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اثر اقدامات حفاظتی در برابر شیوع ویروس کرونا بر کمیت و کیفیت فاضلاب شهری Impact of Coronavirus Spread Prevention Actions on Sewage Quantity and Quality 1 1 هدف: اقدامات حفاظتی در برابر شیوع ویروس کرونا، مانند افزایش دفعات شستشوی دست‌ها، تعطیلی‌های موقت، ایجاد ممنوعیت عبور و مرور و کاهش فعالیت‌های تفریحی و صنعتی در مقیاس کلان و با تغییر رفتار‌های اجتماعی می‌تواند بر ویژگی‌های کمی و کیفی فاضلاب خام شهری اثرگذار باشد. در پژوهش حاضر، فرضیه فوق مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفته و  شرایط بهره‌برداری مناسب از تصفیه‌خانه‌ها متناسب با این تغییرات پیشنهاد می‌شود. مواد و روش‌ها: بدین منظور، اطلاعات کمی و کیفی جریان ورودی به 23 تصفیه‌خانه فاضلاب شهری در استان اصفهان، بعنوان محدوده مورد مطالعه، از سال 1394 تا 1399 بررسی و مقایسه شده است. برای تحلیل اطلاعات از روش‌های آماری با نرم‌افزار SPSS (نسخه 23) استفاده می‌شود. یافته‌ها: نتایج بررسی‌ها نشان می‌دهد که بطور متوسط، نرخ افزایش دبی فاضلاب شهری در شش ماه نخست 1399 (دوره شیوع کرونا و اعمال اقدامات حفاظتی عمومی) حدوداً 24% بیشتر از میانگین بلندمدت این مولفه پیش از شیوع کرونا (1394 تا 1398) در این محدوده جغرافیایی است. در تصفیه‌خانه‌های کوچک این افزایش 45% و در تصفیه خانه های بزرگ فقط 5% می‌باشد. بررسی‌ها نشان داد که غلظت اکسیژن‌خواهی شیمیایی (COD) فاضلاب ورودی به تصفیه‌خانه‌ها نیز بطور متوسط 24% افت داشته است. همچنین در تصفیه‌خانه‌های بزرگ، نسبت ترکیبات زودتجزیه‌پذیر فاضلاب خام بدلیل کاهش نسبی فعالیت‌های کارگاهی و خدماتی افزایش قابل ملاحظه‌ای در این دوره داشته است. نتیجه‌گیری: بنابراین مجموعه اقدامات حفاظتی در دوره شیوع ویروس کرونا باعث شده است تا دبی فاضلاب شهری افزایش و غلظت COD آن کاهش یابد. این تغییرات نسبتاً شرایط بهره‌برداری مناسب‌تری را برای سیستم‌های برکه تثبیت در مقایسه با لجن فعال فراهم می‌کند. 2 Spread prevention actions (SPAs) during Coronavirus pandemic period, such as increased hand-washing, temporary lock-downs, preventions in transportation, and the reduction of recreational and industrial activities may change the routines in social behaviors. Accordingly, SPAs can be effective on the quality and quantity of raw municipal wastewater. This research evaluates the aforementioned hypothesis and recommends solutions for the proper operation of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs).  Methods: For this purpose, the quantity and quality of sewage in 23 municipal WWTPs in Isfahan province, as the study area, were surveyed and compared from 2015 to 2020. SPSS software (version 23) was used for statistical analysis. Results: Results indicated that the annual growth rate of sewage discharged in the spring and summer of 2020 (period of SPAs) in the study area is 24% more than the average of annual growth rate in long-term (2015-2019). This increase is 45% in small WWTPs, while it is only 5% in large WWTPs. Results also revealed that the concentration of chemical oxidation demand (COD) of sewage was reduced 24% on average in this period. In addition, the biodegradability of wastewater is increased in large WWTPs mainly due to the decrease of industrial activities. Conclusion: Therefore, SPAs in the pandemic period of Coronavirus could increase the quantity of municipal wastewater and reduce its COD concentrations. These variations may provide more appropriate operational conditions for waste stabilization ponds rather than activated sludge units. 343 357 2021/02/28 1399/12/10 2021/07/5 1400/4/14 حامد یزدیان Hamed Yazdian ستادیار گروه مهندسی عمران، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران ایران شروین جمشیدی Shervin Jamshidi ستادیار گروه مهندسی عمران، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران ایران Coronavirus COVID-19 Isfahan Wastewater treatment Water consumption اصفهان تصفیه فاضلاب مصرف آب کووید-19 ویروس کرونا 1. WHO, Modes of transmission of virus causing COVID-19: implications for IPC precaution recommendations. Scientific brief. 29 March 2020; World Health Organization.##2. Amoah I D, Kumari S, Bux F. Coronaviruses in wastewater processes: Source, fate and potential risks. Environ Int 2020; 143: 105962.##3. Thompson J R, Nancharaiah Y V, Gu X, et al. Making waves: Wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 for population-based health management. Water Res 2020; 184: 116181.##4. Hung LS. The SARS epidemic in Hong Kong: what lessons have we learned? J Roy Soc Med 2003; 96: 374–378.##5. Casanova L, Rutala W A, Weber D J, Sobsey M D. Survival of surrogate coronaviruses in water, Water Res 2009; 43: 1893-1898.##6. Gundy P M, Gerba C P, Pepper I L. Survival of coronavirus in water and wastewater. Food Environ Virol 2009: 1(1): 10-14.##7. Bogler A, Packman A, Furman A. et al. Rethinking wastewater risks and monitoring in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. Nat Sustain 2020; 3: 981–990.##8. Collivignarelli M C, Collivignarelli C, Carnevale Miino M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 in sewer systems and connected facilities. Process Saf Environ 2020; 143: 196–203.##9. Elsamadony M, Fujii M, Miura T, Watanabe T. Possible transmission of viruses from contaminated human feces and sewage: Implications for SARS-CoV-2. Sci Total Environ 2021; 755: 142575.##10. Ahmed W, Angel N, Edson J, et al. First confirmed detection of SARSCoV-2 in untreated wastewater in Australia: a proof of concept for the wastewater surveillance of COVID-19 in the community. Sci Total Environ 2020; 728: 138764.##11. Hata A, Honda R. Potential sensitivity of wastewater monitoring for SARS-CoV-2: comparison with Norovirus cases, Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54(11): 6451–6452.##12. Kitajima M, Ahmed W, Bibby K, et al. SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater: state of the knowledge and research Needs. Sci Total Environ 2020; 739: 139076.##13. Arsalan M, Xu B, El-Din M G. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via fecal-oral and aerosols–borne routes: Environmental dynamics and implications for wastewater management in underprivileged societies. Sci Total Environ 2020; 743: 140709.##14. Yang W, Cai C, Dai X. The potential exposure and transmission risk of SARS-CoV-2 through sludge treatment and disposal. Resour Conserv Recy 2020; 162: 105043.##15. Zand A D, Heir A V. Environmental impacts of new Coronavirus outbreak in Iran with an emphasis on waste management sector. J Mater Cycles Waste 2021; 23: 240–247.##16. Kalbusch A, Henning E, Brikalski M P, et al. Impact of coronavirus (COVID-19) spread-prevention actions on urban water consumption. Resour Conserv Recy 2020; 163: 105098.