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بررسی کارایی کیتوزان نانومغناطیسی شده در حذف نیترات و فسفات از محلول‌های آبی Evaluation of the efficiency of nanomagnetic chitosan in the removal of nitrate and phosphate from aqueous solutions 1 1 زمینه و هدف:  حضور نیترات و فسفات در غلظتهای بالای حد مجاز در منابع آب سطحی و زیرزمینی منجر به ایجاد بیماری و مشکل در منابع آب سطحی می گردند. هدف این مطالعه، بررسی کارایی جاذب نانوکامپوزیت کیتوزان مغناطیسی-متالیک در حذف نیترات و فسفات از محلولهای آبی می باشد. روش کار: جاذب توسط روش هم ترسیبی سنتز گردید. غلظتهای مختلف نیترات (mg/L 300-50)  و فسفات (mg/L 400-100) تهیه شده و مقدار حذف آنها توسط غلظتهای مختلف جاذب سنتز شده (g/L 5-1) بررسی شد. پارامترهای مختلف نظیر دما (C° 40-20)، pH (8-5)، زمان تماس (90-0 دقیقه) و حضور یونهای مداخله گر (کلرور، فسفات، سختی mM 5/1) بررسی شد. برای تعیین مشخصات جاذب سنتز شده از آزمایشات SEM، XRD، FTIR و XRF استفاده شد.  یافته ها:  جاذب نانوکامپوزیت کیتوزان مغناطیسی-متالیک قادر به حذف موثر نیترات و فسفات از محلولهای آبی می باشد. راندمان حذف نیترات و فسفات در شرایط 5=pH، غلظت نیترات (mg/L 100)، غلظت فسفات (mg/L 200)، زمان ماند 60 دقیقه و غلظت جاذب g/L 3/0 به ترتیب برابر 87.2% و 74.9% بود. فرآیند جذب هر دو آلاینده از مدل فروندلیخ و سینتیک شبه درجه دوم تبعیت نموده که در دماهای بالا، گرمازا بود. یونهای مداخله گر باعث کاهش راندمان حذف آلاینده ها تا 73.1% برای نیترات و 65.9% برای فسفات بود. نتیجه گیری: از آنجایی که حضور آنیونهای مزاحم نیترات و فسفات، به عنوان آلاینده های متداول و شاخص منابع آبی مطرح می باشند، استفاده از جاذب نانوکامپوزیت کیتوزان مغناطیسی-متالیک در حذف این آلاینده ها بسیار موثر می باشد. 2 Background & Objective: The presence of nitrate and phosphate in concentrations above the allowable level in surface and groundwater resources leads to disease and problems. The aim of this study was to investigate the adsorption efficiency of magnetic-metallic chitosan nanocomposite in the adsorption of nitrate and phosphate from aqueous solutions. Materials and methods: The adsorbent was synthesized by co-precipitation method. Different concentrations of nitrate (50-300 mg/L) and phosphate (100-400 mg/L) were prepared and their removal was evaluated by different concentrations of synthesized adsorbent (0.1-0.5 g/L). Various parameters such as temperature (20-40 ° C), pH (5-8), contact time (0-90 minutes) and the presence of interfering ions (chloride, phosphate, hardness 1.5 mM) were investigated. SEM, XRD, FTIR and XRF tests were used to determine the synthesized adsorbent characteristics. Results: Magnetic-metallic chitosan nanocomposite adsorbent is able to effectively remove nitrate and phosphate from aqueous solutions. Nitrate and phosphate removal efficiencies under conditions of  pH=5, nitrate concentration (100 mg/L), phosphate concentration (200 mg/L), 60 min contact time and 0.3 g/L adsorbent concentration were 87.2% and 74.9%, respectively. The adsorption process of both pollutants followed the langmuir model and pseudo second kinetic order. Interfering ions reduced the removal efficiency of contaminants by 73.1% for nitrate and 65.9% for phosphate. Conclusion: Since the presence of nitrate and phosphate anions, as common contaminants and indicators of water resources, the use of magnetic-metallic chitosan nanocomposite adsorbent is very effective in the removal of these contaminants. 373 383 2019/10/2 1398/7/10 2020/06/7 1399/3/18 محمد نوری سپهر Mohammad Noorisepehr 1 گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط ، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج، ایران 2 مرکز تحقیقات بهداشت، ایمنی و محیط (RCHSE)، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج، ایران ایران عماد دهقانی فرد Emad Dehghanifard 1 گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط ، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج، ایران 2 مرکز تحقیقات بهداشت، ایمنی و محیط (RCHSE)، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج، ایران ایران بابک کاکاوندی Babak Kakavandi 1 گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط ، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج، ایران 2 مرکز تحقیقات بهداشت، ایمنی و محیط (RCHSE)، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج، ایران ایران : Chitosan Magnetic iron oxide Nitrate Phosphate Adsorption کیتوزان اکسید آهن مغناطیسی نیترات فسفات جذب سطحی 1. Katal R, Baei MS, Rahmati HT, Esfandian H. Kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic study of nitrate adsorption from aqueous solution using modified rice husk. J Ind Eng Chem 2012; 18:295-302.##2. WHO. Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality. 4th Edition, World Health Organization, 2011.##3. Yuan X, Bai C, Xia W, Xie B, An J. Phosphate adsorption characteristics of wasted low-grade iron ore with phosphorus used as natural adsorbent for aqueous solution. Desalin Water Treat 2014: 1-11.##4. Emmanuelawati I, Yang J, Zhang J, Zhang H, Zhou L, Yu C. Low-cost and large-scale synthesis of functional porous materials for phosphate removal with high performance. Nanoscale 2013;5:6173-80.##5. Blachnio M, Budnyak TM, Derylo-Marczewska A, Marczewski AW, Tertykh VA. Chitosan–silica hybrid composites for removal of sulfonated azo dyes from aqueous solutions. Langmuir 2018;34:2258-73. ##6. Chang YC, Chen DH. Preparation and adsorption properties of monodisperse chitosan-bound Fe< sub> 3</sub> O< sub> 4</sub> magnetic nanoparticles for removal of Cu (II) ions. J Colloid Interf Sci 2005;283:446-51.##7. Karaca E, Şatır M, Kazan S, Açıkgöz M, Öztürk E, Gürdağ G, Ulutaş D. Synthesis, characterization and magnetic properties of Fe3O4 doped chitosan polymer. J Magnet Magnet Mater 2015;373:53-9.##8. Jiang H, Chen P, Luo S, Tu X, Cao Q, Shu M. Synthesis of novel nanocomposite Fe3O4/ZrO2/chitosan and its application for removal of nitrate and phosphate. Appl Surf Sci 2013;284:942-9.##9. Sowmya A, Meenakshi S. Effective removal of nitrate and phosphate anions from aqueous solutions using functionalised chitosan beads. Desalin Water Treat 2014;52:2583-93.##10. Aswin Kumar I, Viswanathan N. Development and reuse of amine-grafted chitosan hybrid beads in the retention of nitrate and phosphate. J Chem Eng Data 2018;63:147-58.##11. Mirzaei M, Behzad Q, Hadi M, Jahangir AS. Removal of calcium, magnesium, chlorine and bicarbonate ions from saline by modified mineral adsorbent. 6th National Conference on Environmental Engineering; Faculty of Environment, Tehran University, Tehran, 2012 [In Persian].##12. Khodadadi M, Saghi MH, Azadi NA, Sadeghi S. Adsorption of Chromium VI from Aqueous Solutions onto Nanoparticle Sorbent: Chitozan-Fe-Zr. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci 2016;26(141):70-82 [In Persian].