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محتوی و ارزیابی مخاطره سلامت استرهای فتالات در گردوغبار داخلی- مطالعه موردی: مراکز پیش دبستانی و ابتدایی شهر تهران Concentration and health risk assessment of phthalate esters in indoor dust- A case study on pre-elementary and elementary schools of city of Tehran, Iran 1 1 زمینه و هدف: با توجه به این­که در حال حاضر افراد بیش‌تر وقت خود را در خانه­ و فضاهای بسته می­گذرانند،  احتمال دارد که در معرض آلاینده‌های محیط داخلی از جمله استرهای فتالات موجود در محصولات مصرفی و مصالح ساختمانی و مخاطرات ناشی از آن قرار ­گیرند. از این‌رو، این مطالعه به منظور ارزیابی خطر غیرسرطان­زایی (HQ) و سرطان­زایی (CR) استرهای فتالات گردوغبار داخلی برخی مراکز پیش‌دبستانی و ابتدایی مستقر در مرکز و جنوب شهر تهران در سال 1398 انجام شد. مواد و روش­ها: در مجموع 27 نمونه گردوغبار داخلی توسط جاروبرقی از 9 مرکز منتخب جمع­آوری شد. پس از انتقال نمونه­های گردوغبار به آزمایشگاه، آماده‌سازی و هضم آن‌ها، محتوی استرهای فتالات توسط دستگاه طیف‌سنجی جرمی کروماتوگرافی گازی اندازه­گیری شد. همچنین، مخاطره سلامت ناشی از مواجه با ترکیبات فتالات نیز محاسبه شد. یافته­ها: میانگین غلظت دی­متیل فتالات (DMP)، دی­اتیل فتالات (DEP)، دی­ان­بوتیل فتالات (DnBP)، بوتیل­بنزیل فتالات (BBP)، دی­اتیل­هگزیل فتالات (DEHP) و دی­ان­اکتیل فتالات (DnOP) در نمونه­های گردوغبار داخلی به­ترتیب برابر با 14/1، 110/0، 15/6، 710/0، 421 و 31/9 میلی­گرم در کیلوگرم بود. علاوه ­بر این، میانگین جذب روزانه (ADDj) استرهای فتالات از طریق بلع، جذب پوستی و استنشاق به­ترتیب برابر با 3-10× 16/2،  6-10× 35/2 و 7-10× 15/2 میلی­گرم در کیلوگرم در روز و میانگین جذب روزانه در طول زندگی (LADDj) به­ترتیب برابر با 4-10× 52/2، 7-10× 01/5 و 8-10× 40/3 میلی­گرم در کیلوگرم در روز بود. نتیجه­گیری: ­بطور کلی، ترکیباتDnBP، DEHP و DnOP خطر غیرسرطان­زایی و سرطان­زایی بیش‌تری را برای کودکان و بزرگسالان نشان داد و بلع بعنوان مسیر اصلی ایجاد خطرات سرطان‌زایی و غیرسرطان‌زایی استرهای فتالات شناخته شد. بعلاوه، مقادیر خطر غیرسرطان­زایی استرهای فتالات کوچک‌تر از یک و در حد استاندارد بود، اما خطرسرطان‌زا­یی ناشی از قرار گرفتن در معرض DEHP بیش‌تر از آستانه خطر (6-10) بود. لذا، پیشنهاد می‌شود بدلیل اثرات مضر مواجهه با استرهای فتالات بر سلامت انسان، راه­کارهای مناسب برای کنترل منابع انتشار و همچنین کاهش نرخ مواجهه با این ترکیبات از مسیرهای مختلف در فضای داخلی ساختمان­ها بیش از پیش مد توجه قرار گیرد.   2 Background & Objective: Individuals spend a lot of time indoors; thus they are generally exposed to phthalates used in consumer products. Therefore, those exposed to phthalates as indoor contaminants are at high risks. Therefore, the present study was performed to evaluate the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic hazard of phthalate esters (PAEs) in the indoor dust collected from 9 pre-elementary and elementary schools of central and southern parts of city of Tehran in 2019. Materials & Methods: A total of 27 indoor dust specimens were collected using a vacuum cleaner. After transferring dust samples to the laboratory, 100 mg of each sample was centrifuged and mixed with 20 ml acetone, and kept through a night and ultrasonicated within 30 min. Finally, analyte contents were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: Based on the results obtained, mean concentrations (mg/kg) of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di(nbutyl) phthalate (DnBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and dioctyl phthalate (DnOP) were found to be 1.14, 0.11, 6.15, 0.71, 421 and 9.31 respectively. Moreover, the overall PAEs average daily exposure doses (ADD) via dust ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation were 2.16E-03, 2.35E-06 and 2.15E-07 mg/kg, respectively, and the lifetime average daily exposure doses (LADD) were 2.52E-04, 5.01E-07 and 3.40E-08 mg/kg, respectively. Conclusion: In general, non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of DnBP, DEHP and DnOP congeners were considerable for children and adults and ingestion of dust particles was found to be the main pathway of exposure to PAEs for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks. Although, based on the results except for DEHP the carcinogenic risks of the studied samples were below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency threshold of 1.00E-06, due to the disadvantages of phthalates in human safety, these kinds of investigations are helpful in understanding the main ways of exposure to PAEs and providing a science-based framework for the future attempts for mitigating the PAEs indoor emissions. 224 244 2021/02/3 1399/11/15 2021/05/17 1400/2/27 سمیه عبدی Somayeh Abdi دانشجوی دکترای تخصصی محیط‌زیست، دانشکده علوم پایه، واحد همدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، همدان، ایران ایران سهیل سبحان اردکانی Soheil Sobhanardakani دکترای تخصصی علوم محیط‌زیست، استاد گروه محیط‌زیست، دانشکده علوم پایه، واحد همدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، همدان، ایران ایران بهاره لرستانی Bahareh Lorestani کترای تخصصی علوم محیط‌زیست، دانشیار گروه محیط‌زیست، دانشکده علوم پایه، واحد همدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، همدان، ایران ایران مهرداد چراغی Mehrdad Cheraghi دکترای تخصصی علوم محیط‌زیست، دانشیار گروه محیط‌زیست، دانشکده علوم پایه، واحد همدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، همدان، ایران ایران همایون احمدپناهی Homayon Ahmad Panahi دکترای تخصصی شیمی تجزیه، استاد گروه شیمی، دانشکده علوم پایه، واحد تهران مرکزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران ایران Indoor dust Phthalate esters Health risk assessment Pre-elementary school Tehran گردوغبار داخلی استرهای فتالات ارزیابی مخاطره سلامت پیش دبستانی تهران. 1. 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ارزیابی خطر سرطان‌زایی و غیرسرطان‌زایی فلزات سنگین در خاک‌های سطحی منطقه صنعتی بندر ماهشهر در سال 1398 Assessment of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic hazards of heavy metals in surface soils of Bandar Mahshahr industrial zone in 1398 1 1 مقدمه و هدف: عدم تجزیه زیستی در طبیعت و ایجاد اثرات بهداشتی نامطلوب در انسان از خصوصیات مهم فلزات سنگین است. هدف اصلی این مطالعه تعیین ریسک­های سرطان­زایی و غیرسرطان­زایی فلزات سنگین Ar، Cd، Cu، Cr، Pb، Ni، Va و Zn در خاک­های مناطق صنعتی بندر ماهشهر برای گروه­های بزرگسالان و کودکان است. روش کار: جهت بررسی آثار زیست محیطی از صنعت پتروشیمی در منطقه مورد مطالعه، نمونه­گیری از 47 نقطه خاک منطقه مورد مطالعه صورت گرفت. نمونه­ها از عمق 20-0 سانتی­متری خاک برداشت شده و بر اساس روش هضم اسیدی مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. برای تعیین سطح آلودگی از شاخص­های ریسک اکولوژیکی و ارزیابی ریسک­های­ سرطان­زایی و غیرسرطان­زایی فلزات سنگین از روابط پیشنهادی سازمان حفاظت محیط زیست آمریکا استفاده شد.  