##17. Eastman L, Smull E, Patterson L, Doyle M. COVID-19 Impacts on Water Utility Consumption and Revenues through June 2020. Raftelis 2020; DUKE University.##18. Gholipour S., Mohammadi F., Nikaeen M., et al. COVID-19 infection risk from exposure to aerosols of wastewater treatment plants. Chemosphere 2021; 273: 129701.##19. Larsen D A. Wigginton K R. Tracking COVID-19 with wastewater. Nat Biotechnol 2020; 38, 1151-1153.##20. Khastoo H R, Hassani A H, Mafigholami R, Mahmoudkhani R. Evaluating the Optimal Operating Conditions of MBR for Domestic Wastewater Treatment. J Environ Health Eng, 2021; 8(2): 96-107.##21. APHA. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 21th ed. American Public Health Association, Washington DC, USA 2005.##22. Collivignarelli M C, Abbà A, Bertanza G, et al. Lockdown for CoViD-2019 in Milan: What are the effects on air quality? Sci Total Environ 2020; 732: 139280. ##23. Aydın S, Nakiyingi B A, Esmen C, et al. Environmental impact of coronavirus (COVID-19) from Turkish perceptive. Environ Dev Sustain 2020; 3–10. ##24. Roidt M, Chini C M, Stillwell A S, Cominola A. Unlocking the Impacts of COVID-19 Lockdowns: Changes in Thermal Electricity Generation Water Footprint and Virtual Water Trade in Europe. Environ Sci Technol Lett 2020; 7(9): 683–9. ##25. Gillingham K T, Knittel C R, Li J, et al. The Short-run and Long-run Effects of Covid-19 on Energy and the Environment. Joule 2020; 4(7): 1337–41.##26. 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کاربرد نانوکامپوزیت اکسید روی- داپ شده با فلز نیکل در حذف سم 2و4-دی کلروفنوکسی استیک اسید با استفاده از فرآیند الکتروفتوکاتالیستی از محیط‌های آبی Application of Ni-Doped ZnO Nanoparticles for the removal of 2,4-D Pesticide from aqueous Environment by Electro-photo catalytic Process 1 1 سابقه و هدف: افزایش مصرف آفت کش‌ها و روش نامناسب دفع پساب‌های کشاورزی، سبب آلودگی منابع آب شده و محیط زیست را به شدت تحت تاثیر قرار داده است. 2و4-دی کلروفنوکسی استیک اسید (2و4-دی) یکی از سموم علف‌کش می‌باشد که مصرف نسبتا گسترده ای در سراسر جهان دارد. هدف از مطالعه حاضر بررسی کارایی فرایند الکتروفتوکاتالیستی با استفاده از فتو آند نیکل داپ شده با اکسید روی تثبیت شده بر سطح شیشه فلورین تین اکساید به روش اسپاترینگ در حذف سم 2و4-دی کلروفنوکسی استیک اسید از محیط‌های آبی می‌باشد. مواد و روش‌ها: در مطالعه حاضر اثرات متغیرهایpH (3، 5، 7، 9 و 11)، جریان الکتریکی (2-1 میلی آمپر بر سانتی متر مربع)، سطح الکترود (32-16 سانتی متر مربع)، غلظت اولیه 2و4-دی کلروفنوکسی استیک اسید (10-50 میلی‌گرم در لیتر) و زمان (0-90 دقیقه) در مقیاس آزمایشگاهی و به روش ناپیوسته مورد مطالعه قرارگرفت. همچنین مطالعات معدنی سازی و سنتیک فرآیند در شرایط بهینه مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. غلظت باقیمانده 2و4-دی کلروفنوکسی استیک اسید توسط دستگاه HPLC در طول موج 283 نانومتر تعیین شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج حاصل نشان دهنده بیشترین کارایی حذف 2و4-دی کلروفنوکسی استیک اسید در pH برابر 7، جریان الکتریکی 2 میلی آمپر بر سانتی متر مربع، سطح الکترود 32 سانتی متر مربع، غلظت اولیه 2و4-دی 10 میلی‌گرم در لیتر و زمان تماس 90 دقیقه، می‌باشد. فرآیند الکتروفتوکاتالیستی جهت تصفیه پساب حاوی 2و4-دی در شرایط بهینه می‌تواند 2و4-دی را به میزان 100 درصد و TOC را به میزان 5/79 درصد حذف کند. مطالعه مدل‌های سنتیکی مختلف نشان داد که فرایند از واکنش‌ درجه اول پیروی می‌کند. نتیجه‌گیری: به‌طور کلی با توجه به نتایج به دست آمده، فرآیند الکتروفتوکاتالیست حاضر را می­توان به‌عنوان یک روش مناسب برای حذف 2و4-دی کلروفنوکسی استیک اسید در محیط آبی در نظر گرفت. 2 Increasing use of pesticides along with an inadequate discharging of agricultural effluents has polluted water resources and severely affected the environment. 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is one of the herbicides which is widely used all over the world. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of an electro-photo catalytic process for the removal of the 2,4-D from aqueous media. In this regard, Zn-doped Ni anode was stabilized on FTO surface by sputtering method. Materials and methods: In the present study, the effects of different variables on the efficiency of the electro-photo catalytic process such as pH (3, 5, 7, 9, and 11), electricity current (1-2 mA/cm2), electrode surface area (16-32 cm2), initial concentration of 2,4-D (10-50 mg/L) and retention time (0-90 min) were investigated in a batch model and on a laboratory scale. Besides, mineralization and kinetics of the process under the optimal conditions were studied. The residual concentration of 2,4-D was measured by HPLC at 283 nm. Results: The results showed that the highest removal efficiency of 2,4-D was obtained under the following conditions: pH=7, electricity current=2 mA/cm2, electrode surface area=32 cm2, initial concentration=10 mg/L and retention time=90 min. Under the optimal conditions, the maximum removal efficiency (i.e., 100%) and TOC of 79.5% were achieved. In addition, the kinetic studies revealed that the current process followed the first-kinetic-order model. Conclusion: According to the obtained results, the applied electro-photo catalytic process can be considered as a suitable method for the removal of 2,4-D in aqueous solutions. 358 374 2021/02/282021/02/2 1399/11/14 2021/07/52021/08/7 1400/5/16 حسن پورمسلمی Hassan Pourmoslemi مرکز تحقیقات تکنولوژی بهداشت محیط، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران -گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران ایران مهدی فرزادکیا Mahdi Farzadkia مرکز تحقیقات تکنولوژی بهداشت محیط، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران -گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران ایران روشنک رضایی Roshanak Rezaei مرکز تحقیقات تکنولوژی بهداشت محیط، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران -گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران ایران مجتبی یگانه Mojtaba yegane مرکز تحقیقات تکنولوژی بهداشت محیط، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران -گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران ایران مهدی حسینی Mahdi Hoseini مرکز تحقیقات تکنولوژی بهداشت محیط، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران -گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران ایران میترا غلامی Mitra Gholami مرکز تحقیقات تکنولوژی بهداشت محیط، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران -گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران ایران 2 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid Electro-photo catalytic process UV light. 2و4-دی کلروفنوکسی استیک اسید نور UV فرایند الکتروفتوکاتالیستی. 