##13. Banu HT, Meenakshi S. One pot synthesis of chitosan grafted quaternized resin for the removal of nitrate and phosphate from aqueous solution. Int J Biol Macromolecul 2017;104:1517-27.##14. Bozorgpour F, Ramandi HF, Jafari P, Samadi S, Yazd SS, Aliabadi M. Removal of nitrate and phosphate using chitosan/Al2O3/Fe3O4 composite nanofibrous adsorbent: comparison with chitosan/Al2O3/Fe3O4 beads. Int J Biol Macromolecul 2016;93-557-65.##15. Karthikeyan P, Banu HAT, Meenakshi S. Synthesis and characterization of metal loaded chitosan-alginate biopolymeric hybrid beads for the efficient removal of phosphate and nitrate ions from aqueous solution. Int J Biol Macromolecul 2019;130:407-18.##16. Pouretedal H, Sadegh N. Effective removal of Amoxicillin, Cephalexin, Tetracycline and Penicillin G from aqueous solutions using activated carbon nanoparticles prepared from vine wood. J Water Proc Eng 2014;1:64-73.##17. Mohammadi E, Daraei H, Ghanbari R, Athar SD, Zandsalimi Y, Ziaee A, Maleki A, Yetilmezsoy K. Synthesis of carboxylated chitosan modified with ferromagnetic nanoparticles for adsorptive removal of fluoride, nitrate, and phosphate anions from aqueous solutions. J Molecular Liq 2019;273:116-24.##18. Dutta M, Dutta N, Bhattacharya K. Aqueous phase adsorption of certain beta-lactam antibiotics onto polymeric resins and activated carbon. Sep Purif Technol 1999;16(3):213-24.##19. Ghodrat M, Asrari E. Comparative study of the performance of chitosan and chitosan adsorbents modified with Fe3O4 to eliminate erythromycin from aqueous solutions. Iran J Health Env 2018;10:471-82.##20. Rafiei HR, Shirvani M. Sorption of Lead (Pb) from Aqueous Solutions by Sepiolite and Bentonite Modified with Chitosan Biopolymers: Isotherms and Kinetics. Water Wastewater J 2016; 27(3):75-87 [In Persian].## ##

بررسی کارآیی فرآیند فتوکاتالیستی پرتوی فرابنفش و نانو ذرات TiO2 مغناطیسی با ساختار پوسته/هسته در حذف آنتی‌بیوتیک سفیکسیم از محلول‌های آبی Apllication of photocatalitic process using Fe3O4/ TiO2 nanocomposite coreshell on the removal of Cefixim antibiotic from aqueous solutions 1 1 زمینه و هدف: آنتی‌بیوتیک‌ها جزو آلاینده‌های زیست‌محیطی دارای اثرات پایدار هستند. هدف از این پژوهش تعیین راندمان حذف آنتی‌بیوتیک سفیکسیم از محلول‌های آبی توسط فرآیند فتوکاتالیستی پرتوی فرابنفش و نانو ذرات TiO2 مغناطیسی با ساختار پوسته/هسته است. روش کار: این مطالعه از نوع مطالعات تجربی–آزمایشگاهی محسوب می‌شود. متغیرهای موردنظر شامل pH (9-5)، غلظت آلایندهmg/L 10-2، غلظت فتوکاتالیست (g/L 5-5/0) بررسی شدند. فاضلاب سنتتیک برای هر مرحله از آزمایش به حجم یک لیتر بود. کلیه آزمایش‌ها در رآکتور استیل ضدزنگ با جریان برگشتی انجام شد. زمان نمونه‌گیری برای کلیه‌ی متغیر یکسان بود. برای تعیین راندمان حذف آنتی‌بیوتیک سفیکسیم از دستگاه HPLC استفاده گردید. فتوکاتالیست سنتز شده با استفاده از آنالیزهای SEM، XRD، VSM مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت.  یافته ها: نتایج آنالیز مشخصات فیزیکی نشان داد که نانو ساختار مغناطیسی هسته/پوسته TiO2 دارای اندازه متوسط nm 10 بوده است. فرآیند فتو کاتالیستی پرتوی فرابنفش و نانو ذرات Tio2 مغناطیسی با ساختار پوسته/هسته قادر به حذف 100% آلاینده سفیکسیم (غلظت mg/L 2 در مدت 25 دقیقه در 6=pH و با غلظت کاتالیست g/L 4) صورت گرفت. بررسی مدل‌های سنیتیکی نشان داد که روند حذف فتوکاتالیستی سفیکسیم از مدل درجه اول پیروی می‌کند. نتیجه گیری: نتایج این پژوهش نشان داده است که فرآیند فتو کاتالیستی پرتوی فرابنفش و نانو ذرات TiO2 مغناطیسی با ساختار پوسته/هسته به‌طور بسیار مؤثر می‌تواند در حذف کامل سفیکسیم از محیط‌های آبی به کار رود. 2 Background & Objective: Antibiotics are considered among the pollutants in water environments with stable effects. This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of photocatalytic process using core–shell TiO2 under ultraviolet radiation for the removal of Cefixime antibiotic from aqueous solutions. Materials and methods: This study was conducted in an experimental-laboratory scale. The effect of factors such as pH (5, 6, 7, 8 and 9), initial concentrations of Cefixime (2-10 mg/L) and concentrations of catalyst (0.5-5 g/L) was surveyed. Sample volume for every step of the experiments was 1000 ml. A batch stainless steel 3L photo catalytic reactor was designed. The synthesized catalyst was characterized by SEM ، XRD and VSM Methods. Results: Physical characteristics of the Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2 revealed that the catalyst particles had the average size of 10 nm. The photocatalytic degradation of Cefixime with UV+ Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2 in the optimal condition was 100% (pH =6, retention time= 25 min, Cefixime concenteration= 2 mg/L catalyst dosage= 4 g/L). Synthetic models showed that the process of photocatalytic removal of Cefixime followed the first-order model. Conclusion: The results of this study suggested that UV+ Fe3O4/SiO2/TiO2 process is very effective method for the complete removal of Cefixime antibiotic from aqueous solutions. 384 400 2019/10/22020/08/25 1399/6/4 2020/06/72020/08/23 1399/6/2 فرانک الماسی Faranak Almasi 1 گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج، ایران ایران عماد دهقانی فرد Emad Dehghanifard 1 گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج، ایران 2 مرکز تحقیقات بهداشت، ایمنی و محیط ((RCHSE، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج، ایران ایران ابراهیم محمدی کلهری Ebrahim Mohammadi Kalhori 1 گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج، ایران 2 مرکز تحقیقات بهداشت، ایمنی و محیط ((RCHSE، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج، ایران ایران Advanced oxidation Photocatalytic processes Cefixime Magnetic TiO2 nanoparticles core/shell. اکسیداسیون پیشرفته فرآیند فتوکاتالیستی سفیکسیم نانو ذرات TiO2 مغناطیسی با ساختار پوسته/هسته 1. 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کاربست مدل‌های SWEEP و AERMOD در شبیه‌سازی ریسک انتشار 10 PMاز دپو مواد اولیه و پسماندهای صنایع کاشی سرامیک، خاک چینی و شیشه شهرستان اردکان یزد در سال 1397 Application of SWEEP and AERMOD Models to Simulate PM10 Emission Risk from Primary Materials and Waste Depos of Tile and Ceramic, Khak-e-Chini and Glass Industries of Ardakan, Yazd, Iran in 2018 1 1 مقدمه: کاربرد مدل­های کیفیت هوا در سیستم ارزیابی ریسک سلامت به عنوان ابزاری موثر در ارزیابی مواجهه جمعیت انسانی با عوامل زیان آور محیطی تعریف شده است. این تحقیق با هدف ارزیابی ریسک سلامت مواجهه تنفسی با 10PM انتشاریافته از دپو مواد اولیه و پسماندهای تعدادی از صنایع کانی‌های غیرفلزی به روش مدل‌سازی انجام شد. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه توصیفی ابتدا برای تخمین میزان نشر 10PM از دپوهای صنایع کاشی سرامیک، خاک چینی و شیشه اطلاعات موردنیاز مدل SWEEP با بازدیدهای میدانی و اندازه­گیری‌های آزمایشگاهی تهیه شد. سپس با ورود اطلاعات هواشناسی به AERMET، مدل رقومی ارتفاع به AERMAP، نرخ انتشار و ابعاد هندسی منابع آلاینده به AERMOD مقادیر مواجهه با 10PM  در جمعیت تحت تاثیر شبیه­سازی شد. ترکیب شیمیایی دپو‌ها با استفاده از ICP-MS تعیین گردید. متعاقبا با استفاده از روابط پیشنهادی EPA ریسک سرطان­زایی و غیرسرطان­زایی مواجهه با 10 PM تخمین زده شد. یافته‌ها: بر اساس نتایج شبیه­سازی مدل SWEEP بیشترین میزان نشر 10PM برای دپو کارخانه کاشی و سرامیک تخمین زده شد. بیشترین ماکسیمم­های غلظت یک، هشت و 24 ساعته شبیه­سازی شده 10 PM به ترتیب برابر با 8840، 1967 و g/m3µ 1272 است. بیشترین میانگین مواجهه تنفسی یک (53/52)، هشت (64/11)، 24 (g/m3µ 85/5) ساعته با 10PM برای کارکنان کارخانه فرآوری شن و ماسه تخمین زده شد. بیشترین درصد ترکیب شیمیایی دپوها، سیلیس بود. بر این اساس، مقادیر ریسک­ سرطان­زایی (ILCR) مواجهه با 10PM کوچکتر از 4-10 و ریسک غیرسرطانزایی (HQ) کوچکتر از یک پیش­بینی شد. نتیجه گیری: اگرچه مقادیر عددی ریسک در محدوده مجاز پیش­بینی شد اما می­توان با ایجاد سنگفرش بر روی دپو صنایع تا حدودی میزان انتشار 10PM را کاهش داد. 2   Background: Application of air quality models in Health Risk Assessment system has been defined as an effective tool in assess the human population exposure to environmental harmful factors. The present study was conducted to aim of health risk assessment of respiratory exposure to PM10 Emitted from Depos of primary materials and waste a number of Non-metallic minerals industries by Modeling method. Methods: In this descriptive study, first to Field visits and laboratory measurements was obtained the information needed for SWEEP model to estimate PM10 emission rate from depos of Tile and Ceramic, Khak-e-chini and glass industries. Then, with the introduction of meteorological information to AERMET, the digital elevation model to AERMAP, the emission rate and the geometric dimensions of the pollutant sources to AERMOD, simulated the values of exposure to PM10 in the affected population. The chemical composition of the depos was determined using ICP-MS. Subsequently, using the EPA suggested relationships was estimated the risk of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic exposure to PM10. Results: According to the simulation results of SWEEP model, the highest PM10 emission was estimated for the Tile and Ceramic depo. The highest concentration maximum of 1, 8, and 24 h of PM10 simulated were 8840, 1967, and 1272 µg/m3, respectively. The highest average respiratory exposure of 1 (52.53), 8 (11.64), 24 (5.85 µg/m3) hour to PM10 was estimated for Sand and Gravel processing plant staff. The highest percentage of chemical compounds in depos was for silica. Accordingly, the carcinogenicity risk (ILCR) of exposure to PM10 was predicted less than 10-4 and non- carcinogenicity risk (HQ) less than one. Conclusion: Although numerical values of risk were predicted in the permissible limit, but to creating Surface rock on the depo industries can reduce the emission of PM10. 401 426 2019/10/22020/08/252020/05/5 1399/2/16 2020/06/72020/08/232020/08/16 1399/5/26 سعید شجاعی برجوئی Saeed Shojaee Barjoee گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و کویرشناسی، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران ایران حمیدرضا عظیم زاده HamidReza Azimzadeh گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و کویرشناسی، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران ایران اصغر مصلح آرانی Asghar Mosleh Arani گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و کویرشناسی، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران ایران PM10 AERMOD SWEEP Health Risk Assessment Respiratory exposure PM10 AERMOD SWEEP ارزیابی ریسک سلامت مواجهه تنفسی 1. Shojaee Barjoee S, Azimzadeh H, Mosleh Arani A. Determination of pollution level, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of heavy metals of falling dust in industrial areas (Case study: Ardakan county industries). Iran J Health Environ 2020;12(4): 571-92 [In Persian] ##2. 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Gholampour A, Nabizadeh R, Hassanvand MS, et al. Investigation of the ambient particulate matter concentration changes and assessing its health impacts in Tabriz. Iran J Health Environ 2015;7(4): 541-56 [In Persian] ##7. Geravandi S, Zallaghi E, Goudarzi G, et al. Effects of PM10 on human health in the western half of Iran (Ahwaz, Bushehr and Kermanshah Cities). Arch Hyg Sci 2015;4(4): 179-86.##8. Aghaei M, Yunesian M. Exposure Assessment to Environmental Pollutants in Human Health Risk Assessment Studies; Overview on New Approaches. J Health 2019;10(2): 138-55 [In Persian] ##9. Shojaee Barjoee S, Azimzadeh H, kuchakzadeh M, et al. Dispersion and Health Risk Assessment of PM10 Emitted from the Stacks of a Ceramic and Tile industry in Ardakan, Yazd, Iran, Using the AERMOD Model. Iran South Med J 2019;22(5): 317-32 [In Persian] ##10. Khosravi Y, Zamani AA, Parizanganeh AH, Yaftian MR. Assessment of spatial distribution pattern of heavy metals surrounding a lead and zinc production plant in Zanjan Province, Iran. Geoderma Reg 2018;12(7-10 [In Persian] ).##11. Esmaeilzadeh M, Bazrafshan E, Nasrabadi M. Dispersion Modeling of NOx and SO2 Emissions from Tous Gas Power Plant, Mashhad. Iran J Health Environ 2013;6(1): 77-90 [In Persian] ##12. Tatarko J, Van Donk S, Ascough II J, Walker D. Application of the WEPS and SWEEP models to non-agricultural disturbed lands. Heliyon 2016;2(12): e00215.##13. Jia Q, Al-Ansari N, Knutsson S. Modeling of wind erosion of the Aitik Tailings Dam using SWEEP model. Eng J 2014;6(7): 355-64.##14. Chung SH, Herron-Thorpe FL, Lamb BK, et al. Application of the wind erosion prediction system in the AIRPACT regional air quality modeling framework. Trans ASABE 2013;56(2): 625-41.##15. Behbahani AM. Hazard and risk assessment of wind erosion and dust emissions in Denmark-a simulation and modelling approach: University_of_Basel; 2015.##16. Shafie-Pour M, Pardakhti A, Mejari M. Risk Assessment of Air Pollutants Emissions in Beihaghi Terminal By Modeling. J Environ Stud 2015;41(1): 97-105 [In Persian] ##17. Mohammed AM. Estimation of PM10 Health Impacts on Human within Urban Areas of Makkah city, KSA. Preprints 2017: 11-1.##18. Shojaee Barjoee S, Azimzadeh H, MoslehArani A, K, MohamadReza. Occupational monitoring and health risks assessment of respiratory exposure to dust in an industrial unit of production Khak-e-Chini. Occup Med 2019;11(3): 14-25 [In Persian] ##19. De Donno A, De Giorgi M, Bagordo F, et al. Health risk associated with exposure to PM10 and benzene in three Italian towns. J Environ Res Public Health 2018;15(8): 1672.##20. Bhagia L. Non-occupational exposure to silica dust. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2012;16(3): 95-100.