یافته‌ها: آمارهای توصیفی غلظت فلزات سنگین نشان داد بالاترین میانگین غلظت فلزات در خاک محدوده مورد مطالعه مربوط به فلز Ni با 89/70 میلی­گرم ­بر ­کیلوگرم و پایین­ترین مربوط به فلز As با 32/0 میلی­گرم­بر­کیلوگرم است. ریسک سرطان­زایی نیکل و کروم در کودکان و بزرگسالان بیش از سایر فلزات مورد بررسی تخمین زده شد (CRI >1). در هر دو گروه سنی، شاخص خطر برای کودکان بیش از بزرگسالان بود. نتیجه‌گیری: در این مطالعه مشخص گردید، غلظت غیرقابل قبولی از برخی فلزات سنگین همچون نیکل، کروم و آرسنیک در منطقه مورد مطالعه وجود دارد، لذا خاک محدوده صنعتی ماهشهر، نیازمند اجرای طرح­های پالایش زیستی همچون گیاه­پالایی است. 2 Background: Non-biodegradation in nature and the creation of adverse health effects in humans is important features of heavy metals. The main purpose of this study was to determine the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of heavy metals As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni, V, and Zn in the soils of industrial areas of Mahshahr port for adults and children. Methods: To study the environmental effects of the petrochemical industry in the study area, sampling was performed from 47 soil points in the study area. Samples were taken from a depth of 0-10 cm of soil and analyzed according to the required acidic digestion method of Esposito et al. Ecological risk indices for determining the level of contamination and proposed relationships proposed by the US Environmental Protection Agency were used to assess the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks. Results: Descriptive statistics of heavy metal concentration showed that the highest average concentration of metals in the soil of the study area is related to Ni metal (70.89 mg/kg) and the lowest to as metal (0.32 mg/kg). The carcinogenic risk of nickel and chromium in children and adults was estimated to be higher than other metals (CRI >1). In both age groups, the risk index for children was higher than for adults. Conclusion: The results show that the presence of heavy elements in the soil of the industrial area of ​​Mahshahr port requires the implementation of bioremediation projects such as phytoremediation. 245 256 2021/02/32021/02/4 1399/11/16 2021/05/172021/05/17 1400/2/27 فرزانه نیکفر Farzaneh Nikfar گروه محیط زیست، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران ایران سیما سبزعلی پور Sima Sabzalipour گروه محیط زیست، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران ایران علی غلامی Ali Gholami گروه خا‌ک‌شناسی، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران ایران احد نظرپور Ahad Nazarpour گروه زمین‌شناسی، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران ایران Heavy metals Soil pollution Carcinogenic risk Non-carcinogenic risk Mahshahr Port Industrial فلزات سنگین آلودگی خاک ریسک سرطان‌زایی ریسک غیرسرطان‌زایی منطقه صنعتی بندر ماهشهر 1. Sungur A, Soylak M, Ozcan H. Fractionation, source identification and risk assessments for heavy metals in soils near a small-scale industrial area (Çanakkale-Turkey). Soil and Sediment Contamination: An Int J 2019; 28(2): 213-27.##2. Ravankhah N, Mirzaei R, Masoum S. Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in surface soil. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci 2016; 26(136) :109-20 (In Perisan).##3. Mazloomi S, Esmaeili-Sari A, Bahramifar N, Moeinaddini M. Assessment of the metals and metalloids level in street dust of the east and west of Tehran. Iran J of Health and Environ 2017; 10(2): 281-92 (In Perisan).##4. World Cancer Report 2014. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, Int Agency for Research on Cancer, WHO Press, 2015##5. Suvarapu LN, Baek SO. Determination of heavy metals in the ambient atmosphere: A review. Toxicology and industrial health 2017; 33(1):79-96.##6. Pearce N, Blair A, Vineis P, Ahrens W, Andersen A, Anto JM, Armstrong BK, Baccarelli AA, Beland FA, Berrington A, Bertazzi PA. IARC monographs: 40 years of evaluating carcinogenic hazards to humans. Environ health perspectives 2015; 123(6): 507-14.##7. Mishra S, Bharagava RN, More N, Yadav A, Zainith S, Mani S, Chowdhary P. Heavy metal contamination: an alarming threat to environment and human health. In Environ biotechnology: For sustainable future 2019; 103-125. Springer, Singapore.##8. Rai PK, Lee SS, Zhang M, Tsang YF, Kim KH. Heavy metals in food crops: Health risks, fate, mechanisms, and management. Environ int 2019; 125: 365-85.##9. Kabisch N, Strohbach M, Haase D, Kronenberg J. Urban green space availability in European cities. Ecological indicators 2016; 70: 586-96.##10. Norouzi M, Bagheri Tavani M. The assessment of the accumulation and consumption hazard of five heavy metals in eleven species of fish in Persian Gulf waters (Bandar Mahshahr, Khuzestan Province). Fisheries Sci and Technol 2018; 7(4): 263-70.##11. Vaezi AR, Karbassi AR, Fakhraee M. Assessing the trace metal pollution in the sediments of Mahshahr Bay, Persian Gulf, via a novel pollution index. Environ monitoring and assessment 2015; 187(10): 1-2.##12. Huang S, Yuan C, Li Q, Yang Y, Tang C, Ouyang K, Wang B. Distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals in soils from a typical Pb-Zn mining area. Polish J Environ Studies 2017; 26(3): 1105-12.##13. Aluko T, Njoku K, Adesuyi A, Akinola M. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil from the iron mines of Itakpe and Agbaja, Kogi State, Nigeria. Pollut 2018; 4(3): 527-38 (In Persian).##14. Jamal A, Delavar MA, Naderi A, Nourieh N, Medi B, Mahvi AH. Distribution and health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil surrounding a lead and zinc smelting plant in Zanjan, Iran. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An Int J 2018.##15. Baldacchini C, Castanheiro A, Maghakyan N, Sgrigna G, Verhelst J, Alonso R, Amorim JH, Bellan P, Bojović DĐ, Breuste J, Bühler O. How does the amount and composition of PM deposited on Platanus acerifolia leaves change across different cities in Europe?. Environ sci & technol 2017; 51(3): 1147-56.##16. Liu E, Yan T, Birch G, Zhu Y. Pollution and health risk of potentially toxic metals in urban road dust in Nanjing, a mega-city of China. Sci the Total Environ 2014; 476: 522-31.##17. Almasoud FI, Usman AR, Al-Farraj AS. Heavy metals in the soils of the Arabian Gulf coast affected by industrial activities: analysis and assessment using enrichment factor and multivariate analysis. Arabian J Geosciences 2015; 8(3): 1691-703.##18. Sposito G, Lund LJ, Chang AC. Trace metal chemistry in arid‐zone field soils amended with sewage sludge: I. Fractionation of Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in solid phases. Soil Sci Society America J 1982; 46(2): 260-4.##19. U.S. EPA. Exposure Factors Handbook: National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Assessment. EPA/600/C-99/001. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1997.##20. Kamalu OJ, Wokocha CC. Land resource inventory and ecological vulnerability: Assessment of Onne area in Rivers State, Nigeria. Research J Environ and earth Sci 2011; 3(5): 438-47.