1. 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مدل‌سازی پراکنش ذرات معلق (PM2.5, PM10) خروجی از کارخانه‌های آسفالت در منطقه جنوب غرب تهران Dispersion Modeling of Particulate Matters (PM2.5, PM10) from Asphalt Plants in the Southwest of Tehran 1 1 زمینه و هدف: آلودگی هوا یکی از مهم‌ترین معضلات زیست‌محیطی بوده و کارخانه‌های آسفالت یکی از منابع تولید آلاینده‌های هوا به‌ویژه ذرات معلق می‌باشند. هدف از این تحقیق بررسی میزان انتشار ذرات PM2.5 و PM10 خروجی از دودکش‌های کارخانه‌های آسفالت یک مجتمع معدنی و بررسی نحوه پراکنش آن‌ها بر روی مناطق اطراف و تهران می‌باشد. مواد و روش‌ها: این مطالعه به‌صورت توصیفی-مقطعی در صنایع آسفالت یک مجتمع معدنی در جنوب غرب تهران انجام شد. در این تحقیق ابتدا میزان انتشار ذرات PM2.5 و PM10 خروجی از دودکش‌های کارخانه‌های آسفالت با استفاده از ضرایب نشر پیشنهادی EPA محاسبه گردید. سپس نحوه پراکنش آن‌ها با استفاده از مدل AERMOD برای متوسط زمانی24 ساعته و یک‌ساله تا شعاع 50 کیلومتری از مجتمع با استفاده از اطلاعات انتشار دودکش‌ها، داده‌های هواشناسی و توپوگرافی محدوده مدل‌سازی ترسیم گردید. سپس مقادیر غلظت‌های شبیه‌سازی‌شده با دو استاندارد EPA و WHO مقایسه گردید. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد بیشترین میزان غلظت ذرات معلق در داخل مجتمع معدنی بوده که بافاصله گرفتن از مجتمع از میزان آن‌ها به‌تدریج کاسته می‌شود. پراکندگی ذرات در جهت بادهای غالب به‌صورت یکنواخت بوده و بیشینه غلظت‌های PM2.5 و PM10 در بازه زمانی24 ساعته به ترتیب در شهر قدسµg/m31 وµg/m32، شهریارµg/m31 وµg/m32، اندیشهµg/m36/0 وµg/m31 و مرکز تهران µg/m32/0 وµg/m34/0 بوده است. پراکنش ذرات به سمت شهر تهران تا مناطق شرقی آن ادامه داشته است. پراکندگی ذرات در دوره متوسط سالیانه در پهنه مدل‌سازی چندان چشمگیر نبوده و حداکثر تا مناطقی در غرب و جنوب غرب تهران رسیده است. نتیجه‌گیری: اگرچه میزان انتشار ذرات ناشی از کارخانه‌های آسفالت جنوب غرب شهر تهران قابل‌قبول است، اما باعث تأثیرگذاری بر روی کیفیت هوای مناطق اطراف مجتمع معدنی و تا حدودی شهر تهران می‌گردد. اثرات تجمعی صنایع مختلف منطقه می‌تواند باعث کاهش کیفیت هوا و افزایش احتمالی خطرات بهداشتی در جوامع اطراف مجتمع گردد. 2 Background and Objective: Air pollution is one of the most important environmental problems. Asphalt plants are the sources of air pollutants, especially particulate matters. The purpose of this study is to investigate the emission rate of PM2.5 and PM10 emitted from asphalt plants in the southwest of city of Tehran, also the present study was conducted to estimate the dispersion of particulate matters concentrations on surranding areas of a mining complex and city of Tehran. Methods: This descriptive-cross sectional study was performed on the asphalt plants in a mining complex in the southwest of Tehran. In this study, at first the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 emitted from asphalt plants located in the southwest of Tehran were calculated using emission factors suggested by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Then, the dispersion of particulate matters concentrations was estimated on the surrounding areas of the mining complex with a radius of 50 km using the AERMOD model for the average times of 24 hours and annually using emission rate, meteorology and topography data. At last, the simulated concentrations were compared to EPA and WHO standards. Results: The maximum particulate matter concentrations are in the mining complex, and is gradually reduced by moving away from it. Dispersion of particles in the directions of dominant winds has been uniform. The maximum PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations have been estimated about 1 µg/m3 and 2 µg/m3 in Qods, 1 µg/m3 and 2 µg/m3 in Shahriyar, 0.6 µg/m3 and 1 µg/m3 in Andisheh and 0.2 µg/m3 and 0.4 µg/m3 in Tehran respectively in a 24-hour period. The amount of PMs that reached the west of Tehran continues to the eastern regions of the city. PMs concentrations were not significant in the average annual period. Conclusion: Although dust emission rate from asphalt plants in the southwest of Tehran is acceptable, but it affects on the air quality in the surrounding areas of the mining complex and to some extent in Tehran. The cumulative effects of different industries can increase the potential health risks in the communities vicinity of this mining complex.   375 390 2021/02/282021/02/22021/04/21 1400/2/1 2021/07/52021/08/72021/06/26 1400/4/5 یاسر زهتاب یزدی Yaser Zehtab Yazdi دانشجوی دکترای مهندسی محیط‌زیست گروه مهندسی محیط‌زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط‌زیست، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران. ایران نبی اله منصوری Nabiollah Mansouri استاد، گروه مهندسی محیط‌زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط‌زیست، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران. ایران فریده عتابی Farideh Atabi دانشیار، گروه مهندسی محیط‌زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط‌زیست، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران ایران حسین آقا محمدی Hossein Aghamohammadi استادیار، گروه سنجش‌ازدور وGIS، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط‌زیست، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران ایران Dust Asphalt Air pollution Tehran گردوغبار آسفالت آلودگی هوا تهران 1. 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Estimation of Tehran's particulate matter 2.5 micrometers or less in diameter (PM2.5) health effects, using BenMAP-CE. IJHE 2019;12(3): 365-82[In Persian].##7. Heger M, Sarraf M. Air pollution in Tehran: health costs, sources, and policies: World Bank Group; 2018 [cited 2021 March/10]. Available from: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/29909/126402-NWP-PUBLIC-Tehran-WEB-updated.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.##8. Amini A, Nabi Bidhendi G, Givehchi S, et al. Location of Asphalt Plant for Road Construction Projects (Case Study: Hamedan Bypass). 6th Environmental Engineering Conference; University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. [in Persian].2012.##9. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Emissions factors & AP 42, Compilation of Air Pollutant emission factors. Volume 1: stationary point and Area Sources. Chapter 11: Mineral Products Industry, 11.1 Hot Mix Asphalt Plants. 2004 [cited 2019 March 15]. Fifth [Available from: https:/www3.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch11/final/c11s01.pdf.##10. Center for Health EJ. Asphalt Plants 2019 [cited 2019 March 21]. Available from: : http://chej.org/wp-content/uploads/Asphalt-Plants-20191.pdf.