##21. Shojaee Barjoee S, Azimzadeh HR, Mosleh Arani A. Tolerance of Plants to Air Pollution in the Industrial Complex of Glass, Khak-e-Chini, Tile and Ceramics in Ardakan, Iran. J Sch Public Health Inst Public Health Res 2020;18(1): 73-92 [In Persian] ##22. Manhattan Kansas. User Manual DRAFT, Single-event Wind Erosion Evaluation Program. Wind Erosion Research Unit 2008.##23. Pi H, Feng G, Sharratt B. Performance of the SWEEP model affected by estimates of threshold friction velocity. Trans ASABE 2014;57(6): 1675-85.##24. Wagner LE. A history of wind erosion prediction models in the United States Department of Agriculture: The Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS). Aeolian Res 2013;10: 9-24.##25. Atabi F, Jafarigol F, Momeni M, et al. Dispersion modeling of CO with AERMOD in South Pars fourth gas refinery. J Environ Health Engin 2014;1(4): 281-92 [In Persian] ##26. Ashrafi K, Shafiepour M, Salimian M, Momeni MR. Determination and Dispersion Modeling of VOC Emissions from Liquid Storage Tanks in Asalouyeh Zone. J Environ Stud 2012;38(3): 47-60 [In Persian] ##27. Kalhor M, Ghaleh Askari S, Bozorgi M. AERMET performance in evaluation of boundary layer parameters and its effect on carbon monoxide concentration outputs in AERMOD model compared to upper air data. Iran J Health Environ 2018;11(3): 365-76 [In Persian] ##28. Shojaee Barjoee S, Azimzadeh H, Mosleh Arani A. Evaluation of Individual and Integrated Pollution Indices of Some Heavy Metals in Atmospheric Dust Deposition Around Khak-e-chini, Tile and Ceramic, Sand and Gravel and Glass in Ardakan County Industries in Winter 2018. J Environ Health Engin 2020;7(3): 314-37 [In Persian] ##29. EPA U. US Environmental Protection Agency, Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment. US EPA, Washington, DC http://www epa gov/cancerguidelines 2005.##30. USEPA. Exposure factors handbook: 2011 edition. USEPA Office of Research and Development Washington.; 2011.##31. Bureau of Technical Services-Air Quality Evaluation Section. Toxicity Values for Inhalation Exposure. New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection 2011: NJDEP/DAQ/AQEv ToxAll2011.xls 1/30/2.##32. Sadeghi RMH. Analysis of wind erosion and determination of sand movement direction in Khezrabad region. Watershed Engin Manage 2018;10(1): 95-107 [In Persian] ##33. Farzanehpey F, Torabi A, Bakhshinia S, Mesbahzadeh T. The Severity of Wind Erosion Assessment in Ala Region of Semnan Using IRIFR. E. A Model. J Desert Eco Engin 2016;5(10): 99-107 [In Persian] ##34. Kazemi M, Feiznia S, Khosravi H, Mesbah H. Investigating of Susceptibility of Maharloo Lake Sediments to Wind Erosion and Determination of Dust Movement Direction. Desert Manage 2019;6(12): 49-60 [In Persian] ##35. Ono DM, Hardebeck E, Schade T. Owens Valley PM10 planning area demonstration of attainment state implementation plan: project alternatives analysis summary. The District 1997.##36. Afrasyabi S, Tazeh M, Taghizadeh Mehrjardi R, Kalantari S. Performance of two measurement methods of pin meter and laser disto meter in the measurement of microtopography Created by desert pavement. J Desert Eco Engin 2019;8(22): 1-14.##37. Iranmanesh M, Gharahi N, Pajoohesh M. The Effect of Vegetation Pattern, Biochar and Powdery Walnut Shell on Wind Erosion, Using Wind Tunnel. Desert Manage 2019;7(13): 135-48 [In Persian] ##38. Feng G, Sharratt B. Evaluation of the SWEEP model during high winds on the Columbia Plateau. Earth Surf Proc Land 2009;34(11): 1461-8.##39. Mahmoodabadi M, Dehghani F, Azimzadeh H. Effect of soil particle size distribution on wind erosion rate. J Soil Manage Sustain Produc 2011;1(1): 81-97 [In Persian] ##40. Mahmoodabadi M, Mirzaee M, Naghavi H. Aggregate Size Distribution Indices Influenced by Different Types/Managements of Plant Residues under Field Conditions. J Environ Ero Res 2016;6(3): 52-70.##41. shahverdi s, nikoo s, mashhadi n, et al. Study of landforms sedimentation based on changes in land use (Case Study: Damghan). J Desert Eco Engin 2016;5(12): 37-50 [In Persian] ##42. Fadavi A, Abari MF, Nadoushan MA. Evaluation of AERMOD for distribution modeling of particulate matters (Case study: Ardestan Cement Factory). Int J Pharm Res Allied Sci 2016;5(4): 262-70.##43. Jayadipraja E, Daud A, Assegaf A, Maming M. The application of the AERMOD model in the environmental health to identify the dispersion area of total suspended particulate from cement industry stacks. J Res Med Sci 2016;4(6): 2044-9.##44. Mokhtar MM, Hassim MH, Taib RM. Health risk assessment of emissions from a coal-fired power plant using AERMOD modelling. Process Saf Environ 2014;92(5): 476-85.##45. Chaleshtori LA, Nejadkoorki F, Ashrafi K. Performance of AERMOD Under Different Building Forms and Dimensions. Environ Sci 2015;13(1): 15-24 [In Persian] ##46. Zou B, Zhan FB, Wilson JG, Zeng Y. Performance of AERMOD at different time scales. 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کارآیی ترکیبات کلات‌کننده با نرخ تجزیه‌پذیری زیستی متفاوت در بهبود عملکرد گیاه‌پالایی خاک‌ آلوده به کادمیوم توسط گونه‌های زینتی تاج‌خروس (Amaranthus caudatus) و گل جعفری (Tagetes patula) Evaluation of Chelating Agents with Different Biodegradability Rates on the Enhanced Phytoremediation Efficiency of Ornamental Species (Amaranthus caudatus and Tagetes patula) in Cadmium Contaminated Soils 1 1 زمینه و هدف: امروزه از آن‌جا که روند فزاینده آلودگی محیط­زیست و بویژه خاک سلامت زیستمندان را تهدید می‌کند، انواع روش‌های پالایش خاک از جمله گیاه­پالایی برای پالایش آلاینده‌های آلی، غیرآلی و هسته‌ای از محل‌های آلوده مورد توجه قرار گرفته‌اند. از این‌رو، این پژوهش با هدف ارزیابی کارآیی عوامل کلات­کننده زیست تجزیه­پذیر در بهبود عملکرد گیاه­پالایی خاک­ آلوده به کادمیوم توسط گونه­های زینتی تاج­خروس و گل جعفری در سال 1397 انجام شد. مواد و روش­ها: در این پژوهش توصیفی، پس از آلوده کردن خاک با 50 و 100 میلی‌گرم در کیلوگرم کلرید کادمیوم و تیمار آن با محلول‌های 50/2، 00/2 و 50/2 میلی‌مول در کیلوگرم EDTA، اسید سالیسیلیک و اسید سیتریک بعنوان عامل کلات­کننده، نسبت به کشت و آبیاری گیاهچه‌ گیاهان در گلدان‌های حاوی خاک آلوده‌ طی 60 روز اقدام شد. پس از برداشت و هضم اسیدی نمونه‌های خاک تحت کشت، ریشه و شاخساره گیاهان از تیمارهای شاهد و آزمایشی، محتوی کادمیوم در آن‌ها توسط دستگاه طیف‌سنج نشری پلاسمای جفت‌شده القایی تعیین شد. یافته ­ها: بیشینه میانگین غلظت کادمیوم در نمونه­های خاک زیر کشت، ریشه و شاخساره تاج­خروس با 87/1، 50/4 و 89/1 به­ترتیب مربوط به تیمارهای اسید سالیسیلیک، EDTA و اسید سالیسیلیک و در گل جعفری نیز با 86/1، 18/1 و 10/3 به­ترتیب مربوط به تیمارهای فاقد کلات، اسید سیتریک و اسید سالیسیلیک بوده است. از طرفی بر اساس مقادیر فاکتورهای انتقال و انباشت زیستی نتیجه گرفته شد که گونه­های تاج­خروس و گل جعفری به‌ترتیب از قابلیت تثبیت و استخراج گیاهی برخوردار بودند. نتیجه­ گیری: اسیدهای آلی همچون اسید سالیسیلیک و اسید سیتریک از طریق ساز­و­کارهایی مانند اثرات شبه هورمونی، آزادسازی و انحلال فسفات، افزایش تحرک کادمیوم و برخی فعالیت­های آنزیمی، دگرگونی میکرو­ساختاری و کاهش ظرفیت نگه­داری فلزات توسط ذرات رس، نقش مهمی در الکتروکینتیک پالایش خاک دارند. لذا، با توجه به اثر مطلوب اسیدهای آلی بعنوان عوامل کلات­کننده در ارتقا­ی کارایی گیاه­پالایی گونه­ های فرا انباشتگر، استفاده از آن­ها در فرآبند آلودگی‌زدایی خاک توصیه می­شود. 2 Background & Objective: Nowadays, since increasing environmental pollution particularly soil contamination can cause adverse health effects, kind of methods such as phytoremediation techniques are commonly used to remediate organic, inorganic and nuclear pollutants from contaminated sites. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess of chelating agents with different biodegradability rates on the enhanced phytoremediation efficiency of Amaranthus caudatus and Tagetes patula as ornamental species in cadmium contaminated soils in 2018. Materials & Methods: In pot experiments, the soil specimens were moderately artificially contaminated by cadmium chloride (50 and 100 mg/kg).            Then 2.5 mmol/kg of EDTA, 2.0 mmol/kg of salicylic acid (SA) and 2.5 mmol/kg of citric acid (CA) solution were added to the contaminated soils to study the influence of these chelating agents on phytoremediation efficiency by studied ornamental plants. Finally, after acid digestion of cultivated soil, roots and stems of A. caudatus and T. patula, the Cd content was determined using ICP-OES. Results: The results showed that after 60 days of pots irrigation, the maximum mean content of Cd (mg/kg) in cultivated soil, root and stem samples of A. caudatus with 1.87, 4.50 and 1.89 were found in the SA, EDTA and SA treatments, respectively. Moreover, the maximum mean content of Cd in cultivated soil, root and stem samples of T. patula with 1.86, 1.18 and 3.10 were found in the control, CA and SA treatments, respectively. Also, the values of translocation and bioconcentration factors indicate that A. patula can be considered to be potential plant species for phytostabilization and phytoextraction of cadmium, respectively. Conclusion: The results reported in this study show that the organic acids such as SA and CA have considerable role in soil refining electrokinetic or enhance of soil electrokinetic bioremediation through mechanisms resembling hormonelike effects, phosphate  release and dissolution, enhancing of cadmium mobility and some enzymatic activities, microstructural variations and retention capacity decreasing of clay particles. Therefore, due to the desirable effects of organic acids as chelate agents to enhancing phytoremediation efficiency of hyperaccumulator species use of these compounds in the cleanup of contaminated soil is recommended. 427 442 2019/10/22020/08/252020/05/52020/05/6 1399/2/17 2020/06/72020/08/232020/08/162020/08/15 1399/5/25 نسترن عاقلان Nastaran Aghelan دانشجوی دکترای تخصصی محیط‌زیست، دانشکده علوم پایه، واحد همدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، همدان، ایران ایران سهیل سبحان اردکانی Soheil Sobhanardakani دکترای تخصصی علوم محیط‌زیست، دانشیار گروه محیط‌زیست، دانشکده علوم پایه، واحد همدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، همدان، ایران ایران مهرداد چراغی Mehrdad Cheraghi دکترای تخصصی علوم محیط‌زیست، دانشیار گروه محیط‌زیست، دانشکده علوم پایه، واحد همدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، همدان، ایران ایران بهاره لرستانی Bahareh Lorestani دکترای تخصصی علوم محیط‌زیست، دانشیار گروه محیط‌زیست، دانشکده علوم پایه، واحد همدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، همدان، ایران ایران هاجر مریخ پور Hajar Merrikhpour دکترای تخصصی علوم خاک، استادیار گروه کشاورزی، دانشگاه سیدجمال الدین اسدآبادی، اسدآباد، ایران ایران Amaranthus caudatus Tagetes patula Cadmium Environmental remediation Chelating agents تاج‌خروس گل جعفری کادمیوم اصلاح محیط‌زیست عوامل کلات‌کننده 1. 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بررسی وضعیت مدیریت پسماندهای بیمارستانی در ایران: مطالعه موردی شهر کرمانشاه در سالهای 95-1394 Investigation of the Hospital Waste Management in Iran: a Case Study of the Kermanshah Province During 2015-16 Years 1 1 زمینه و هدف: مدیریت پسماندهای بیمارستانی توجهات زیادی را جلب کرده زیرا مدیریت نامناسب و ناکافی آن سبب خطراتی برای سلامتی انسان و همچنین محیط زیست می شود. در این راستا هدف از این مطالعه بررسی مدیریت پسماند‌های بیمارستانی شهر کرمانشاه بر اساس چک لیست بهداشت محیط بیمارستانی وزارت بهداشت درمان و آموزش پزشکی می باشد. روش کار: این مطالعه (کمی- کیفی) در دو بازه زمانی در دو سال متوالی از طریق تکمیل چک لیست معتبر مدیریت پسماند وزارت بهداشت، درمان و آموزش پزشکی که شامل تمامی مراحل مدیریت پسماندهای بیمارستانی است انجام شد. میزان پسماند تولیدی هر بیمارستان هم هفته­ای یکبار در فصل پاییز در بازه مطالعه اندازه گیری شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که میانگین کل درصد مطلوبیت مدیریت پسماند با استاندارد‌های بهداشتی در بیمارستان‌های کرمانشاه در سال‌های 1394 و 1395 به ترتیب 5/15 ± 38/70 و 8/14 ± 3/74 بود. میانگین مطلوبیت مدیریت پسماند در بیمارستان‌های دولتی، نظامی، خصوصی و تأمین اجتماعی در دو سال مورد مطالعه به ترتیب از 61 به 14/65 درصد، 75 به 79 درصد، 87 به 90 درصد و 5/84 به 86 درصد ارتقاء یافته است. میانگین کل پسماند تولیدی روزانه به ازای هر تخت، 06/4 کیلوگرم به ‌دست آمد، به طوری­ که برای بیمارستان‌های دولتی، نظامی، تأمین اجتماعی و خصوصی به ترتیب 69/4، 26/3، 7/2 و 62/1 کیلوگرم در روز به ازای تخت فعال بود. نتایج نشان داد که بین مقدار تولید پسماند بیمارستانی و تعداد تخت­های فعال رابطه معنی‌داری (95% دامنه اطمینان) وجود دارد. نتیجه‌گیری: از نتایج حاصل از این مطالعه، امتیاز مدیریت پسماند بیمارستان­های کرمانشاه در حدود متوسط ارزیابی می شود. بنابراین نیاز به تلاش، نظارت و کنترل بیشتری برای رسیدن به وضعیت مطلوب مدیریت پسماند بیمارستانی  می­باشد. 2 Background & objectives: The management of healthcare wastes is receiving greater attention because of the risks to both human health and the environment caused by inadequate waste management practices. In that context, the objective of this study was to investigate the hospital solid waste management in Kermanshah city, Kermanshah province, Iran based on Ministry of Health and Medical Education checklist which is related to environmental health of hospitals. Methods: This study (qualitative-quantitative) was performed in two interval time in two consecutive years through a valid checklist of waste management process of Iranian Ministry of Health which include all steps of medical waste management. The quantity of hospital waste produced was measured during one week in autumn session during study interval.  