##21. Sadeghdoust F, Ghanavati N, Nazarpour A, Babaenejad T, Watts MJ. Hazard, ecological, and human health risk assessment of heavy metals in street dust in Dezful, Iran. Arabian J Geosciences 2020; 13(17): 1-4.##22. Means B. Risk-assessment guidance for superfund. Volume 1. Human health evaluation manual. Part A. Interim report (Final). Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (USA). Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response 1989.##23. USEPA. Exposure factors handbook 2011 edition. Washington DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency; 1989. Report No.: EPA/600/R- 09/052F.##24. Keshavarzi B, Najmeddin A, Moore F, Moghaddam PA. Risk-based assessment of soil pollution by potentially toxic elements in the industrialized urban and peri-urban areas of Ahvaz metropolis, southwest of Iran. Ecotoxicology and Environ safety 2019; 167: 365-75.##25. Oyeleke PO, Abiodun OA, Salako RA, Odeyemi OE, Abejide TB. Assessment of some heavy metals in the surrounding soils of an automobile battery factory in Ibadan, Nigeria. African Journal of Environ Sci and Technol 2016; 10(1) :1-8.##26. Wu SS, Yang H, Guo F, Han RM. Spatial patterns and origins of heavy metals in Sheyang River catchment in Jiangsu, China based on geographically weighted regression. Sci of the Total Environ 2017; 580: 1518-29.##27. Tepanosyan G, Sahakyan L, Pipoyan D, Saghatelyan A. Risk assessment of heavy metals pollution in urban environment. In: Svalova V., editor. Risk assessment. Zagreb: IntechOpen 2018.## ##

تثبیت و جامدسازی خاک آلوده به سرب با سیمان منیزیم فسفات و سیمان پرتلند Solidification/Stabilization of Lead Contaminated Soil Using Magnesia Phosphate cement and Ordinary Portland cement 1 1 زمینه و هدف: تثبیت و جامدسازی فرایندی کاربردی و کم هزینه در کاهش نشت فلزات سنگین از خاک آلوده می‌باشد. همیندکننده‌های معدنی مانند سیمان منیزیم فسفات و سیمان پرتلند بطور عملیاتی و در مقیاس بزرگ در این فرایند قابل استفاده می‌باشند. در این مطالعه کارایی سیمان منیزیم فسفات و سیمان پرتلند در تثبیت و جامدسازی با یکدیگر مقایسه می‌شوند. مواد و روش‌ها: در این مطالعه خاک مورد استفاده با غلظت های 500، 1000 و 5000 گرم سرب بر کیلوگرم خاک، آلوده شد. سپس از سیمان منیزیم فسفات و سیمان پرتلند با نسبت وزنی سیمان به خاک خشک برابر  25%و %50 برای تثبیت و جامدسازی خاک آلوده به فلز سرب استفاده شد. سپس ملات خاک و سیمان با آب دوبار تقطیر با نسبت وزنی سیمان به آب برابر 5/0 آماده شد. نمونه‌های ساخته شده پس از نگهداری به مدت 7 و 28 روز مورد آزمایش مقاومت فشاری، روش استخراج ویژه سمیت (TCLP)، گیرش اولیه و نهایی و پراش اشعه ایکس(XRD) قرار گرفتند.  یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که استفاده از سیمان منیزیم فسفات به جای سیمان پرتلند سبب کاهش غلظت سرب در شیرابه TCLP، کاهش زمان گیرش و افزایش ظرفیت بافری و تشکیل کریستال‌های حاوی سرب در نمونه می‌شود. بطوریکه در نمونه‌های 28 روزه حاوی خاک با غلظت سرب mg/kg  5000 و نسبت وزنی سیمان به خاک برابر 50% و 25% غلظت سرب در شیرابه TCLP نمونه‌ تثبیت شده با سیمان منیزیم فسفات بترتیب برابر  mg/L 41/0 و mg/L  15/1 و در نمونه‌های تثبیت شده با سیمان پرتلند بترتیب برابر  mg/L 92/4 و  mg/L 04/12 بود. هرچند که استفاده از این نوع سیمان به جای سیمان پرتلند سبب کاهش مقاومت فشاری 7 و 28 روزه شد. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به نتایج این مطالعه استفاده از سیمان منیزیم فسفات به جای سیمان پرتلند در فرایند تثبیت و جامدسازی خاک آلوده سبب کاهش نشت فلزات سنگین به محیط زیست، کاهش زمان گیرش و در نتیجه کاهش هزینه نگهداری، وسایل و تجهیزات خواهد شد. 2 Background and objectives: Solidification/stabilization is an effective technique for reducing the leachability of contaminants in soils. Magnesia phosphate cement and ordinary Portland cement can be used to remediate soils contaminated. In this study, the performance of the solidified/stabilized soil was compared for mixtures composed of magnesia phosphate and ordinary Portland cement. Materials & Methods: In this study, the experimental soil were contaminated with 500, 1000 and 5000 mg/kg of lead. Lead-contaminated soils were stabilized by mixing magnesia phosphate and Portland cement in proportions of 25% and 50% by weight. Cement and soil mortars were prepared with water-to-cement ratio 0.5 of distilled water. The performance was assessed using unconfined compressive strength (UCS), toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), initial and final setting and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). Results: The results showed that use of magnesia phosphate cement instead of Portland cement could significantly reduce the concentration of lead in TCLP leachate, the setting time and increase the buffer capacity and the formation of crystals in samples containing lead. In 28-day samples containing soil with 5000 mg Pb/kg, Pb concentration in TCLP leachate of samples stabilized with 50% and 25% cement had been determined as 0.41 mg/L and 1.15 mg/L for magnesia phosphate cement and 4.92 mg/L and 12.04 mg/L for Portland cement, respectively. However, using this type of cement instead of Portland cement reduces the compressive strength of 7 and 28 days. Conclusion: The substitution of Portland cement with magnesium phosphate cement for stabilization and solidification of contaminated soil revealed a significant decrease in leachability of heavy metals, setting time, maintenance and equipment cost. 257 270 2021/02/32021/02/42021/01/30 1399/11/11 2021/05/172021/05/172021/06/9 1400/3/19 محمد جواد ذوقی Mohamad Javad Zoqi استادیار، دانشکده مهندسی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران ایران محمد رضا دوستی Mohamad Reza Doosti دانشیار، دانشکده مهندسی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران ایران Magnesia phosphate cement Lead Solidification/Stabilization Soil Portland ceme سیمان منیزیم فسفات سرب تثبیت و جامدسازی خاک سیمان پرتلند 1. Sun Y, Zhou Q, Xie X, Liu R. Spatial, sources and risk assessment of heavy metal contamination of urban soils in typical regions of Shenyang, China. J Hazard Mater 2010;174(1-3): 455-62.##2. Chabukdhara M, Nema AK. Heavy metals assessment in urban soil around industrial clusters in Ghaziabad, India: probabilistic health risk approach. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2013;87: 57-64.##3. Vorvolakos T, Arseniou S, Samakouri M. There is no safe threshold for lead exposure: Α literature review. Psychiatriki 2016;27(3): 204-14.##4. Nejad ZD, Jung MC, Kim K-H. Remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals with an emphasis on immobilization technology. Environ Geochem Health 2018;40(3): 927-53.##5. Khalid S, Shahid M, Niazi NK, et al. A comparison of technologies for remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils. J Geochem Explor 2017;182: 247-68.