##11. Gomi F, Shabani M. Investigation of environmental pollution of Rahgostar asphalt plant. International Conference on Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Management in Iran; 18 August Tehran, Iran2018.##12. Chitsazan A, Roozbahani M. Investigation of environmental pollution of Tehran-Pardis asphalt factory. The first national conference planning, conservation, environmental protection, sustainable development; 20February Hamedan, Iran2014.##13. Seyyed Safavian S, Kanzadeh N, Fataei E, Ghasempur A. Investigation of environmental pollution of Astara asphalt plant. First National Conference on Sustainable Agricultural Development and Healthy Environment; 26 February2013.##14. Mansouri N, Alinejad J. Investigation on dust control systems and determination of emission rate in Mashhad asphaltplants. JEST 2009;11(1): 1-10 [In Persian].##15. Kermani M, Farzadkia M, Rezaei Kalantari R, Bahmani Z. Assessment risk of heavy metals in particulate matter smaller than 10 microns on Tehran's Kahrizak compost Complex worker in winter 2016. IOH 2018;15(2): 164-75[In Persian].##16. Cimorelli A, Perry S, Venkatram A, et al. AERMOD: Description of model formulation. North California: US. Environmental Proection Agency. 2004.##17. Ashrafi K, Salimian M, Momeni M, Karami H. Modeling of Pollutants Emission from Asphalt Plant and Crusher Devices of Road Construction Projects (Case study: Sarab – Bostanabad Road). J Transp Eng 2013;4(4): 313-32[In Persian].##18. Shamsipour A, Ashrafi E, Alikhah asl M, Ashrafi K. Modeling the distribution of suspended particles in the south of Tehran by the model of AERMOD, (A Case Study of Tehran cement factory). JES 2016;41(4): 799-814 [In Persian].##19. 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ارزیابی کیفیت آبهای سطحی و زیرزمینی حوزه آبریز سد لتیان با استفاده از شاخص کیفیت آب Assessment of surface and groundwater quality of Latian dam catchment using water quality index 1 1 زمینه و هدف: آب­های سطحی و زیرزمینی منابع حیاتی مهمی در سراسر دنیا می­باشند. این مطالعه کیفیت منابع آب سطحی و زیرزمینی حوضه آبریز سد لتیان طی سال­های 1396 تا 1398 را با استفاده از ابزار جی آی اس و شاخص­های کیفیت آب بررسی می­کند. مواد و روش ها: به منظور بررسی کیفیت منابع آب، نمونه­ها از 10 ایستگاه انتخابی در دو فصل پربارش و کم بارش طی سه سال گرفته شده و پارامترهای فیزیکی، شیمیایی و میکروبی نمونه­ها ارزیابی شدند. سپس با استفاده از شاخص­های کیفیت آب و مشخصات هیدروژئوشیمیایی، کیفیت منابع آب تعیین شده و نقشه پهنه­بندی شاخص­ها با استفاده از نرم افزار ArcGIS تهیه شد. همچنین داده­های هیدروژئوشیمیایی حاصل با استفاده از دیاگرام­های گرافیکی پایپر، شولر، ویلکوکس و تحلیل­های آماری تفسیر شدند. یافته­ ها و نتیجه ­گیری: نتایج نشان می­دهد به طور میانگین در فصول پربارش تمام منطقه کیفیت خوب (644/30) داشته است. برای ایستگاه­های آب سطحی، 3 ایستگاه در فصل پر بارش کیفیت عالی (243/44) ،2 ایستگاه در فصل کم بارش کیفیت عالی(145/40) و سایر ایستگاه­ها کیفیت خوبی (92/69) داشته اند. مطابق دیاگرام پایپر نمونه­ها در دو حالت Ca-Mg-SO4-Cl و Ca-Mg-HCO3  قرار گرفته و نتایج حاصل ازمطالعه ترکیب کاتیون و آنیون عمدتا به صورت Ca-Mg-HCO3 می­باشد. ضریب همبستگی بین متغیرهای اصلی، رابطه معنی داری بین IRWQIGC  آب زیرزمینی و GWQI آن (r = 0.87)و بین IRWQISC  آب سطحی و WQI آن (r=0.68)  وجود داشته اما بین کیفیت آب­های زیرزمینی و سطحی منطقه رابطه معناداری وجود ندارد. میانگین کیفیت آب زیرزمینی در طی دوره مطالعه خوب (143/29) بوده است. 2 :Surface and groundwater are important vital resources around the world. This study examines the quality of surface and groundwater resources in the catchment area of Latian Dam during the years 1396 to 1398 using GIS tools and water quality indices. materials and ways :In order to evaluate the quality of water resources, samples were taken from 10 selected stations in two rainy and low rainfall seasons during three years and the physical, chemical and microbial parameters of the samples were evaluated. Then, using water quality indicators and hydrogeochemical characteristics, the quality of water resources was determined and the zoning map of the indicators was prepared using ArcGIS software. The resulting hydrogeochemical data were also interpreted using Piper, Schuler, Wilcox graphical diagrams and statistical analysis. Findings and Conclusions :The results show that on average, during the rainy seasons, the whole region had good quality (30.644). For surface water stations, 3 stations in high rainfall season were of excellent quality (44.243), 2 stations in low rainy season were of excellent quality (40.145) and other stations were of good quality (69.92). According to the piper diagram, the samples are in two states Ca-Mg-SO4-Cl and Ca-Mg-HCO3 and the results of the study of cation and anion combination are mainly Ca-Mg-HCO3. Correlation coefficient between the main variables, there was a significant relationship between IRWQIGC groundwater and its GWQI (r = 0.87) and between IRWQISC surface water and its WQI (r = 0.68) but there is no significant relationship between groundwater and surface water quality. The average groundwater quality during the study period was good (29.143). 391 411 2021/02/282021/02/22021/04/212021/06/20 1400/3/30 2021/07/52021/08/72021/06/262021/08/16 1400/5/25 زینب رستم بیک Zynab Rostambiek گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز،کرج، ایران ایران حاتم گودینی Hatam Godini گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز،کرج، ایران ایران محمد نوری سپهر Mohammad Noorisepehr گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز،کرج، ایران ایران مجتبی صیادی Mojtaba Sayadi کارشناس ارشد شرکت آب و فاضلاب استان تهران، تهران، ایران ایران Water Quality Index Groundwater Quality Index Piper 3D Diagram Latian Dam Watershed ArcGIS شاخص کیفیت آب شاخص کیفیت آب زیرزمینی دیاگرام سه بعدی پایپر حوضه آبریز سد لتیان سامانه اطلاعات جغرافیایی 1. Heshmati SS,Beigi Herchegani H. A GIS-Based Assessment of Drinking Quality of Shahrekord Groundwater Using an Index. Water and Soil Science (Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources). 2014; 18(69): 179-190. [Persian]##2. Sayad H, Mohammadzadeh H, Velayati. Evaluation of Groundwater Quality of Daregaz Aquifer in Terms of Drinking Using Schuler Diagram and GQI Index. 30th Earth Science Conference . Tehran. 2012. [Persian]##3. Haghnadri F, Mirzaei R, Afzali A, Environmental Vulnerability Assessment of Lorestan Province Using Multi Criteria Decision Analysis. Geography and Sustainability of Environment. 2018; 25(7): 19-34. [Persian]##4. Khalaji M, Hasheminejad H, Motaghi E. Asadola S, Waret Quality Assessment of the Zayandehroud Lake Using WQI Index. Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal. 2016; 25(5): 51-64. [Persian]##5. Hosseini P, Ildromi AR, Hosseini AR, Evaluation of Water Quality of Karun River Using NSFWQI Index in Zargan to Kot Amir Range (During 5 Years). Human & Environment. 2013; 11(2): 1-11. [Persian]##6. Firoozi A, Rezaei H, Mohammadi Aghdam K, Evaluation of Groundwater Resources Quality Indicators in Urnia Plain Based on IRWQIGC Iran Water Resources Quality Index and its Zoning. 16th Iranian Hydraulic Conference. 2018. [Persian]<<##7. Amiri F, Tabatabaie T, Valipour S, Appraisal and Spatial Analysis of Groundwater Quality Near the Landfill Site Using the Iran Water Quality Index: (Case Study: Qaemshahr). Journal of Hydrology and Soil Science. 2018; 22(1): 211-226. [Persian]##8. Taloor AK, Pir RA, Adimalla N, Ali S, Manhas DS, Roy S, et al., Spring water quality and discharge assessment in the Basantar watershed of Jammu Himalaya using geographic information system (GIS) and water quality Index (WQI). Groundwater for Sustainable Development. 2020; 100364.##9. H Jha MK, Shekhar A, Jenifer MA. Assessing groundwater quality for drinking water supply using hybrid fuzzy-GIS-based water quality index. Water Research. 2020;115867##10. Honarbakhsh A, Tahmoures M, Tashayo B, Mousazadeh M, Ingram B, Ostovari Y, GIS-based assessment of groundwater quality for drinking purpose in northern part of Fars province, Marvdasht. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua. 2019;68(3):187-96.##11. Torabipoudeh H, Yonesi H, Haghizadeh A, Arshia A, Assessment of Groundwater Quality Changes and Evaluation of IRWQIGC in Lenjanat-Najafabad Aquifers Area. Desert Ecosystem Engineering Journal. 2020; 25(8): 53-66. [Persian]##12. Hosseini H, Shakeri A, Rezaei M, Dashti Barmaki M, Shahraki M, Application of water quality index (WQI) and hydro-geochemistry for surface water quality assessment, Chahnimeh reservoirs in the Sistan and Baluchestan Province. Iranian Journal of Health and Environment. 2019; 11(4): 575-585. [Persian]##13. Solangi GS, Siyal AA, Babar MM, Siyal P. Evaluation of drinking water quality using the water quality index (WQI), the synthetic pollution index (SPI) and geospatial tools in Thatta district, Pakistan. Desalination and Water Treatment. 2019;160: 202-13.##14. Sabino H, Menezes J, de Lima LA. Indexing the Groundwater Quality Index for human consumption (GWQI. Environmental Earth Sciences. 2020;79:167.##15. Miri M, Water Quality Assessment Cahnimeh reservoirs in Sistan basis via NSFWQI, IRWQISC and Liou indexes. Journal of Wetland Ecobiology. 2018; 9(4): 87-100. [Persian]##16. Zarghami K, Valiollahi J, Sayedi M. A Survey on GWQI Index Zoning and Effective Factors on Hydro-Chemistry of Drinking Water in Lavasan Village by GIS System. 2020. [Persian]##17. Karami F. Study of Groundwater Change in Sarab Plain Usig GIS Qualities Maps. Journal of Geography and Planing. 2011; 16(38): 11-22. [Persian]##18. Ayenew, T., GebreEgziabher, M., Kebede, S., Mamo, S., 2013. Integrated assessment of hydrogeology and water quality for groundwater-based irrigation development in the Raya Valley, northern Ethiopia. Water Int. 38 (4), 480–492.##19. Kumar VS, Amarender B, Dhakate R, Sankaran S, Kumar KR (2016) Assessment of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation use in shallow hard rock aquifer of Pudunagaram, Palakkad District Kerala. Appl Water Sci 6(2):149–167.##20. Aly AA, Al-Omran AM, Alharby MM. 2015. The water quality index and hydrochemical characterization of groundwater resources in Hafar Albatin, Saudi Arabia. Arab J of Geosci. 8(6):4177–4190##21. Zainali S, Babai F, Arjmandi R. Investigating the role of environmental management considerations on the sustainability and feasibility of drinking water supply in the villages of Lavasanat region.2017.##22. Burton, G.A., Jr., and Pitt, R.E., 2002. Storm effects handbook: A toolbox for watershed managers, scientists, and engineers. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL##23. Anderson, K.A., 2000. Drinking water & Recreational water quality: Microbiological Criteria##24. Ramesh K, Elango L. Groundwater quality assessment in Tondiar basin. Indian J Environm Prot 2006; 26(6): 497.##25. Krishan G, Singh S, Kumar C, Garg P, Suman G. Assessment of Groundwater Quality for Drinking Purpose by Using Water Quality Index (WQI) in Muzaffarnagar and Shamli Districts, Uttar Pradesh, India. Hydrol Current Res 2016; 7(227): 1-4.##26. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.2012.## ##

سنجش آلودگی فلزات سنگین در آب و تخمین خطر بالقوه ناشی از فلزات بر حیات تالاب انزلی سال1396 Measurement of Heavy Metal Pollution in Water and Estimation of Potential Metal Hazards on the Life of Anzali wetland in 2017 1 1 زمینه و هدف: تالاب انزلی یکی از مهم ترین تالاب های بین المللی است که در ساحل جنوبی دریای خزر واقع شده است. این تالاب زیستگاه ماهیان، آبزیان و پرندگان با ارزشی است که از ابعاد اکولوژیک و اقتصادی درخور توجه­اند. در نتیجه روند افزایشی صنعتی شدن مناطق اطراف تالاب ها، نگرانی های  ناشی از اثرگذاری فعالیت های انسانی بر بقا این اکوسیستم­های ارزشمند را افزایش می دهد. در نتیجه این بررسی با هدف سنجش آلودگی برخی از فلزات سنگین در آب تالاب و تخمین خطر بالقوه ناشی از فلزات بر حیات تالاب می­باشد. مواد و روش­ها: نمونه های آب از سه بخش شرقی، غربی و مرکزی تالاب جمع آوری شدند. نمونه های جمع آوری شده در ظروف پلی­اتیلنی ریخته شد، سپس pH نمونه­ها را با اسید نیتریک به زیر 2 رسانده شد و به آزمایشگاه انتقال داده شده و در دمای 4 درجه سانتی گراد تا انجام آزمایش ­های نهایی نگه داری شدند. برای آنالیز نمونه­ها از دستگاه طیف سنجی جذب اتمی مجهز به کوره گرافیکی ساخت شرکت  GBC  از استرالیا مدل SensAA استفاده شد. تحلیل آماری به وسیله نرم افزار19 SPSS انجام شد. یافته ­ها: نتایج حاکی از این است که بیشترین غلظت تمامی فلزات مورد بررسی در منطقه شرقی تالاب مشاهده گردید. میانگین غلظت فلزات سنگین در آب تالاب به ترتیب برای کادمیوم 943/4، سرب 924/9، جیوه 4/82 میکرو گرم بر لیتر و فلز روی 115/0، مس 03/0میلی گرم بر لیتر در منطقه شرق تالاب، به دست آمد. دراین بررسی ترتیب غلظت فلزات مورد بررسی در نمونه­های آب در هر سه منطقه به صورت Cu >Pb >Cd >Hg> Zn گزارش گردید. مقایسه بین میزان غلظت فلزات سرب،کادمیوم ،مس وروی مورد مطالعه با استانداردهای بهداشت جهانی( WHO ) نشان داد که این مقادیر از سطح استاندارد کمتر بود در حالیکه غلظت فلز جیوه در آب این تالاب در سطح احتمال 99 درصد (001/0> P) از حد استاندارد بیش­تر بود. همچنین غلظت تمامی عناصر مورد بررسی در آب تالاب انزلی در محدوده عدم خطر بالقوه و یا خطر بالقوه اندک در هر دو وضعیت حاد و مزمن می­باشد. نتیجه­ گیری: گزارش