Results: The results of this study showed that the total averages of desirability in waste management compared to health standards in Kermanshah city hospitals were 70.38 ± 15.5 and 74.3 ± 14.8 in 2015 and 2016, respectively. The average desirability of waste management in governmental, military, private and social hospitals improved from 61 to 65.14, 75 to 79, 87 to 90 and 84.5 to 86%, respectively in two years of study interval. The average (weighted mean) of total hospital wastes generation rate (in Kermanshah city) was 4.06 kg/bed-day and for governmental, military, private and social hospitals were 4.69, 3.26, 2.7 and 1.62 kg/bed-day, respectively. The results indicated that there was a significant correlation (p < 0.05) between hospital active bed and medical wastes production. Conclusion: From the results of this study, the score of waste management practices in Kermanshah hospitals are evaluated as moderate. Therefore, more efforts, monitoring and control should be implied to achieve the desired state of hospital waste management 443 454 2019/10/22020/08/252020/05/52020/05/62019/10/12 1398/7/20 2020/06/72020/08/232020/08/162020/08/152020/06/1 1399/3/12 شهلا رخشان Shahla Rakhshan دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد مهندسی بهداشت محیط، مرکز تحقیقات عوامل محیطی موثر بر سلامت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمانشاه، کرمانشاه، ایران ایران نساء فرمانی Nesa Farmani کمیته تحقیقات دانشجویی، دانشجوی کارشناسی مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمانشاه، کرمانشاه، ایران ایران انور اسدی Anvar Asadi استادیار گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، مرکز تحقیقات عوامل محیطی موثر بر سلامت، پژوهشکده سلامت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمانشاه، کرمانشاه، ایران ایران Hospital waste Waste management Medical waste Generation rate Kermanshah Iran پسماند بیمارستانی مدیریت پسماند زباله‌های پزشکی نرخ تولید کرمانشاه ایران 1. Ferreira V, Teixeira MR. 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مدل‌سازی و بهینه‌سازی فرایند انعقاد-لخته‌سازی شیرابه لندفیل با استفاده از روش سطح پاسخ Modelling and Optimization of Coagulation–Flocculation Process of Landfill Leachate by Response Surface Methodology 1 1 زمینه و هدف: امروزه با توجه به روش­های متداول لندفیل کردن، دغدغه­های محیط­زیستی شیرابه­های تولیدی به یک مشکل جهانی تبدیل شده است. فرایند فیزیکی-شیمیایی یک راه‌­حل بالقوه و مقرون به‌­صرفه برای تصفیه شیرابه لندفیل به­­شمار می‌رود. به­دلیل وقت­گیر بودن آزمایشات جارتست برای دستیابی به غلظت مناسب مواد منعقدکننده، هدف این پژوهش، بررسی تصفیه‌پذیری شیرابه لندفیل زباله مشهد با استفاده از روش سطح پاسخ به­عنوان جایگزین روش­های معمولی در فرایند انعقاد-لخته­سازی بوده است. مواد و روش­ها: آزمایشات در جارتست 6 خانه با حجم موثر mL 500 انجام شد. توانایی کلرید آهن 6 آبه در پاسخ به چهار پارامتر COD، TSS، کدورت و قلیائیت مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. برای ارزیابی مدل و بهینه­سازی غلظت منعقدکننده و pH با توجه به بالاترین راندمان حذف، طرح مرکب مرکزی و روش سطح پاسخ استفاده شد. آنالیزهای فیزیکی و شیمیایی بر مبنای روش‌های استاندارد آب و فاضلاب آمریکا انجام گردید. یافته­ها: نتایج نشان داد که برای سه پاسخ (COD، TSS و قلیائیت) مدل درجه دوم و کدورت نیز مدل درجه دوم کاهش یافته تحت شرایط بهینه برای غلظت g/L 23/10 در pH 85/8 حاصل شده است. آزمایشات تطبیق تحت شرایط بهینه منجر به حذف COD، TSS، کدورت و قلیائیت به ترتیب برابر 79/66%، 61/88%، 53/97% و 89/67% شد. بررسی­های آماری (جدول ANOVA، مقادیر R2 و P-value) نشان داد که مدل­ها برای ارائه داده­های تجربی مناسب و در تمامی مدل­ها، مقدار R2 بیشتر از 99/0 بود. مقادیر P-value نیز نشان داد که اثرات درجه دوم و درجه دوم کاهش یافته در غلظت کلرید آهن و pH انعقاد معنی­دار بوده است. همسویی و تطابق نتایج تجربی نیز نزدیک به پیش­بینی حاصل از مدل­ها بود. نتیجه­گیری: با توجه به نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش با روش سطح پاسخ، از فرآیند انعقاد-لخته­سازی می­توان به­عنوان فرایندی موثر برای حذف ترکیبات بازدارنده شیرابه به کار گرفت. 2   Background and Objective: Nowadays, due to the conventional methods of landfilling, the environmental concerns about generated leachate are becoming a global problem. Physical-chemical process is considered a potential and cost-effective solution for the treatment of municipal landfill leachate. Since jar-test are time-consuming experiments for obtaining the appropriate concentration of coagulants, the aim of this research was the treatment of landfill leachate using response surface methodology as a substitute for conventional methods in coagulation–flocculation process. Materials and Methods: Experiments were performed in a six-cell jar-test with effective volume of 500 mL. The ability of Ferric chloride hexahydrate to response to four parameters including COD, TSS, alkalinity and turbidity was investigated. To evaluate the model and optimization of coagulant concentration and pH, central composite design and response surface methodology were used due to the highest removal efficiency. Physical and chemical analyses were performed based on standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. Results: The results showed that the quadratic model was achived for the three responses (COD, TSS and alkalinity) and the Reduced Quadratic model was obtained for Turbidity under the optimum conditions for the concentration of 10.23g/L at pH 8.85. Verification experiments, under optimum conditions in removal of COD, TSS, turbidity and alkalinity resulted 66.79%, 88.61%, 97.53% and 67.89%, respectively. Statistical studies (ANOVA table, the amounts of R2 and P-value) showed that the models were suitable for providing experimental data and in all models, the R2 value was greater than 0.99. P-value values also showed that the effects of quadratic model and reduced quadratic model were significant in ferric choloride dosage and coagulation pH. These experimental results were consistent with those predicted by the model. Conclusion: According to the obtained results by response surface methodology, coagulation–flocculation process can be used as the effective process to remove leachate inhibitors. 455 476 2019/10/22020/08/252020/05/52020/05/62019/10/122020/02/7 1398/11/18 2020/06/72020/08/232020/08/162020/08/152020/06/12020/06/24 1399/4/4 مهدی خجسته‌پور Mehdi Khojastehpour استاد، گروه مهندسی بیوسیستم، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی، مشهد، ایران. ایران سعید قنبری آزاد پاشاکی Saeed Ghanbari Azad Pashaki دانشجوی دکتری تخصصی گروه مهندسی بیوسیستم، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران. ایران محمدعلی ابراهیمی نیک Mohammadali Ebrahimi-nik استادیار، گروه مهندسی ‌بیوسیستم، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران. ایران عباس روحانی Abbas Rohani دانشیار، گروه مهندسی ‌بیوسیستم، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران. ایران : Leachate treatment Ferric chloride Response surface methodology Coagulation–flocculation. تصفیه شیرابه کلرید آهن روش سطح پاسخ انعقاد-لخته‌سازی 1. 