##6. Zoqi MJ, Ganjidoust H, Mokhtarani N, Ayati B. Solidification optimisation of electroplating sludge. Environ Eng Sci 2016;11(2): 33-43.##7. Goodarzi A, Akbari H, Salimi M. Enhanced stabilization of highly expansive clays by mixing cement and silica fume. Appl Clay Sci 2016;132: 675-84.##8. Salimi M, Ilkhani M, Vakili AH. Stabilization treatment of Na-montmorillonite with binary mixtures of lime and steelmaking slag. Int J Geotech Eng 2018: 1-7.##9. Goodarzi AR, Movahedrad M. Stabilization/solidification of zinc-contaminated kaolin clay using ground granulated blast-furnace slag and different types of activators. Appl Geochem 2017;81: 155-65.##10. Mahdikhani M, Khanban M. Utilization of industrial waste residue containing heavy metals as a substitute for fine aggregates. Constr Build Mater 2019;221: 772-86.##11. Ghorbani A, Salimzadehshooiili M. Evaluation of strength behaviour of cement-RHA stabilized and polypropylene fiber reinforced clay-sand mixtures. Civ Eng J 2018;4(11): 2628-41.##12. Kundu S, Aggarwal A, Mazumdar S, Dutt KB. Stabilization characteristics of copper mine tailings through its utilization as a partial substitute for cement in concrete: preliminary investigations. Environ Earth Sci 2016;75(3): 227.##13. Falamaki A, Tavallali H, Eskandari M, Farahmand SR. Immobilizing some heavy metals by mixing contaminated soils with phosphate admixtures. Int J Civ Eng 2016;14(2): 75-81.##14. Yao Z, Ji X, Sarker P, et al. A comprehensive review on the applications of coal fly ash. Earth Sci Rev 2015;141: 105-21.##15. Yakubu Y, Zhou J, Ping D, et al. Effects of pH dynamics on solidification/stabilization of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash. J Environ Manage 2018;207: 243-8.##16. 16. Nikookara M, Lashkamib AJ. Stabilizing the Various Types of Contaminated Soils Using Different Additives-A review. Can J Appl Sci 2015;3(12): 308-21.##17. Mahar A, Ping W, Ronghua L, ZHANG Z. Immobilization of lead and cadmium in contaminated soil using amendments: a review. Pedosphere 2015;25(4): 555-68.##18. Li J, Poon CS. Innovative solidification/stabilization of lead contaminated soil using incineration sewage sludge ash. Chemosphere 2017;173: 143-52.##19. Xu S, Wu X, Cai Y, et al. Strength and leaching characteristics of magnesium phosphate cement-solidified zinc-contaminated soil under the effect of acid rain. Soil Sediment Contam 2018;27(2): 161-74.##20. Haque MA, Chen B. Research progresses on magnesium phosphate cement: A review. Constr Build Mater 2019;211: 885-98.##21. Li Y, Bai W, Shi T. A study of the bonding performance of magnesium phosphate cement on mortar and concrete. Constr Build Mater 2017;142: 459-68.##22. Li Y, Liu N, Chen B. Properties of lightweight concrete composed of magnesia phosphate cement and expanded polystyrene aggregates. Mater Struct 2015;48(1-2): 269-76.##23. del Valle-Zermeño R, Aubert J-E, Laborel-Preneron A, et al. Preliminary study of the mechanical and hygrothermal properties of hemp-magnesium phosphate cements. Constr Build Mater 2016;105: 62-8.##24. Kumpiene J, Lagerkvist A, Maurice C. Stabilization of As, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn in soil using amendments–a review. Waste Manage 2008;28(1): 215-25.##25. Buj I, Torras J, Rovira M, de Pablo J. Leaching behaviour of magnesium phosphate cements containing high quantities of heavy metals. J Hazard Mater 2010;175(1-3): 789-94.##26. Cho JH, Eom Y, Lee TG. Stabilization/solidification of mercury-contaminated waste ash using calcium sodium phosphate (CNP) and magnesium potassium phosphate (MKP) processes. J Hazard Mater 2014;278: 474-82.##27. Cuisinier O, Le Borgne T, Deneele D, Masrouri F. Quantification of the effects of nitrates, phosphates and chlorides on soil stabilization with lime and cement. Eng Geol 2011;117(3-4): 229-35.##28. Deng H, Ye Z, Wong MH. Lead and zinc accumulation and tolerance in populations of six wetland plants. Environ Pollut 2006;141(1): 69-80.##29. Bigdeli M, Seilsepour M. Investigation of metals accumulation in some vegetables irrigated with waste water in Shahre Rey-Iran and toxicological implications. Am Eurasian J Agric Environ Sci 2008;4(1): 86-92.##30. Solgi E, Esmaili-Sari A, Riyahi-Bakhtiari A, Hadipour M. Soil contamination of metals in the three industrial estates, Arak, Iran. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2012;88(4): 634-8.##31. ASTM C. Standard test method for compressive strength of hydraulic cement mortars (using 2-in. or [50-mm] cube specimens). Annual Book of ASTM StandardsAnnual Book of ASTM Standards 2013;4(1): 1-9.##32. Procedure TCL. Test Method 1311, in “Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste. Physical Chemical Methods,” EPA Publication SW‐846.##33. Radovanović DĐ, Kamberović ŽJ, Korać MS, Rogan JR. Solidified structure and leaching properties of metallurgical wastewater treatment sludge after solidification/stabilization process. J Environ Sci Health A 2016;51(1): 34-43.##34. Zhang M-H, Islam J, Peethamparan S. Use of nano-silica to increase early strength and reduce setting time of concretes with high volumes of slag. Cem Concr Compos 2012;34(5): 650-62.##35. Ma H, Xu B. Potential to design magnesium potassium phosphate cement paste based on an optimal magnesia-to-phosphate ratio. Mater Des 2017;118: 81-8.##36. Navarro-Blasco I, Duran A, Sirera R, et al. Solidification/stabilization of toxic metals in calcium aluminate cement matrices. J Hazard Mater 2013;260: 89-103.##37. Argane R, Benzaazoua M, Bouamrane A, Hakkou R. Cement hydration and durability of low sulfide tailings-based renders: a case study in Moroccan constructions. Miner Eng 2015;76: 97-108.##38. Asavapisit S, Naksrichum S, Harnwajanawong N. Strength, leachability and microstructure characteristics of cement-based solidified plating sludge. Cem Concr Res 2005;35(6): 1042-9.##39. Jin F, Al-Tabbaa A. Evaluation of novel reactive MgO activated slag binder for the immobilisation of lead and zinc. Chemosphere 2014;117: 285-94.##40. Du Y-J, Wei M-L, Reddy KR, et al. New phosphate-based binder for stabilization of soils contaminated with heavy metals: leaching, strength and microstructure characterization. J Environ Manage 2014;146: 179-88.##41. Park JH, Bolan N, Megharaj M, Naidu R. Comparative value of phosphate sources on the immobilization of lead, and leaching of lead and phosphorus in lead contaminated soils. Sci Total Environ 2011;409(4): 853-60.##42. Du Y-J, Wei M-L, Jin F, Liu Z-B. Stress–strain relation and strength characteristics of cement treated zinc-contaminated clay. Eng Geol 2013;167: 20-6.##43. Hekal EE, Kishar EA, Mohamed MR, et al. Inertization of lead by using blended cement pastes. HBRC J 2012;8(3): 153-8.