غلظت بالای فلزات در بخش شرقی، بیانگر این است که بیشترین آلودگی در بخش شرقی تالاب وجود دارد و این ناحیه متاثر از فعالیت­های متنوع انسانی است. همچنین مقایسه نتایج حاضر با نتایج پیشین بیانگر یک روند افزایشی می­باشد و چنانچه تدابیر خاصی از سوی سازمان­های مربوطه اتخاذ نشود در آینده­ای نه چندان دور شاهد نابودی این تالاب ارزشمند خواهیم بود. 2 Anzali Wetland is one of the most important international wetlands located on the southern shore of the Caspian Sea. This wetland is habitat to valuable fish, aquatic animals and birds that are of ecological and economic importance. As a result of the increasing industrialization of wetlands, concerns about the impact of human activities on the survival of these valuable ecosystems are increasing. As a result of this study, the aim is to measure the pollution of some heavy metals in the water of the wetland and to estimate the potential risk of metals on the life of the wetland. Materials and Methods: Water samples were collected from three parts of east, west and center of the wetland. The collected samples were poured into polyethylene containers, then pH of the samples was lowered below 2 with nitric acid and transferred to the laboratory and kept at 4 ° C until the final tests. To analyze the samples, an atomic absorption spectroscopy device equipped with a graphic furnace made by GBC Company from Australia, Sens AA model was used. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 19 software Results: The results indicate that the highest concentration of all studied metals was observed in the eastern part of the wetland. The mean concentrations of heavy metals in the wetland water were 4.943 for cadmium, 9.924 for lead, 82.4 μg / L for mercury and 0.115 for zinc and 0.03 mg / l for copper in the eastern part of the wetland, respectively. . In this study, the order of concentrations of the studied metals in water samples in all three regions was reported as Cu> Pb> Cd> Hg> Zn. Comparison between the concentrations of lead, cadmium, copper and zinc metals studied with world health standards (WHO) showed that these values were lower than the standard level while the concentration of mercury in the water of this wetland was 99% (P <0.001). ) Was higher than the standard. Also, the concentration of all studied elements in the water of Anzali wetland is in the range of no potential danger or low potential danger in both acute and chronic conditions. Conclusion: The report of high concentration of metals in the eastern part indicates that the most pollution is in the eastern part of the wetland and this area is affected by various human activities. Also, the comparison of the present results with the previous results indicates an increasing trend, and unless special measures are taken by the relevant organizations, we will see the destruction of this valuable wetland in the not too distant future. 412 424 2021/02/282021/02/22021/04/212021/06/202021/03/2 1399/12/12 2021/07/52021/08/72021/06/262021/08/162021/09/20 1400/6/29 معصومه خسروی Masoumeh Khosravi کارشناس ارشد مهندسی محیط زیست، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران،ایران ایران احسان عطاران Ehsan Attaran مهندسی صنایع و کارشناس تحلیل آماری،شرکت طراحی ومهندسی ،تهران،ایران. ایران نادر بهرامی فر Nader Bahramifar گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و علوم دریایی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران،ایران ایران Pollution Heavy metals Water Potential hazard آلودگی فلزات سنگین آب خطربالقوه 1. Hatami-manesh M, Hedayatzadeh F, Mahmoodi N. Contamination, Toxicity and Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments of Coastal Areas of Bushehr Province: A Systematic Review Study. jehe. 2021; 8 (3) :271-291. [In Persian]##2. Choi K. Y, Kim S.K, and Chon H. T. Distributions and Accumulations of Heavy Metals in the Sediments of Harbors and Coastal Areas in Korea.Proceedings of the International Symposia on Geoscience Resources and Environments of Asian Terranes (GREAT 2008), 4th IGCP 516, and 5th APSEG; ; November 24-26, 2008, Bangkok, Thailand.##3. Islam MS, Hossain MB, Matin A, Sarker MSI. Assessment of heavy metal pollution, distribution and source apportionment in the sediment from Feni River estuary, Bangladesh. J Chemosphere 2018; )202(:25-32.##4. 4.hrozi B. The value of wetlands and the role of the Ramsar Convention in their protection. J Environment 1998;(2):24-43. [In Persian]##5. Ramos-Vázquez MA, Armstrong-Altrin JS, Rosales Hoz L, Machain-Castillo ML, Carranza-Edwards A. Geochemistry of deep-sea sediments in two cores retrieved at the mouth of the Coatzacoalcos River delta, western Gulf of Mexico, Mexico. J Arabian Journal of Geosciences 2017;10:148.##6. Hassanzadeh N, Sari AE, Khodabandeh S, Bahramifar N. Occurrence and distribution of two phthalate esters in the sediments of the Anzali wetlands on the coast of the Caspian Sea (Iran). J MarinePollution Bulletin 2014;89(1-2):128-35.##7. Zamani-Ahmadmahmoodi R, Esmaili-Sari A, Mohammadi J, Bakhtiari AR, Savabieasfahani M. Spatial distribution of cadmium and lead in the sediments of the western Anzali wetlands on the coast of the Caspian Sea (Iran). J Marine Pollution Bulletin 2013; 74(1):464-70.##8. Noroz asl ,R. Study of heavy metals in Anzali wetland by atomic absorption spectroscopy and chromatography. Thesis of MSc Chemical, Tarbiat Modares University;1993 . [In Persian]##9. Ashja Ardalan A, Khoshkhoo ZH, Rabbani M, Moini S. Comparative Study For Heavy Metal Concentration( Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd And Hg ) In Water, Sediments And Soft Tissue of Anzali Lagoon Anodont (Anodonta Cygnea) Sampled In Two Seasons, Autumn And Spring ( 2004-2005). J Pajouhesh and Sazandegi 2007; 19(1): 103-13. [In Persian]##10. Vesali Naseh M R, Karbasi A, Ghazaban F,Baghvand A. Relationship between Heavy Metal Concentration in Water and Sediments in Anzali Wetland, Iran. J Health Syatem 3. 2012; 8 (1) :114-123. [In Persian]##11. Ahmadi M, Khanipour A. Measuring and comparing the concentrations of the heavy metals lead and chromium in the edible muscle tissue of Pike perch (Esox lucius) International Anzali Wetland. J Advanced Aquaculture Sciences2020; 3(3): 55-62. [In Persian]##12. Razo I, Carrizales L, Castro J, Díaz-Barriga F, Monroy M. Arsenic and heavy metal pollution of soil, water and sediments in a semi-arid climate mining area in Mexico. J Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 2004;152(1-4):129-52.