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تثبیت مخمر ساکارومایسس سرویزیه بر روی بستر آلژینات به منظور حذف ایبوپروفن از محلول های آبی Immobilization of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae on Alginate Substrate to Biodegradation of Ibuprofen from Aqueous Solutions 1 1 زمینه و هدف: ایبوپروفن یکی از پرمصرف ترین داروهای ضد التهابی غیر استروئیدی است که از طریق کارخانجات سازنده و دفع پساب بیمارستانی و حتی فاضلاب خانگی به منابع آبی وارد می­شود. هدف از این مطالعه، حذف ایبوپروفن در فرآیند تجزیه زیستی به وسیله مخمر ساکارومیسس سرویزیه تثبیت شده بر روی بستر آلژینات از محلول‌های آبی می باشد. مواد و روش ها: این پژوهش، یک مطالعه تجربی- آزمایشگاهی می باشد. در این مطالعه تاثیر پارامترهای غلظت مخمر (g/100ml) 3/0- 1/0، غلظت اولیه ایبوپروفن (mg/l) 350-50، زمان تماس 30-1 ساعت  و pH اولیه محلول  (4-7) بر فرآیند تجزیه زیستی ایبوپروفن با مخمرساکارومایسس تثبیت شده بر روی بستر آلژینات مورد بررسی قرار گرفت آزمایشها با استفاده از روش سطح پاسخ  در نرم افزار Design Expert 7 با استفاده از روش Behnken Box- طراحی و بهینه ­سازی گردید. یافته ها: یافته­های این مطالعه نشان داد حداکثر حذف ایبوپروفن توسط مخمر تثبیت شده بر روی آلژینات 5 /93 درصد در 5/5pH=  ، غلظت مخمر g/100ml)) 2/0، زمان 30 ساعت و غلظت اولیه mg/L 50  ایبوپروفن است. نتیجه گیری: برمبنای نتایج این مطالعه می توان بیان نمود که مخمر ساکارومایسس سرویزیه تثبت شده توانایی تجزیه بیولوژیکی ایبوپروفن را با کمترین هزینه و راندمان بالا دارا است و می­توان از این روش مقرون به صرفه جهت تصفیه فاضلاب­های دارویی استفاده نمود. 2   Background: Ibuprofen is one of the most widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that enter the water resources through manufacturing plants and disposal of hospital effluents and even domestic wastewater. The aim of this study was to removal of ibuprofen using biodegradation process by Saccharomyces Cerevisiae yeast fixed on alginate substrate from aqueous solutions. Method: This research was an experimental-laboratory study. The effect of parameters including yeast concentration (0.1-0.3 g/100ml), Initial concentration of ibuprofen (50-350 mg/l), contact time (1-30 hours),  initial pH (4-7) on the biodegradation of ibuprofen with stabilized yeast on alginate substrate was investigated. Experiments were designed and optimized using response surface methodology in Design Expert 7 software. Results: The findings of this study showed that the maximum removal of ibuprofen by fixed yeast on alginate at pH = 5.5, yeast concentration 0.2 (g /100ml), time 30 hours, and initial concentration of ibuprofen=50 mg/L was 93.5%. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the fixed Saccharomyces cerevisiae is capable to biodegradation of ibuprofen at low cost and high efficiency and this cost-effective method can be used for the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater. 477 494 2019/10/22020/08/252020/05/52020/05/62019/10/122020/02/72020/02/1 1398/11/12 2020/06/72020/08/232020/08/162020/08/152020/06/12020/06/242020/08/16 1399/5/26 کبری طهماسبی Kobra Tahmasebi دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران ایران روشنک رضایی کلانتری Roshanak Rezaei Kalantary ۲ گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران ۳ مرکز تحقیقات تکنولوژی بهداشت محیط، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران ایران علی اسرافیلی Ali Esrafili ۲ گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران ۳ مرکز تحقیقات تکنولوژی بهداشت محیط، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران ایران سجاد مظلومی Sajad Mazloomi گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایلام، ایلام، ایران ایران Alginate Aqueous solutions Biodegradation Ibuprofen Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae ایبوپروفن تجزیه بیولوژیکی مخمر ساکارومایسس سرویزیه آلژینات محلول‌های آبی 1. 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Synthesis of magnetically separable Bi2O4/Fe3O4 hybrid nanocomposites with enhanced photocatalytic removal of ibuprofen under visible light irradiation. J Water Res 2016;100: 393-404.##9. Ferreira AM, Coutinho JA, Fernandes AM, Freire MG. Complete removal of textile dyes from aqueous media using ionic-liquid-based aqueous two-phase systems. Sep.J Purif. Technol. 2014;128: 58-66.##10. Mittal H, Maity A, Ray SS. Synthesis of co-polymer-grafted gum karaya and silica hybrid organic–inorganic hydrogel nanocomposite for the highly effective removal of methylene blue. Chem Eng J 2015;279: 166-79.##11. RAHAEI S, Razavi S, EMAM JZ. The ability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain in aflatoxin reduction in pistachio nuts. 2010.##12. YARKE SN, Ghaemi N, Nouhi A. Optimizing conditions of lead removal by saccharomyces cerevisiae in laboratory condition. 2011.##13. Teixeira MC, Duque P, Sá-Correia I. Environmental genomics: mechanistic insights into toxicity of and resistance to the herbicide 2, 4-D. Trends Biotechnol. 2007;25(8): 363-70.##14. Yang S, Hai FI, Nghiem LD, et al. Removal of bisphenol A and diclofenac by a novel fungal membrane bioreactor operated under non-sterile conditions. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegradation 2013;85: 483-90.##15. Naghdi M, Taheran M, Brar SK, et al. Removal of pharmaceutical compounds in water and wastewater using fungal oxidoreductase enzymes. Environ Pollut 2018;234: 190-213.##16. Erşan M. Removal of tetracycline using new biocomposites from aqueous solutions. Desalination Water Treat. 2016;57(21): 9982-92.##17. Chang E-E, Wan J-C, Kim H, et al. Adsorption of selected pharmaceutical compounds onto activated carbon in dilute aqueous solutions exemplified by acetaminophen, diclofenac, and sulfamethoxazole. Sci. World J. 2015;2015.##18. Hattrem MN, Dille MJ, Seternes T, et al. The relative bioavailability of ibuprofen after administration with a novel soft chewable drug formulation. CLIN PHARM DRUG DEV 2018;7(2): 168-76.##19. Xing Z, Zhang Q, Shi X, Lin Y. Saccharomyces cerevisiae immobilized in alginate for continuous fermentation. J Clean Energy Technol 2016;4.##20. Inal M, Yiğitoğlu M. Production of bioethanol by immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae onto modified sodium alginate gel. J CHEM TECHNOL BIOT. 2011;86(12): 1548-54.##21. Denney R, Vogel AI, Mendham J. Vogel's textbook of quantitative chemical analysis/revised by J Mendham...[et al.]. Harlow, Essex, England: Longman Scientific & Technical; New York: Prentice Hall; 2000.##22. Behnamfard A, Salarirad MM. Equilibrium and kinetic studies on free cyanide adsorption from aqueous solution by activated carbon. J. Hazard. Mater. 2009;170(1): 127-33.##23. Saratale R, Saratale G, Chang J-S, Govindwar SP. Decolorization and biodegradation of textile dye Navy blue HER by Trichosporon beigelii NCIM-3326. J Hazard Mater 2009;166(2-3): 1421-28.