##44. Mohan S, Sreelakshmi G. Fixed bed column study for heavy metal removal using phosphate treated rice husk. J Hazard Mater 2008;153(1-2): 75-82.##45. Barbir D, Dabić P, Lisica A. Assessment of the leachability and mechanical stability of mud from a zinc-plating plant and waste zeolite binding with portland cement. 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ارزیابی آلودگی، سمیت و خطرات اکولوژیکی فلزات سنگین در رسوبات سطحی مناطق ساحلی استان بوشهر: یک مطالعه مروری سیستماتیک Contamination, Toxicity and Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments of Coastal Areas of Bushehr Province: A Systematic Review Study 1 1 زمینه و هدف: فلزات­­ سنگین به­ دلیل خطرات اکولوژیکی و سمیت آن­ها برای موجودات زنده به ‌عنوان یکی از آلاینده‌های خطرناک محسوب می­شوند. لذا مطالعه حاضر به ­منظور بررسی میزان آلودگی، سمیت و خطرات اکولوژیکی فلزات ­سنگین در رسوبات سطحی سواحل استان بوشهر با استفاده از روش سیستماتیک صورت گرفت. مواد و روش­ها: جهت انجام این مطالعه مروری، میزان غلظت فلزات­ در رسوبات سواحل بوشهر با جستجوی مقالات منتشر شده طی 9 سال (2020-2012) از طریق پایگاه­های اطلاعاتی Springer، Google Scholar، ProQuest، Web of Science، SID و Magiran به­دست آمد. در نهایت، بررسی جامع آلودگی، سمیت و خطرات فلزات در رسوبات با استفاده از شاخص­های متعدد صورت گرفت. یافته­ها: در نتیجه بررسی مطالعات استخراج شده از پایگاه­های داده، 24 مقاله انتخاب گردید. نتایج بررسی نشان داد که میانگین غلظت فلزات در رسوبات به ترتیب به صورت Zn>Ni>Cr>Cu>Pb>Cd می­باشد و میزان شاخص بار آلودگی فلزات در رسوبات سواحل مختلف از 15/0 تا 99/1 متغیر است. روند خطر اکولوژیکی برای فلزات نیز به صورت Cd>Pb>Ni>Cu>Cr>Zn مشاهده شد و میزان خطر محیط­زیستی بالقوه فلزات در محدوده 38/257- 76/3 به دست آمد. به­علاوه نتایج آنالیز واحد سمیت و ارزیابی خطر اصلاح شده فلزات نشان داد میزان سمیت و خطر از سمیت و آلودگی خیلی کم تا شدیداً آلوده متغیر است. نتیجه­گیری: براساس یافته­ها از دیدگاه کنترل سمیت و خطرات اکولوژیکی، لازم است از انتقال فلزات به ویژه Cd، Pb و Ni ناشی از فعالیت­های انسانی غالب در محدوده سواحل بوشهر جلوگیری شود. هم­چنین با توجه به بیشترین میزان بار آلودگی و خطرات اکولوژیکی در بیدخون - عسلویه باید تعیین منابع آلودگی جهت کنترل و مدیریت مؤثر ورود آلاینده­ها در این منطقه صورت گیرد. 2 Background: Heavy metals due to their ecological risks and high toxicity to living organisms are considered as one of the most dangerous pollutants. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the level of pollution, toxicity and the ecological risks of heavy metals in the coastal surface sediments of Bushehr province using systematic review. Methods: To conduct this review study, the concentration level of heavy metals in the surface sediments of Bushehr coastal was obtained by searching for published studies during the 9 years (2012-2020) through databases (Springer, Google Scholar, ProQuest, Web of Science, SID, Magiran). Finally, a comprehensive description of heavy metal pollution, toxicity and risks in coastal sediments was investigated using various indicators. Results: As a result of reviewing the extracted studies from the databases, 24 papers were selected. The survey results showed that the order of mean concentration of heavy metals in sediments was as Zn>Ni>Cr>Cu>Pb>Cd, and the amount of metals Pollution load index in different coastal sediments ranged from 0.15 to 1.99. The order of ecological risks for metals was observed as Cd>Pb>Ni>Cu>Cr>Zn, and the potential ecological risks for metals was obtained in the range of 3.76-257.38. In addition, the results of Toxic unit analysis and modified Hazard quotient of metals showed that the degree of toxicity and risk of contamination varies from very low to severely contaminated. Conclusion: Based on the findings from the perspective of toxicity control and ecological risks of metals, it is necessary to prevent the transfer of heavy metals, especially Cd, Pb and Ni due to dominant human activities in the coastal areas of Bushehr. Also, due to the maximum pollution load and ecological risks in Bidkhon (Assaluyeh) coasts, pollution sources should be determined to effectively control and manage the entry of pollutants in this area. 271 291 2021/02/32021/02/42021/01/302020/12/27 1399/10/7 2021/05/172021/05/172021/06/92021/05/1 1400/2/11 مسعود حاتمی منش Masoud Hatami-manesh دانشجوی دکترای محیط زیست و کارشناس اکولوژی محیط‌های آبی سازمان محیط‌زیست کشور، تهران، ایران ایران فریبا هدایت زاده Fariba Hedayatzadeh دانشجوی دکترای محیط‌زیست، گروه محیط‌زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط‌زیست، دانشگاه ملایر، همدان، ایران ایران ناهید محمودی Nahid Mahmoodi کارشناسی ارشد محیط‌زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران ایران Heavy metals Surface sediments Ecological risks mHQ Coastal of Bushehr province فلزات سنگین رسوبات سطحی خطرات اکولوژیکی شاخص mHQ سواحل بوشهر. 1. Vareda JP, Valente AJ, Durães L. Assessment of heavy metal pollution from anthropogenic activities and remediation strategies: A review. 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بررسی باکتری های لژیونلا پنوموفیلا در سیستم های آبرسانی بیمارستان Investigation of Legionella Pneumophila bacteria in hospital water supply systems 1 1 مقدمه:  یکی از مهمترین عوامل ایجاد کننده عفونت های بیمارستانی که از عوامل مهم مرگ و میر های بیمارستانی نیز تلقی می‌گردد،  باکتری لژیونلا می باشد. بنابراین هدف از این مطالعه  شناسایی باکتری  لژیونلا در سیستم های آبرسانی بیمارستانی بود. روش کار: این مطالعه به صورت توصیفی مقطعی به منظور شناسایی لژیونلا پنوموفیلا در سیستم های آب سرد و گرم بخش های مهم و حساس بیمارستان امام خمینی شهرستان دیواندره (نوزادان، دیالیز، زایمان، جراحی زنان و  جراحی مردان) انجام گردید. تعداد کل 60 نمونه از بخش های مذکور جمع آوری گردید. نتایج: مطابق نتایج به دست آمده از این مطالعه، مجموعا در 17 نمونه (28 درصد)  از کل نمونه ها، آلودگی ناشی از باکتری های لژیونلا پنوموفیلا در سیستم های آبرسانی شامل دوش های آب گرم و شیر آب سرد بخش  نوزادان، دیالیز، زایمان، جراحی زنان و  جراحی مردان گزارش شد. نتیجه‌گیری: نبود سیستم مناسب جهت تصفیه آب، پایین بودن میزان کلر باقیمانده، وجود بیوفیلم در سیستم آبرسانی و محدوده دمایی مناسب رشد این باکتری را میتوان از دلایل عمده آلودگی لژیونلا در بیمارستان مورد مطالعه نام برد. 2 Introduction: Legionella Pneumophila bacteria is known as one of the most important nosocomial infections and the most common cause of death in patients. This study was aimed to identify Legionella Pneumophila bacteria in hospital water supply systems. Material and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed to identify Legionella pneumophila in hot and cold-water systems of important and sensitive wards of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Divandareh city (neonatal, dialysis, obstetric, gynecological and men's surgery). A total of 60 samples were collected from these sections. Results: According to the results of this study, a total of 17 (28%) of all samples were infected by Legionella pneumophila bacteria in water supply systems including hot showers and cold water in neonatal, dialysis, delivery, surgery. gynecology and men's surgery wards were identified. Conclusion: Lack of proper water treatment system, low residual chlorine content, and presence of biofilm in water supply system and proper temperature range of growth with this bacterium could be the major causes of Legionella contamination in the studied hospital. 