##13. Kumar R, Rani M, Gupta H, Gupta B. Trace metal fractionation in water and sediments of an urban river stretch. J Chemical Speciation & Bioavailability 2014; (26):4, 200-209.##14. ASTM. 2000: Annual book of ASTM Standards ASTM, Vol. 11. 01, pp. D1971-95. D-4691-96.##15. Baldwin, D.R., Marshall, W. J. “Heavy metal poisoning and its laboratory investigation. ” Ann. Clin. Biochem, 1999;(36): 267-300.##16. Environmental Protection Agency U.S. Proposed testing guidelines. Federal Regist, 1996a ;61:16486 16488.##17. Environmental Protection Agency U.S. USEPA Regional Screening Level (RSL) Summary Table:November . 2011 Available from: http://www.epa.gov/regshwmd/risk/human/Index.htm##18. Nazari, H. Study of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Zn, and Pb) in water and sediment from coastal waters of Golestan Province, Iran. J Utilization and Cultivation of Aquatics 2016; 5(1): 25-45. [In Persian] ##19. Nasrollahzadeh Saravi H, Najafpour S, Rezaei M, Solaimaniroudi A. Temporal and spatial of heavy metals concentrations (Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd and Hg) in Iraniancoastalwaters of the Southern Caspian Sea .J Of Marine Boilogy 2014; 6 (1) :1-12.[In Persian]##20. Zafarzadeh A, Bay A, Fakhri Y, Keramati H & Hosseini Pouya R. Heavy metal (Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cd) concentrations in the water and muscle of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fish and associated non-carcinogenic risk assessment: Alagol wetland in the Golestan, Iran. J Toxin Reviews 2018;37 (2): 154-160.##21. Herojeet R, Rishi MS, Kishore N. Integrated approach of heavy metal pollution indices and complexity quantification using chemometric models in the Sirsa Basin, Nalagarh valley, Himachal Pradesh, India. J Chinese Journal of Geochemistry 2015;34(4):620-33.##22. Harun Abdullah M, Sidi J, Zaharin Aris A. Heavy Metals (Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb and Zn) in Meretrix meretrix Roding,Water and Sediments from Estuaries in Sabah, North Borneo. 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بررسی کارایی نانوکامپوزیت P4VP-Fe3O4 در حذف آلاینده دیکلوفناک از محیط های آبی Evaluation of the efficiency of P4VP-Fe3O4 nanocomposite on the removal of diclofenac from aqueous solutions 1 1 زمینه و هدف: داروهای غیراستروئیدی ضدالتهابی(NSAIDs) به طور گسترده برای درمان­های مختلف از جمله اختلالات التهابی، تسکین درد و تب مورد استفاده قرار گرفته که حضور دائمی این ترکیبات در محیط­های آبی و اثرات سوء احتمالی ناشی از خصوصیات سم شناسی و شیمیایی آنها بسیار مورد توجه می باشد. هدف این مطالعه بررسی کارایی نانوکامپوزیت P4VP-Fe3O4 در حذف آلاینده دیکلوفناک از محیط های آبی می باشد. روش کار: ویژگی­های جاذب با تکنیک­های TEM،  SEM، VSM و FTIR تعیین گردید.اثر متغیرهای مستقل نظیر pH (3-9)، دوز جاذب (g/L 0.1-2)، غلظت آلاینده (mg/L 2-20)، دور اختلاط (rpm 100-250)، دما (0C25-40) و حضور یون­های مداخله­گر در زمان های متغیر (طی مدت min 120) مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. فرایند جذب با استفاده از مدل­های ایزوترمی لانگمیر - فروندلیچ – تمکین، مدل­های سینتیک فرآیند جذب مانند معادلات شبه درجه اول و دوم، درون ذره­ای و همچنین مطالعات ترمودینامک مدل سازی گردید. یافته ها: نتایج مطالعه نشان داد با بررسی اندازه و شکل کامپوزیت­  P4VP-Fe3O4 این کامپوزیت ویژگی­هایی چون سایز در محدوده نانو ، ساختاری چند ضلعی و شکلی غیر یکنواخت را دارا می­باشند. پیک حلقه پیریدین در نتایج آنالیز FT-IR کامپوزیت P4VP@Fe3O4، نشان دهنده حضور باندهای  C=C بود. در فرآیند جذب، شرایط بهینه حذف دیکلوفناک) غلظت آلایندهmg/L  15، 5=pH  ، زمان تماسmin  75، دوز جاذب g/L 1) حداکثر راندمان حذف دیکلوفناک 93.34% و ظرفیت جذب (qe) mg/g  33/9 بدست آمد. همچنین مطالعه ایزوترم و سینتیک جذب نشان داد که جذب دیکلوفناک از ایزوترم  فروندلیچ (956/0 <R2 ) و مدل سینتیکی شبه درجه دوم (976/0<R2  ) تبعیت می­کند. نتایج ترمودینامک نیز بیانگر یک واکنش گرماده و خود به خودی بود. نتیجه­گیری: کامپوزیت  P4VP-Fe3O4  به دلیل دارا بودن مزایایی چون جداسازی ساده و سریع، قابل بازیافت، مقرون به صرفه و راندمان حذف بالا می­تواند به عنوان یک جاذب موثر و مفید در جذب دیکلوفناک و ترکیبات دارویی از محیط­های آبی مورد استفاده قرار بگیرد. 2 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been widely used in various treatments including inflammatory disorders, pain relief and fever. The permanent presence of these compounds in water resources and possible adverse effects due to toxicological and chemical properties is very important. The aim of this study was to evaluate of the efficiency of P4VP-Fe3O4 nanocomposite on the removal of diclofenac from aqueous solutions. Methods: Adsorbent properties were determined by TEM, SEM, VSM and FTIR techniques. Effect of independent variables such as pH (3-9), adsorbent dose (0.1-2 g/L), contaminant concentration (2-20 mg/L), mixing speed (100-250 rpm), temperature (25-40°C) and the presence of interfering ions (120 min) were investigated. The adsorption process was evaluated using Langmuir, Freundlich, Tamkin isotherm models, and kinetic models of the adsorption process as well as thermodynamic studies. Results: Results showed that by examining the size and shape of P4VP-Fe3O4 composite, the composite had properties such as nano range size, polygonal structure and non-uniform shape. The peak of the pyridine ring in the results of FT-IR analysis of P4VP@Fe3O4 composite indicated the presence of C=C bands. In the adsorption process, the optimal removal conditions for diclofenac (contaminant concentration 15 mg/L, pH=5, contact time 75 min, adsorbent dose 1 g/L), the maximum removal efficiency of diclofenac 93.34% and adsorption capacity (qe) 9.33 mg/g was obtained. Also, the study of adsorption isotherm and kinetics showed that diclofenac adsorption followed Freundlich isotherm (R2 <0.956) and quasi-quadratic kinetic model (R2 <0.976). The results of thermodynamics also showed a spontaneous reaction. Conclusion: P4VP-Fe3O4 composite can be used as an effective and useful adsorbent in the adsorption of diclofenac and pharmaceutical compounds from aqueous media due to its advantages such as simple and fast separation, recyclable, cost-effective and high removal efficiency. 425 449 2021/02/282021/02/22021/04/212021/06/202021/03/22021/06/9 1400/3/19 2021/07/52021/08/72021/06/262021/08/162021/09/202021/08/7 1400/5/16 سکینه ملایی توانی Sakineh Mollai Tavani کارشناسی ارشد مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج، ایران ایران عماد دهقانی فرد Emad Dehghanifard استادیار گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران. ایران محمد رفیعی Mohammad Rafiee استادیار گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران. ایران سید جمال طباطبایی رضائی Seyed Jamal Tabatabai Rezaei استادیار گروه شیمی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه زنجان،زنجان، ایران ایران Adsorption P4VP-Fe3O4 composite Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Diclofenac Aqueous solution. جذب سطحی کامپوزیت P4VP-Fe3O4 داروهای غیر استروئیدی ضدالتهابی (NSAIDs) دیکلوفناک محلول آبی. 1. 