##24. Kalme S, Parshetti G, Jadhav S, Govindwar SP. Biodegradation of benzidine based dye Direct Blue-6 by Pseudomonas desmolyticum NCIM 2112. Bioresour Technol 2007;98(7): 1405-10.##25. Amirnia S, Ray MB, Margaritis A. Heavy metals removal from aqueous solutions using Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a novel continuous bioreactor–biosorption system. Chem. Eng. Trans. 2015;264: 863-72.##26. Sadeghi A, Dolatabadi M, Asadzadeh S, JAMALI BF. Ability of the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae for biological removal of ciprofloxacin antibiotic in aqueous solution. 2015.##27. Nguyen ML, Juang R-S. Modification of crosslinked chitosan beads with histidine and Saccharomyces cerevisiae for enhanced Ni (II) biosorption. J TAIWAN INST CHEM E 2015;56: 96-102.##28. Sadeghi A, Dehghan A, Asadzadeh S, Dolatabadi M. Removal of nitrate from aqueous solutions using Saccharomyces cerevisiae biosorbent: adsorption isotherms and kinetics. J North Khorasan Univ Med Sci 2014;6(2): 441-49.##29. Nourmoradi H, Moghadam KF, Jafari A, Kamarehie B. Removal of acetaminophen and ibuprofen from aqueous solutions by activated carbon derived from Quercus Brantii (Oak) acorn as a low-cost biosorbent. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2018;6(6): 6807-15.##30. Plakas KV, Karabelas AJ. Removal of pesticides from water by NF and RO membranes—A review. Desalination 2012;287: 255-65.##31. Sadeghi A, Bazardehi MAK, Raffe S, Zarif B. Biotransformation of carmoisine and reactive black 5 dyes using saccharomyces cerevisiae. Health 2014;6(10): 859.##32. Narendranath NV, Power R. Relationship between pH and medium dissolved solids in terms of growth and metabolism of Lactobacilli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae during ethanol production. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2005;71(5): 2239-43.##33. Samarghandi M, Asgari G, Shokoohi R, et al. Efficiency of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae in Ceftriaxone Removal from Aquatic Environments: Kinetic, Isotherm of Absorption and Thermodynamics Study. J Health 2019;10(3): 270-86.##34. Mahmoud M. 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بررسی کارایی نانوکامپوزیت مگنتیت/ بیوسیلیکا / آلژینات سدیم (MBSA) در حذف فلز جیوه از محیط‌های آبی: مطالعات سینتیک، ایزوترم و ترمودینامیک An Investigation on the Efficiency of Magnetite/Biosilicate/Sodium Alginate (MBSA) for the Removal of Hg(II) from Aquatic Environments: Kinetics, Isotherms and Thermodynamic Studies 1 1 زمینه و اهداف: یکی از مهم‌ترین مشکلاتی که جهان امروز با آن مواجه شده است، مشکلات زیست محیطی آلودگی توسط فلزات سنگین می‌باشد. جیوه به‌عنوان یکی از فلزات سمی، به دلیل پایداری و انباشت زیستی آن در زنجیره غذایی و همچنین اثرات نامطلوب بهداشتی مانند نارسایی کلیه و آسیب دستگاه گوارش توجه زیادی را به خود جلب کرده است. هدف از این تحقیق حذف جیوه از محیطهای آبی  با نانوکامپوزیت مگنتیت/ بیوسیلیکا / آلژینات سدیم می‌باشد. مواد و روش‌ها: در مطالعه حاضر نانوکامپوزیت مگنتیت/ بیوسیلیکا / آلژینات سدیم به روش هم رسوبی سنتز گردید و سپس ساختار و مورفولوژی آن با استفاده از آنالیز‌هایSEM ، XRD  و VSM بررسی شد. پارامترهای جذبی نظیر pH، زمان تماس، مقدار جاذب، دما و غلظت اولیه یون جیوه مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها: pH برابر با 5، میزان جاذب 0/2 گرم در لیتر در زمان تماس 80 دقیقه و دمای 45 درجه سلسیوس به عنوان شرایط بهینه به دست آمد، با افزایش غلظت جیوه راندمان حذف کاهش می‌یابد. بررسی جذب جیوه توسط جاذب‌ سنتز شده از ایزوترم لانگمویر (9998/0= R2) و سینتیک شبه درجه 2 (9997/0= R2)پیروی می‌کند. مطالعه ترمودینامک نیز بیانگر انجام یک واکنش گرماگیر و خود بخودی می‌باشد. نتیجه‌گیری: در مجموع می‌توان اذعان داشت جاذب سنتز شده به دلیل راندمان مناسب در حذف جیوه و جداسازی آسان و سریع به وسیله آهنربا، می‌تواند به عنوان جاذبی کار آمد در حذف جیوه از محیط آبی باشد.   2 Backgrounds and objectives: Today 's World is faced with the environmental problems associated with heavy metal contamination as one of the main issues of concern. Mercury, known as one of the most toxic heavy metals, has gained a lot of attention due to its sustainability and bioaccumulation in the food chain as well as having detrimental health problems such as kidney failure and gastrointestinal damages. This study is centered on the removal of Hg (II) ions from aqueous solutions using a magnetite/biosilica/sodium alginate nanocomposite as an efficient adsorbent. Materials and methods: Within this study, the magnetite/biosilica/sodium alginate nanocomposite was successfully synthesized via a co-precipitation method. The structure and morphology of the prepared adsorbent were confirmed by SEM, XRD and VSM analyses. The parameters affecting the adsorption process such as pH, contact time, adsorbent amount, temperature and initial concentration of Hg (II) ions were all evaluated. Findings: The optimum conditions obtained were as follows: pH 5, adsorbent dosage 0.2 g/L, contact time 80 min, temperature 45 °C. The results revealed that the removal efficiency dropped by increasing Hg(II) concentration. The adsorption of Hg (II) obeyed the Langmuir isotherm (R2 0.9998) and pseudo-second kinetic model (R2 0.9997). Additionally, the thermodynamic studies demonstrated that the adsorption process is of endothermic and spontaneous nature. Conclusions: All in all, the synthesized adsorbent was applied for the removal of Hg (II) ions from the aquatic environment. Ease of separation from the aqueous solution due to its magnetic properties as well as high level of Hg (II) recovery are amongst the unique feature of the adsorbent. 495 509 2019/10/22020/08/252020/05/52020/05/62019/10/122020/02/72020/02/12019/11/10 1398/8/19 2020/06/72020/08/232020/08/162020/08/152020/06/12020/06/242020/08/162020/03/3 1398/12/13 مهناز قنبریان Mahnaz Ghambarian ۱ استادیار گروه پژوهشی صنایع شیمیایی، پژوهشکده توسعه صنایع شیمیایی جهاد دانشگاهی، البرز، ایران ایران مجتبی یگانه بادی Mojtaba Yegane Badi ۲ دانشجوی دکترای مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت محیط، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران ایران علی اسرافیلی Ali Esrafili دانشیار گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران ایران محمد بهبهانی Mohammad Behbahani ۴ استادیار، دانشکده مهندسی شیمی، دانشگاه صنعتی شهدای هویزه، دشت آزادگان، سوسنگرد،ایران ایران مهدی حسینی Mahdi Hoseini دانشجوی دکترای مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت محیط، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران ایران حمیدرضا صبحی Hamid Reza Sobhi ۵ استادیار، گروه شیمی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران ایران Adsorption MBSA nanoparticle Mercury Isotherms Kinetics Thermodynamics جذب سطحی نانوذره MBSA جیوه ایزوترم سینتیک ترمودینامیک 1. 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