292 300 2021/02/32021/02/42021/01/302020/12/272021/04/5 1400/1/16 2021/05/172021/05/172021/06/92021/05/12021/06/11 1400/3/21 مریم مرادنیا Maryam Moradnia مرکز تحقیقات عوامل اجتماعی مؤثر بر سلامت، پژوهشکده توسعه سلامت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کردستان، سنندج، ایران- گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران ایران شنو قادری Sheno Ghaderi مرکز تحقیقات عوامل اجتماعی مؤثر بر سلامت، پژوهشکده توسعه سلامت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کردستان، سنندج، ایران ایران محمد نوری سپهر Mohammad Noorisepehr مرکز تحقیقات بهداشت، ایمنی و محیط(RCHSE) ، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج، ایران ایران مهدی سالاری Mehdi Salari گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی همدان، همدان، ایران ایران دلنیا خانی Delnniya khani مرکز تحقیقات عوامل اجتماعی مؤثر بر سلامت، پژوهشکده توسعه سلامت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کردستان، سنندج، ایران ایران محمد درویش متولی Mohammad Darvishmotevalli مرکز تحقیقات بهداشت، ایمنی و محیط(RCHSE) ، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج، ایران ایران Infection Legionella Hospital عفونت لژیونلا بیمارستان 1. 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توسعه روشی برای ارزیابی عملکرد زیست‌محیطی بنادر بر مبنای فرآیند تحلیل سلسله مراتبی فازی (FAHP) Development of a method for evaluating the environmental performance of ports based on the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) 1 1 زمینه و هدف: ارزیابی عملکرد زیست‌محیطی بنادر به عنوان یکی از دو بخش اصلی در سیستم حمل‌ونقل دریایی دارای اهمیت زیادی می‌باشد. این مطالعه با هدف توسعه روشی برای ارزیابی عملکرد زیست‌محیطی بنادر مبتنی بر تحلیل سلسله مراتبی فازی طراحی و انجام شده است. مواد و روش‌ها: مطالعه حاضر با مشارکت 22 نفر از متخصصین در زمینه­های محیط زیست و علوم دریایی و در سال­ 1399 انجام شده است. گام‌های مطالعه شامل بررسی جامع متون، طراحی پرسشنامه‌ ارزیابی عملکرد زیست‌محیطی و توسعه روش ارزیابی عملکرد زیست‌محیطی در بنادر مبتنی بر فرآیند تحلیل سلسله مراتبی فازی بود. یافته­ها: بر اساس نتایج تحلیل سلسله مراتبی فازی وزن‌ نهایی نرمال شده برای شش فاکتور عملکرد زیست‌محیطی شامل عملکرد واکنشی، عملکرد کنشی، پایداری، اجتماعی-فرهنگی، اقتصادی و حاکمیتی به ترتیب 202/0،  241/0، 226/0، 070/0، 080/0 و 182/0 برآورد گردید. بعلاوه، مشخص گردید هر یک از پارامترها در فاکتورهای موثر بر عملکرد زیست‌محیطی دارای وزن و تاثیرگذاری متفاوت می‌باشد .بیشترین و کمترین تاثیر بر شاخص عملکرد زیست‌محیطی در این مطالعه متعلق به پارامترهای  ارزیابی ریسک زیست‌محیطی با وزن 217/0 (فاکتور عملکرد کنشی) و تاثیرات فرهنگی و عدالت با وزن 107/0 (فاکتور اجتماعی-فرهنگی) بود. نتیجه‌گیری: در این مطالعه یک روش جدید برای ارزیابی عملکرد زیست‌محیطی بنادر مبتنی بر 6 فاکتور و 32 پارامتر و همچنین بر اساس مبنای فرآیند تحلیل سلسله مراتبی فازی توسعه یافته است. لذا، استفاده از این روش می‌تواند گامی موثر در راستای ارتقا سطح عملکرد زیست‌محیطی در بنادر برای رسیدن به هدف "بندر سبز" باشد. 2 Background: Evaluating ports' environmental performance as one of the two main parts of the maritime transport system is of great importance. This study was designed and conducted to develop a method for evaluating ports' environmental performance based on the fuzzy analytical hierarchical process. Method: The present study was conducted in 2020 with the participation of 22 experts in the field of environment and marine sciences. The study steps included a comprehensive review of the literature, design of an environmental performance evaluation questionnaire, development of a questionnaire in a Delphi study, and a method for evaluating environmental performance in ports based on a fuzzy hierarchical analysis process. Results: Based on the results of the fuzzy analytical hierarchical process, the final normalized weight for six factors of environmental performance, including reactive performance, active performance, sustainability, socio-cultural, economic, and governance, were estimated to be 0.202, 0.241, 0.226, 0.070, 0.080 and 0.182 respectively. Besides, it was found that each of the parameters in the factors affecting the environmental performance has a different weight and impact. The highest and lowest effects on the environmental performance index in this study belonged to the environmental risk assessment parameters with a weight of 0.217 (active performance factor) and cultural and justice effects with a weight of 0.107 (socio-cultural factor). Conclusion: In this study, a novel method for evaluating ports' environmental performance has been developed based on 6 factors and 32 parameters, and the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process approach. Therefore, using this method can be a practical step towards improving the level of environmental performance in ports to achieve the goal of "green port." 301 313 2021/02/32021/02/42021/01/302020/12/272021/04/52021/01/26 1399/11/7 2021/05/172021/05/172021/06/92021/05/12021/06/112021/05/22 1400/3/1 علی جان علی اکبری Alijan Ali Akbari دانشجوی دکتری مدیریت محیط زیست، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، ایران ایران فرزام بابایی سمیرمی Farzam Babaei Samiromi استادیار، گروه مدیریت محیط زیست، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، ایران ایران رضا ارجمندی Reza Arjmandi دانشیار، گروه مدیریت محیط زیست، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، ایران ایران معصومه شجاعی Masoumeh Shojaei استادیار، گروه مهندسی محیط زیست، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد پرند، تهران، ایران ایران Environmental Performance Environmental Impacts Green Port Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Fuzzy Logic. عملکرد زیست‌محیطی؛ اثرات زیست‌محیطی بندر سبز؛ تحلیل سلسله مراتبی؛ منطق فازی 1. 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[in persian]##6. Shi W, Li KX. Themes and tools of maritime transport research during 2000-2014. Marit. Policy Manag. 2017; 44(2): 151-69.##7. Lam JSL, Cullinane KPB, Lee PT-W. The 21st-century Maritime Silk Road: challenges and opportunities for transport management and practice. Taylor & Francis; 2018. 124.##8. Woo J-K, Moon DS, Lam JSL. The impact of environmental policy on ports and the associated economic opportunities. Transp Res Part A Policy Pract. 2018; 110: 234-42.##9. Poulsen RT, Ponte S, Sornn-Friese H. Environmental upgrading in global value chains: The potential and limitations of ports in the greening of maritime transport. Geoforum. 