optimization of petroleum wastewater treatment by using of serial moving bed biofilm reactors. J. Clean Prod, 2018;192: 665-77.##9. Navamani K.D, Aditya Narayana B.C, Arivazhagan M. Removal of high concentration of sulfate from pigment industry effluent by chemical precipitation using barium chloride: RSM and ANN modeling approach. J environ manage, 2010;206: 69-76.##10. Jaafarzadeh Haghighifard N, Mehrabani Ardekani M.M, Nabizadeh Nodehi R, Yazdanbakhsh A.R. Optimization of Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor Using Taguchi Method, Iranian J Health and Environ, 2009;2(1): 1-14 [In Persian].##11. Zinatizadeh A, Ghaytooli E. Simultaneous nitrogen and carbon removal from wastewater at different operating conditions in a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR): process modeling and optimization. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng, 2015;53: 98-111.##12. Jamali H.A, Dindarloo K, Panahi fard M, Moradnia M. Response Surface Methodology to Optimize Wastewater Treatment in Carpet Industries by Potassium Ferrate, Water Waste, 2018;29(2): 38-47 [In Persian].##13. Delnavaz M, Ayati B, Ganjidoust H. Prediction of Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) performance for treatment of aniline using artificial neural networks (ANN), J. hazard mater, 2010;179(1-3): 769-775. ##14. Montgomery D, Myers R. Response surface methodology: process and product optimization using designed experiments, Raymond H. Meyers, Douglas C. Montgomery, A Wiley-Interscience Publications, 2016.##15. Karimifard S, Alavi Moghaddam M.R. Application of response surface methodology in physicochemical removal of dyes from wastewater: A critical review, Sci Total Environ, 2018; 640–641: 772-97.##16. Nasr M.S, Moustafa M.A.E, Seif H.A.E, Kobrosy G.E.L. Application of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for the prediction of EL-AGAMY wastewater treatment plant performance-EGYPT Alex Eng J, 2012; 51(1): 37-43.##17. Cohen S, Intrator N. Automatic model selection in a hybrid perceptron/ radial network, Inform Fusion, 2002;3(4): 259–66.## ##

ارزیابی شاخص‌های آلودگی منفرد و تلفیقی برخی فلزات سنگین در غبار اتمسفری راسب شونده پیرامون صنایع خاک چینی، کاشی سرامیک، شن ماسه و شیشه شهرستان اردکان در زمستان سال 1397 Evaluation of Individual and Integrated Pollution Indices of Some Heavy Metals in Atmospheric Dust Deposition Around Khak-e-chini, Tile and Ceramic, Sand and Gravel and Glass in Ardakan County Industries in Winter 2018 1 1 زمینه و هدف: تلاش برای اشتغال­ زایی در کشورهای در حال توسعه، هم سو با توسعه صنایع، فلزات سنگین به طور پیوسته به محیط زیست انتشار می­ یابند. این مطالعه با هدف سنجش غلظت فلزات سنگین و ارزیابی سطح آلودگی غبار اطراف تعدادی از صنایع با استفاده از شاخص­ های اکولوژیکی صورت گرفت. روش کار: این مطالعه توصیفی تحلیلی و مقطعی در فصل زمستان با نصب 35 تله غبارگیر در اطراف صنایع خاک چینی، کاشی سرامیک، شن ماسه و شیشه در شهرستان اردکان انجام شد. با استفاده از دستگاه ICP-MS غلظت فلزات سنگین در غبار اندازه گیری شد. با استفاده از شاخص ­های فاکتور آلودگی (CF)، شاخص آلودگی (PI)، غنی شدگی (EF)، شاخص آستانه آلودگی (PIT)، قدر مطلق بردار شاخص آلودگی (PIvector)، شاخص آلودگی جدید (PIN)، شاخص آلودگی چند عنصره (MEC)، میانگین وزنی شاخص آلودگی (PIwAvg)، شاخص آلودگی تلفیقی (IPI)، فاکتور مواجهه (ExF) و نسبت میانگین محدوده اثرات میانه (MERMQ) سطح آلودگی غبار مورد ارزیابی و در GIS نسخه 5/10 پهنه بندی شد. یافته ها: میانگین غلظت فلزات سنگین در غبار به صورت روی (mg/kg 54/3310)> سرب (mg/kg 28/137)> مس (mg/kg 65/63)> نیکل (mg/kg 91/45)> آرسنیک (mg/kg 12/35)> کبالت (mg/kg 73/13)> مولیبدن (mg/kg 40/4) اندازه ­گیری شد. در کلیه ایستگاه‌های نمونه برداری شاخص CF عناصر سرب، آرسنیک و روی در کلاس آلودگی بسیار بالا و شاخص PI سرب در کلاس آلودگی شدید قرار گرفت. فلز روی در 30 ایستگاه غنی شدگی خیلی بالا را نشان داد. برای کاربری حفاظت محیط زیست، شاخص PIT عنصر روی در کلیه ایستگاه‌های نمونه برداری در کلاس آلودگی خیلی شدید قرار گرفت. همچنین بر اساس شاخص IPI کلیه ایستگاه‌ها در کلاس شدیدا آلوده قرار گرفتند. فلزات سنگین در 32 ایستگاه بر اساس شاخص MERMQ، دارای 76 درصد سمیت و بر اساس شاخص PIN در کلاس آلوده بودند. بیشترین مقادیر شاخص‌های MEC (43/3) و PIvector (93/35) در ایستگاه‌های 1S و 15S، PIwAvg (27/42) در ایستگاه‌های 1S و 12S و ExF (11/117) در  ایستگاه 1S به دست آمد. نتیجه ­گیری: بر اساس نتایج پهنه­ بندی تعدادی از شاخص ­های آلودگی، جهت باد غالب منطقه نقش مهمی در افزایش غلظت فلزات سنگین در ایستگاه‌های پایین دست صنایع دارد. 2 Background and objective: Striving for employment in developing countries, as industries develop, heavy metals are released to the environment continuously. The purpose of this study was to measure heavy metal concentrations and to evaluate dust pollution levels in a number of industries using ecological indices. Methods: This cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study was conducted in winter by installing 35 dust traps around the industrial Khak-e-chini, Tile and Ceramic, Sand and Gravel and Glass in Ardakan county. The concentration of heavy metals in dust was measured by ICP-MS. The level of dust pollution was assessed using Contamination Factor, Pollution Index, Threshold Pollution Index, New Pollution Index, Vector Modulus of Pollution Index, Weighted Average of Pollution Index, Enrichment Factor, Multi-Element Contamination, Mean Effects Range-Median Quotient, Exposure Factor and Integrated pollution indices and it was zoned in GIS version 10.5. Results: Mean heavy metal concentrations in dust were measured in the form of Zinc (3310.54 mg/kg)> Pb (137.28 mg/kg)> Copper (63.65 mg/kg)> Nickel (45.91 mg/kg)> Arsenic (35.12 mg/kg> cobalt (13.73 mg/kg)> molybdenum (4.40 mg/kg). In all sampling stations CF index of lead, arsenic and zinc elements was in very high pollution class and PI index in severe pollution class. Zinc metal showed very high enrichment at 30 stations. For environmental protection user, zinc element PIT index in all sampling stations was very severe in the pollution class. Also, all stations were in severe pollution class based on the IPI index. Based on MERMQ index the heavy metals at 32 stations had 76% toxicity and based on PIN index were in polluted class. Highest values of MEC (3.43) and PIvector (35.93) indices were obtained at S1 and S15 stations, PIwAvg (42.27) at S1 and S12 and ExF (117.11) at S1 stations. Conclusion: Based on results of zoning a number of pollution indices, dominant downwind in region plays has important role in increase of concentration of heavy metals in downstream stations the industries. 314 337 2020/05/132019/07/182020/06/282020/06/282020/06/282020/06/29 1399/4/9 2020/05/132020/01/52020/06/282020/06/282020/06/282020/06/29 1399/4/9 سعید شجاعی برجوئی Saeed Shojaee Barjoee گروه محیط زیست، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران ایران حمیدرضا عظیم زاده HamidReza Azimzadeh گروه محیط زیست، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران ایران اصغر مصلح آرانی Asghar Mosleh Arani گروه محیط زیست، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران ایران Heavy metals Industries Pollution indices Atmospheric dust deposition فلزات سنگین صنایع شاخص‌های آلودگی غبار اتمسفری راسب شونده 1. Neurosis B, Rostamy N, Tavakoli M, Rostami nia M. Evaluation of polluting industries effects on soil heavy metals (Case Study: Ilam Cement Factory). Geo and Enviro Studies 2016;5(19): 100-89 [In Persian].