2018; 89: 83-95.##10. Lee PT-W, Kwon OK, Ruan X. Sustainability challenges in maritime transport and logistics industry and its way ahead. MDPI; 2019. 84-98.##11. Wan C, Zhang D, Yan X, Yang Z. A novel model for the quantitative evaluation of green port development–A case study of major ports in China. TRANSPORT RES D-TR E. 2018; 61: 431-43.##12. Pavlic B, Cepak F, Sucic B, Peckaj M, Kandus B. Sustainable port infrastructure, practical implementation of the green port concept. Therm. Sci. 2014; 18(3): 935-48.##13. Sheu J-B, Hu T-L, Lin S-R. The Key Factors of Green Port in Sustainable Development. Pakistan J. Stat. 2013; 29 (5): 45-58.##14. Teerawattana R, Yang Y-C. Environmental performance indicators for green port policy evaluation: case study of Laem Chabang port. Asian J. Shipp. Logist. 2019; 35(1): 63-9.##15. Venkatesh S, Sriraman V. A Notional Research On Implementing Green Port Strategy At The New Mangalore Port Trust. Int. J. Manag. 2020; 11(10): 1210-1220.##16. Lawer ET, Herbeck J, Flitner M. Selective adoption: How port authorities in Europe and West Africa Engage with the globalizing ‘Green Port’idea. Sustainability. 2019; 11(18): 5119.##17. Jägerbrand AK, Brutemark A, Svedén JB, Gren M. A review on the environmental impacts of shipping on aquatic and nearshore ecosystems. Sci. Total Environ. 2019; 695: 133637.##18. 18. Shi W, Xiao Y, Chen Z, McLaughlin H, Li KX. Evolution of green shipping research: themes and methods. Marit. Policy Manag. 2018; 45(7): 863-76.##19. Zheng G, Zhu N, Tian Z, Chen Y, Sun B. Application of a trapezoidal fuzzy AHP method for work safety evaluation and early warning rating of hot and humid environments. Saf. Sci. 2012; 50(2): 228-39.##20. Zhou Q, Huang W, Zhang Y. Identifying critical success factors in emergency management using a fuzzy DEMATEL method. Saf. Sci. 2011; 49(2): 243-52.##21. Chang D-Y. Applications of the extent analysis method on fuzzy AHP. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 1996;95(3):649-55.##22. Mohammadfam I, Aliabadi MM, Soltanian AR, Tabibzadeh M, Mahdinia M. Investigating interactions among vital variables affecting situation awareness based on Fuzzy DEMATEL method. Int. J. Ind. Ergon. 2019; 74: 1028-42.##23. Saaty TL. 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بررسی و مقایسه پارامترهای فیزیکوشیمیایی و زیستی بین کمپوست و ورمی کمپوست تهیه شده به‌روش ویندرو از لجن هاضم هوازی تصفیه‌خانه فاضلاب شهر همدان Investigation and Comparison of physicochemical and microbiological parameters between compost and vermicompost producing through windrow method from aerobic digestion sludge of Hamedan wastewater treatment plant 1 1 زمینه و هدف: تولید کمپوست یک فرآیند تصفیه زیستی پسماندهای جامد آلی است که برای بازیابی و کاهش حجم مواد زائد و برنامه تثبیت کاربرد دارد. هدف این مطالعه مقایسه پارامترهای فیزیکوشیمیایی و زیستی بین کمپوست و ورمی کمپوست تولیدی به روش ویندرو از لجن هاضم هوازی تصفیه‌خانه فاضلاب شهر همدان بوده است. مواد و روش­ها: با استفاده از روش ویندرو، نسبت به تولید کمپوست از لجن بستر دفعی لجن خشک­کن (لاگون) تصفیه­خانه فاضلاب شهر همدان و مخلوط کردن با مواد حجیم کننده اقدام شد. همزمان، تولید ورمی کمپوست از لجن دفعی با بکار گیری کرم خراطین (Eisenia fetida) در طی مدت 15 هفته انجام شد. تجزیه و تحلیل داده- هـا بـا اسـتفاده از نـرم افـزار SPSS انجام شد.   یافته­ها: تفاوت معنی داری در پارامترهای نسبت کربن به ازت (C/N)، pH، رطوبت، خاکستر، مواد آلی و سدیم بین دو نوع کود کمپوست و ورمی کمپوست وجود نداشت در حالی که، از نظر مقادیر عناصر مس، کادمیوم، نیکل، سرب، روی و همچنین پارامترهای دما، کربن، نیتروژن، فسفر، منیزیم، کلسیم، مجموع کلیفرم و کلیفرم مدفوعی بین دو نوع کود کمپوست و ورمی کمپوست تولیدی از لجن هاضم هوازی تفاوت معنی دار وجود داشت. همچنین، میانگین غلظت فلزات سنگین در هر دو نوع کود کمپوست و ورمی کمپوست تولیدی از لجن هاضم هوازی کمتر از حد استاندارد EPA بود. نتیجه گیری: نتایج نشان داد که مقادیر فلزات نیکل و سرب، عناصر غذایی کربن، نیتروژن، فسفر، منیزیم و جمعیت میکروبی کلیفرم مدفوعی در کمپوست تولیدی بیشتر از ورمی کمپوست و مقادیر فلزات مس، کادمیوم و روی و جمعیت میکروبی مجموع کلیفرم در ورمی کمپوست بیشتر از کمپوست تولیدی بوده است. بنابراین، می­توان اذعان داشت که هر دو کود کمپوست از کیفیت مناسبی برای استفاده در کشاورزی و فضای سبز برخوردارند.   2 Background & Objective: Compost production is a biological treatment process of organic solid wastes that are used to recovering and volume reducing waste and stabilization programs. The aim of this study was to compare physicochemical and microbiological parameters between compost and vermicompost producing through windrow method from aerobic digestion sludge of Hamedan wastewater treatment plant. Materials & Methods: By using the Windrow method, act to produce compost from the sludge of excreted bed of dryer sludge (lagoon) of Hamedan wastewater treatment plant and mixing with bulk materials. At the same time with this activity, vermicompost production from excreted sludge carried out by using Eisenia fetida for 15 weeks. All statistical analyses were done by SPSS software. Results: There is no significant difference in C/N ratio, pH, moisture, ash, organic matter and sodium parameters between compost and vermicompost, but there is a significant difference in Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb, Zn and temperature, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, total and fecal coliform parameters between compost and vermicompost producing from aerobic digestion sludge. Also, the average concentrations of heavy metals in both compost and vermicompost produced from aerobic digestion sludge were lower than the MPC established by EPA. Conclusion: Concentrations showed that Ni and Pb, C, N, P, Mg values and microbial population of fecal coliform in producing compost is more from vermicompost and Ni and Cu, Cd, Zn amounts and microbial population of total coliform in producing vermicompost is more from compost producing. Therefore, it is concluded that both compost fertilizers could be appropriate quality for agricultural and horticultural uses. 314 328 2021/02/32021/02/42021/01/302020/12/272021/04/52021/01/262021/04/3 1400/1/14 2021/05/172021/05/172021/06/92021/05/12021/06/112021/05/222021/06/7 1400/3/17 عیسی سلامی ناصریان Eisa Salami Naserian دانشجوی دکترای تخصصی محیط‌زیست، دانشکده علوم پایه، واحد همدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، همدان، ایران ایران مهرداد چراغی Mehrdad Cheraghi دکترای تخصصی علوم محیط‌زیست، دانشیار گروه محیط‌زیست، دانشکده علوم پایه، واحد همدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، همدان، ایران بهاره لرستانی Bahareh Lorestani دکترای تخصصی علوم محیط‌زیست، دانشیار گروه محیط‌زیست، دانشکده علوم پایه، واحد همدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، همدان، ایران سهیل سبحان اردکانی Soheil Sobhanardakani دکترای تخصصی علوم محیط‌زیست، استاد گروه محیط‌زیست، دانشکده علوم پایه، واحد همدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، همدان، ایران ایران مریم کیانی صدر Maryam Kiani Sadr دکترای تخصصی علوم محیط‌زیست، استادیار گروه محیط‌زیست، دانشکده علوم پایه، واحد همدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، همدان، ایران ایران Physicochemical and microbiological parameters Solid waste Wastewater sludge Compost Eisenia fetida پارامترهای فیزیکوشیمیایی و میکروبی پسماند لجن فاضلاب کمپوست کرم خراطین. 