##2. 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بررسی کارایی هیدروکسید لایه‌ای منیزیم-آلومینیوم سنتز شده جهت حذف یون کلرید از پساب سرب و روی انگوران زنجان Investigation of the Adsorption Efficacy in Removal of Chloride Ions by Synthesized magnesium–aluminum hydroxide from Zanjan Lead &Zinc Industry wastewater 1 1 زمینه و هدف: آنیون‌های خورنده در پساب‌های صنعتی می‌توانند مشکلات عدیده‌ای را به لحاظ محیط زیستی و اقتصادی به همراه داشته باشند. در این مطالعه هیدروکسید لایه‌ای منیزیم و آلومینیوم با بار اضافی مثبت سنتز شد و جهت جذب یون‌های کلرید از پساب سرب و روی انگوران زنجان مورداستفاده قرار گرفت. مواد و روش‌ها: جهت سنتز، نیترات منیزیم (Magnesium Nitrate) و نیترات آلومینیوم (Aluminum Nitrate) با نسبت مولی4 مخلوط شدند. ماده بلورین سنتز شده با آنالیز پراش اشعه ایکس (XRD) و میکروسکوپ الکترونی روبشی به همراه طیف‌سنجی پراش انرژی، طیف‌سنجی مادون‌قرمز و اندازه‌گیری پتانسیل زتا سطح جاذب موردبررسی قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها: نتایج پراش اشعه ایکس ساختار لایه‌ای هیدروکسید منیزیم-آلومینیوم را تایید کرد که  قبل و بعد از جذب تفاوت چندانی به لحاظ ساختار بلورین ایجاد نشده و تنها فاصله بین لایه‌ها تغییر پیداکرده است. تصاویر میکروسکوپ الکترونی روبشی متراکم شدن جاذب بعد از جذب یون کلرید را نشان داد و همچنین طیف‌سنجی پراش انرژی وجود یون‌های کلرید و ترسیب یون کلسیم بعد از جذب را تائید نمود. اندازه‌گیری زتا پتانسیل، بار مثبت سطح جاذب را تایید کرد. یافته‌های حاصل از جذب نشان دادند که با توجه به اینکه جذب از طریق برقراری برهمکنش میان بار مثبت اضافی در لایه‌های جاذب و آنیون موجود صورت می‌گیرد میزان جذب و حذف یون کلرید از پساب به وجود این بار اضافی بستگی دارد. مطالعات ایزوترم جذب تطابق داده‌های تجربی با مدل لانگمویر را نشان داد که نشان‌دهنده وجود برهمکنش میان جاذب و جذب‌شونده است و حداکثر ظرفیت جذب برای نسبت Mg/Al برابر با 4 در دمای C°60 mg/g 8/153 تعیین شد. مرحله تعیین‌کننده سرعت مرحله برقراری برهمکنش میان یون‌های کلرید و هیدروکسید لایه‌ای آلومینیوم-منیزیم تعیین شد. نتایج نشان دادند با افزایش میزان جاذب از 5/1 تا 5/4 گرم میزان جذب افزایش می‌یابد و زمان تعادل از 90 دقیقه در 5/1 گرم جاذب به 4 ساعت در  5/4 گرم افزایش می‌یابد. درنهایت مطالعات ترمودینامیکی خود به خودی بودن فرایند جذب و قوی‌تر شدن برهمکنش میان جاذب و جذب‌شونده با افزایش دما را نشان داد.  نتیجه‌گیری: حذف یون کلرید از طریق تثبیت آن در لایه‌های هیدروکسید آلومینیوم-منیزیم می‌تواند راهکار خوبی جهت کاهش یون کلرید از پساب صنعتی سرب و روی زنجان باشد زیرا که کلرید هیدروکسید آلومینیوم-منیزیم به‌دست‌آمده نسبت به یون کلر اضافی نفوذناپذیر بوده و می‌تواند به‌عنوان ملات ساختمانی در سازه‌های دریایی به‌خوبی استفاده شود. 2 Background and Purpose: The presence of corrosive anions in industrial wastewater can have many environmental and economic problems. Materials and methods: In this study, layered magnesium–aluminum oxide was synthesized which has an extra positive charge and was used for adsorption of chloride ions from waste-water of lead and zinc industry. Results: The synthesized crystalline material was investigated by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectroscopic analysis. X-ray diffraction spectroscopy results showed that there was no difference in the crystalline structure before and after chloride ion adsorption. Scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive spectroscopic analysis showed the condensation of adsorbent after chloride ions adsorption and EDX analysis confirmed the presence of chloride and precipitation of Ca2+ ions after adsorption. Measurement of zeta-potential for synthesized layered magnesium–aluminum hydroxide confirmed the positive surface charge. Isotherm studies have shown the compatibility of experimental data with the Langmuir model, which indicates the interaction between adsorbent and chloride ions, the maximum adsorption capacity for the synthesized adsorbent with Mg / Al ratio of 4 was determined 153.8 mg/g at 60 ° C. The obtained values showed the intercalation rate follows pseudo-second-order. The experimental data confirmed adsorption capacity has been increased with increasing the adsorbent dosage from 1.5 to 4.5 gr and the equilibrium time increased from 90 min. to 4 h from 1.5 g adsorbent to 4.5 g. Thermodynamic studies revealed the adsorption occurs spontaneously and positive entropy changes indicated strengthening the interaction between adsorbent and chloride ions with increasing the temperature from 25 to 60°C. Conclusion: Finally, it can be concluded synthesized double layered Al-Mg hydroxide can be a good candidate to reduce chlorine ions from lead and zinc Industry wastewaters. 338 355 2020/05/132019/07/182020/06/282020/06/282020/06/282020/06/292020/06/29 1399/4/9 2020/05/132020/01/52020/06/282020/06/282020/06/282020/06/292020/06/29 1399/4/9 بهار حاجی سامی Bahar Hajisami دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد مهندسی عمران-محیط‌زیست، گروه محیط‌زیست انسانی، دانشکده محیط‌زیست، کرج، ایران ایران سمیه محمدی Somayeh Mohammadi استادیار، گروه محیط‌زیست انسانی، دانشکده محیط‌زیست، کرج، ایران ایران روانبخش شیردم Ravanbakhsh Shirdam استادیار، گروه محیط‌زیست انسانی، دانشکده محیط‌زیست، کرج، ایران ایران Chloride ions adsorption Adsorption isotherms Adsorption kinetics هیدروکسید دوگانه لایه‌ای جذب یون‌های کلرید ایزوترم جذب سینتیک جذب پتانسیل تا 1. Sonune A, Ghate R. Developments in wastewater treatment methods. Desalination 2004;167: 55-63.##2. Murdock WW. Environment: resources, pollution, and society. 1971.##3. 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ارزیابی آلودگی محیط‌زیستی عناصر کمیاب در نهشت اتمسفری شهر کرج با استفاده از ضریب غنی شدگی و شاخص مخاطره اکولوژیکی در سال 1397 Assessment of the Environmental Pollution of Trace Elements in Atmospheric Deposition of Karaj City Using Enrichment Factor and Ecological Risk Index in 2018 1 1 زمینه و هدف: نهشت اتمسفری تاثیر قابل­ توجهی بر آلودگی محیط­زیستی و سلامت انسان به ­دلیل نقش آن در مکانیسم­ های انتقال آلاینده­ ها دارد. اهداف این مطالعه، بررسی غلظت­ ها، منابع و مخاطرات اکولوژیکی عناصر کمیاب در نهشت اتمسفری شهر کرج بود. مواد و روش­ها: 18 نمونه نهشت اتمسفری از پشت بام ساختمان­های موجود در شش منطقه کرج برداشته شد و سپس غلظت عناصر کروم، مس، روی، نیکل و لیتیم و عناصر کبالت و سرب به­ ترتیب به روش طیف­سنجی نشری جفت شده القایی (ICP-OES) و طیف­سنجی جرمی جفت شده القایی (ICP-MS) آنالیز شدند. آنالیز­های همبستگی پیرسون، تجزیه واریانس یک طرفه و تحلیل عاملی برای شناسایی منابع احتمالی عناصر کمیاب استفاده شدند. یافته ها: میانگین غلظت عناصر مطالعه شده به ­صورت سرب، روی، مس، کروم، نیکل، کبالت و لیتیم به ترتیب 73/184، 75/931، 61/94، 79/98، 90/83، 05/21 و 71/24 μg/g بودند. همچنین نتایج نشان داد ضرایب غنی ­شدگی (EF) عناصر سرب و روی بالا؛ عناصر مس، نیکل و کروم متوسط بودند، در­حالی­که کبالت غیر آلوده بود. بر اساس آنالیز­های آماری، عناصر کمیاب می­ توانند ناشی از منابع متعدد انسانی (منابع نقلیه­ ای، انتشارات صنعتی و احتراق سوخت­ های فسیلی)  و طبیعی باشند. عناصر روی و مس دارای بیش­ترین غلظت در ایستگاه ­های با ترافیک بالا به­ ویژه