1. Izrail S, Turovskiy DSC, Jeffrey D, et al. Recent advancements in wastewater sludge composting. Water Eng Manage 2002; 3: 45-52.##2. Atiyeh RM, Domínguez J, Subler S, et al. Changes in biochemical properties of cow manure during processing therby earthworms (Eisenia andrei, Bouché) and the effects on seedling grow. Pedosphere 2000; 44(6): 709-24.##3. Eftoda G, McCartney D. Determining the critical bulking agent requirement for municipal biosolids composting. Compost Sci Utiliz 2004; 12: 208-16. ##4. Francou C, Poitrenaud M, Houot S. Stabilization of organic matter during composting: influence of process and feedstocks. Compost Sci Utiliz 2005; 13(1): 72-83.##5. Zazouli MA, Yazdani J, Khanbabaee M. Investigation of compost quality of Babol (Mazandaran), Aq Qala (Golestan) and Rasht (Gilan) compost plants and comparison with the standards. J Res Environ Health 2020; 5(4): 341-52 (In Persian).##6. D'Imporzano G, Crivelli F, Adani F. 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بررسی ریسک اکولوژیک و نسبت قابل جذب برخی فلزات سنگین در پسماندهای حفاری میدان نفتی اهواز در سال 1398 Investigation of Ecological Risk (ER) and Available Ratio (AR) of some heavy metals in drill cutting of Ahvaz Oil Field in 2019 1 1 زمینه و هدف: پسماندهای حفاری یکی از بزرگ‌ترین حجم زباله‌های تولید شده در فعالیت‌های اکتشاف و تولید نفت و گاز می­باشند که حاوی مواد سمی و به‌خصوص فلزات سنگین بوده که به طور بالقوه برای اکوسیستم ضرر دارند. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی شاخص­های آلودگی، نسبت قابل جذب و ریسک اکولوژیک برخی فلزات سنگین در پسماندهای حفاری میدان نفتی اهواز در جنوب غربی ایران است. مواد و روش­ها: 30 نمونه پسماند حفاری از 6 چاه در 6 عمق مختلف (1200-2350) جمع‌آوری گردید و  به  آزمایشگاه منتقل شد. مقدار کل و قابل­جذب عناصر با تیزاب سلطانی و DTPA استخراج و با دستگاه طیف سنج نوری پلاسمای جفت القائی (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry:ICP-OES) و طیف‌سنجی جذب اتمی (Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: AAS) اندازه‌گیری شد. همچنین پارامترهای فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک شامل میزان مواد آلی، EC و pH اندازه­گیری شد. یافته­ها: میانگین غلظت کل استرانسیم، باریم، روی، مس، سرب و کادمیوم در نمونه­های پسماند حفاری موردمطالعه به ترتیب 1212، 1413، 66/117، 83/209، 66/342، 36/2 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم و مقادیر قابل جذب این عناصر 29/12، 50/0، 14/5، 71/14، 80/23 و 46/0 میلی­گرم بر کیلوگرم اندازه‌گیری شد. بیشترین مقدار فاکتور غنی شدگی 61/20 مربوط به سرب، بیشترین مقدار شاخص آلودگی 15/9 مربوط به کادمیوم بود. بیشترین نسبت قابل جذب 40/26 نیز مربوط به کادمیوم بود. میزان ریسک اکولوژیکی 91/852 محاسبه شد. همین‌طور بین نسبت قابل­جذب سرب و کادمیوم و باریم با اسیدیته، همبستگی منفی وجود دارد. نتیجه­گیری: میانگین مقادیر شــاخص ریسک اکولوژیکی عناصــر مورد بررسی درپسماند های حفاری  میدان نفتی اهواز در محدوده ریسک پتانسیل اکولوژیکی خیلی زیاد قرار داشــت. نتایج به‌دست‌آمده از فاکتور غنی شدگی و شاخص آلودگی ، نشان داد که منبع آلودگی فلزات مورد مطالعه فعالیت‌های انسان‌زاد از قبیل فعالیت‌های حفاری نفتی در منطقه موردمطالعه است از این رو نظارت مستمر بر غلظت آلاینده‌های فلزی در گل حفاری و همچنین استفاده از روش‌های تثبیت فلزات سنگین در مناطق مورد حفاری ضروری است. 2   Background: Drill cutting is one of the largest volumes of waste generated in oil and gas exploration and production activities, which contain toxic substances, especially heavy metals, which are potentially harmful to the ecosystem. This study aimed to investigate the pollution indices, available ratio, and ecological risk of some heavy metals in the Drill cutting of the Ahvaz oil field in southwestern Iran. Methods: 30 samples of drill cutting were collected from 6 wells in 6 different depths (1250-2350 m), and there were sent to the laboratory. The total and available concentration of metals extracted by Aqua Regia method and by DTPA extracting solution and metals were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry(AAS). The soil chemical and physical parameters such as organic matter, EC, and pH were also measured. Results: The mean total concentration (Sr, Ba, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd) in the drill cutting samples studied 1212, 1413, 117.66, 209.83, 342.66, 2.36 mg/Kg, respectively and the available amounts of these elements 12.29, 0.50, 5.14, 14.71, 23.80 and 0.46 mg/kg were measured. The highest amount of enrichment factor 20.61 was related to Pb and the highest amount of pollution index 9.15 was related to Cd, respectively. The highest available ratio (26.40) was related to Cd. The environmental risk potential index (852.91) showed that drill cuttings have very high environmental potential risk. Also, there is a negative correlation between pH and the availability ratios of Pb, Cd, and Ba in drill cutting(p<0.05). Conclusion: The average values ​​of the potential ecological risk index (RI)  of the studied elements in the drill cutting of the Ahvaz oil field were in the range of very high environmental potential risk. The results obtained from the enrichment factor(EF) and the pollution index(PI) showed that the source of contamination of the studied metals is anthropogenic activities such as oil drilling activities in the study area. Therefore, continuous monitoring of the concentration of metal contaminants in the drill cuttings as well as the use of heavy metal stabilization methods in the drilled areas is essential. 329 342 2021/02/32021/02/42021/01/302020/12/272021/04/52021/01/262021/04/32021/01/28 1399/11/9 2021/05/172021/05/172021/06/92021/05/12021/06/112021/05/222021/06/72021/05/24 1400/3/3 زهره لجمیری اورک Zohre Lajmiri Orak گروه علوم محیط‌زیست، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران ایران سیما سبز علی‌پور Sima Sabzalipour گروه علوم محیط‌زیست، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران ایران ابراهیم پناه پور Ebrahim Panahpour گروه علوم خاک، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران ایران سینا عطار روشن Sina Attarroshan گروه علوم محیط‌زیست، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران ایران هامان توکلی Haman Tavakkoli گروه شیمی، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران ایران Heavy metals Pollution factors Ecological Risk Assessment فلزات سنگین شاخص آلودگی ارزیابی ریسک اکولوژیکی 1. 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