ایستگاه کارخانه ­قند در مرکز شهر بودند. بیشینه غلظت کروم، نیکل و کبالت در ایستگاه فردیس در مجاورت نیروگاه برق شهر کرج مشاهده شد. ایستگاه­ های صنعتی شامل کمال­ شهر، محمد­شهر و ماهدشت بیش‌ترین مقادیر سرب را نشان دادند. در نهایت، شاخص خطر (RI) نشان داد کلیه ایستگاه­ های مطالعه شده به استثنای کمال­ شهر که ریسک قابل ملاحظه ­ای داشت، دارای مخاطره بالقوه پایین هستند. نتیجه گیری: شهر کرج تحت­ تاثیر منابع متعدد انسانی آلودگی محیط­زیستی است که مشکلاتی زیادی را برای سلامت انسان ایجاد می­کنند و آلاینده­ ها با افزایش تراکم جمعیتی افزایش یافته­ اند. بنابراین ما پایش مداوم عناصر کمیاب به­ ویژه سرب و روی را به­ منظور کنترل منابع انتشار آن­ها توصیه می­ نماییم. 2 Background: Atmospheric deposition has a significant influence on environmental pollution and human health because of its role on transport mechanisms. The aims of this study were the determination of Concentrations, Sources and Ecological Risks of trace elements in atmospheric deposition of Karaj City, Iran. Method: 18 atmospheric deposition samples were collected from the flat roof of buildings in six districts and then, the concentration of elements including Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Li and other (Co and Pb) were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), respectively. Pearson Correlation, One-Way ANOVA and Factor Analyses were used to identify probable sources of the trace elements. Results: The mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Co, and Li were 184.73, 931.75, 94.61, 98.79, 83.90, 21.05 and 24.71 μg/g, respectively. Also, the result showed the Enrichment Factors (EF) of Pb and Zn were high; Cr, Ni, and Cu were moderate while Co was unpolluted. Based on statistical analyses, trace elements could be originated from several anthropogenic (Vehicular Sources, Industrial Emissions and Fossil Fuel Combustion) and natural sources. Zn and Cu showed the highest concentrations at high-traffic stations, especially at Karkhene-Ghand located in city center. Maximum concentrations of Cr, Ni, and Co were observed at Fardis Station closed to Karaj Power Plant. Industrial Stations including Kamalshahr, Mohammadshahr, and Mahdasht had the most amount of Pb. Finally, Risk index (RI) showed all studied stations had low potential risk except of Kamalshar with a considerable risk. Conclusion: Karaj has influenced by several anthropogenic sources of environmental pollution that are created many human health problems and the pollutants have increased with the population density. Therefore, we would have suggested the continuous monitoring of trace elements, especially Pb and Zn to control of the emission sources. 356 375 2020/05/132019/07/182020/06/282020/06/282020/06/282020/06/292020/06/292020/06/29 1399/4/9 2020/05/132020/01/52020/06/282020/06/282020/06/282020/06/292020/06/292020/06/29 1399/4/9 رخساره عظیمی یانچشمه Rokhsareh Azimi Yancheshmeh دانشجوی دکتری، گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران ایران مظاهر معین الدینی Mazaher Moeinaddini استادیار، گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران ایران سادات فیض نیا Sadat Feyz Nia استاد، گروه احیای مناطق خشک و بیابانی، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران ایران رضا شهبازی Reza Shahbazi دکتری منابع طبیعی، مرکز پژوهش‌های کاربردی زمین شناسی، سازمان زمین شناسی و اکتشافات معدنی کشور، تهران، ایران ایران Trace elements Karaj Ecological risk Atmospheric deposition عناصر کمیاب مخاطره اکولوژیکی کرج نهشت اتمسفری 1. Omrani M, Ruban V, Ruban G, Lamprea K. 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