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Counter-flow electrokinetic supercharging for the determination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2009;1216(15):3380-6.##12. Yu H, Nie E, Xu J, et al. Degradation of diclofenac by advanced oxidation and reduction processes: kinetic studies, degradation pathways and toxicity assessments. Water Res 2013;47(5):1909-18.##13. Hartmann J, Bartels P, Mau U, et al. Degradation of the drug diclofenac in water by sonolysis in presence of catalysts. Chemosphere 2008;70(3):453-61.##14. Hasan Z, Khan NA, Jhung SH. Adsorptive removal of diclofenac sodium from water with Zr-based metal–organic frameworks. Chem Eng J 2016;284:1406-13.##15. Sotelo J, Rodríguez A, Álvarez S, García J. Removal of caffeine and diclofenac on activated carbon in fixed bed column. Chem Eng Res Design 2012;90(7):967-74.##16. Lu X, Shao Y, Gao N, et al. Adsorption and removal of clofibric acid and diclofenac from water with MIEX resin. Chemosphere 2016;161:400-11.##17. Ghauch A, Assi HA, Bdeir S. Aqueous removal of diclofenac by plated elemental iron: bimetallic systems. J Hazard Mater 2010;182(1):64-74.##18. Beltrán FJ, Aguinaco A, García-Araya JF. Kinetic modelling of TOC removal in the photocatalytic ozonation of diclofenac aqueous solutions. Appl Catal B 2010;100(1):289-98.##19. Escapa C, Coimbra R, Paniagua S, et al. Comparative assessment of diclofenac removal from water by different microalgae strains. Alg Res 2016;18:127-34.##20. Crittenden JC, Trussell RR, Hand DW, et al. MWH's water treatment: principles and design: John Wiley & Sons; 2012.##21. Jana P, Bruzzoniti MC, Appendini M, et al. Processing of polymer-derived silicon carbide foams and their adsorption capacity for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Ceram Int 2016;42(16):18937-43.##22. Ali AE-H, Shawky H, El Rehim HA, Hegazy E. Synthesis and characterization of PVP/AAc copolymer hydrogel and its applications in the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution. 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بررسی اثرات پیش ‌ازن ‌زنی‌ بر خصوصیات فیزیکو شیمیایی و بیولوژ‌یکی آب آشامیدنی The Study of Pre-ozonation effects on Physicochemical and Biological Properties of Drinking Water 1 1 زمینه و هدف: در تصفیه آب پیش ‌ازن ‌زنی‌ برای مقاصد مختلفی از جمله بهبود فرآیند انعقاد، کاهش تولید تری‌‌هالومتانها، حذف رنگ، حذف آهن و منگنز، کنترل میکروارگانیسم‌ها و حذف مواد آلی استفاده می‌شود. هدف اصلی این مقاله بررسی اثرات پیش ‌ازن ‌زنی‌ بر خصوصیات فیزیکی، شیمیایی و بیولوژیکی آب آشامیدنی است. مواد و روش ها :  این مطالعه در مقیاس واقعی بر روی واحد پیش ‌ازن ‌زنی‌ تصفیه خانه آب کوه سبز طی مدت 6 ماه انجام شده است. در این مطالعه نمونه‌گیری از آب خام ورودی به واحد پیش ‌ازن ‌زنی‌ و آب ازن ‌زنی‌ شده به روش تصادفی با ظروف نمونه گیر شیشه‌ای انجام گرفته است. در هر ماه 4 نمونه و در مجموع 24 نمونه جهت بررسی روند تغییرات پارامترها برداشته شده است. آزمایشات لازم طبق روش ارایه شده در کتاب  استاندارد متد (ویرایش بیستم) بر روی نمونه ‌ها جهت بررسی تاثیرات پیش ‌ازن ‌زنی‌ بر روی پارامترهای فیزیکوشیمیایی و بیولوژیکی انجام گرفته است. یافته ها: بررسی‌ها نشان داد که راندمان حذف کدورت وکل کربن آلی(Total Organic Carbon) در فرایند پیش ‌ازن ‌زنی‌ تصفیه‌خانه آب کوه سبز به ترتیب حدود 62 و 83/18درصد بوده و بر  pH هیچ اثری ندارد. همچنین درصد حذف آهن (Fe) ومنگنز (Mn) در فرایند پیش ‌ازن ‌زنی‌ به ترتیب5/91 و82 درصد است. بررسی اثرات پیش ‌ازناسیون در حذف رنگ آب نشان داد که با افزایش میزان دوز و غلظت ازن تزریقی، تغییرات معنی‌داری بر کاهش بیشتر رنگ و پیش ‌سازهای رنگ اتفاق نمی‌افتد و درصد حذف ترکیبات پیش ‌ساز رنگ از جمله کلروفیلa، حدود21% است. نتیجه گیری: نتایج نشان داد که ازن نمی‌تواند برخی از پارامترهای فیزیکی از جمله pH و رنگ را تغییر دهد اما تاثیر قابل توجهی بر روی پارامترهای شیمیایی داشته و پارامترهای بیولوژیکی را حدود 21 درصد کاهش می‌دهد. 2 Background and objectives:Pre-ozonation in water treatment is used for various purposes such as; improving the coagulation process, reducing the production of trihalomethanes, color removal, removal of iron and manganese, control of microorganisms, and removal of organic matter. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of pre-ozonation on the physical, chemical, and biological properties of drinking water. Methods:This study on a real scale was conducted on the pre-ozonation unit of the Koohsabz drinking water treatment plant for 6 months. In this study, sampling of raw water entering the pre-ozonation unit and ozonized water was done randomly with glass sampling containers. 4 samples per month and a total of 24 samples were taken to evaluate the trends of changes in the parameters. The necessary tests according to the method presented in the standard method book (twentieth edition) on the samples have been done to investigate the effects of pre-ozonation on the physicochemical and biological parameters. Results: The studies showed that the turbidity and TOC (Total Organic Carbon) removal efficiency in the pre-ozonation process of the Koohsabz drinking water treatment plant was about 62% and 18. 83%, respectively, and it has no effect on pH. Also, the removal rate of Fe and Mn in the pre-ozonation process was 91.5 and 82%, respectively. Evaluate the effectiveness of pre-ozonation in watercolor removal showed that, by increasing the dosage and the concentration of ozone injection, significant changes did not occur on further reduction of color and color precursors and the removal rate of color precursor compounds, such as the chlorophyll a, is about 21%. Conclusion:The results indicated that ozone could not change any physical parameters such as pH and color, but it has a significant effect on the chemical properties and reduced biological parameters by about 21%. 450 464 2021/02/282021/02/22021/04/212021/06/202021/03/22021/06/92021/07/11 1400/4/20 2021/07/52021/08/72021/06/262021/08/162021/09/202021/08/72021/09/20 1400/6/29 بهمن معصومی Bahman Masoomi سازمان آب منطقه ای فارس، فارس، ایران ایران Pre-ozonation Koohsabz Water Refinery Physicochemical and biological properties Water quality removal efficiency پیش ‌ازن‌ زنی‌ تصفیه‌خانه آب کوه سبز کیفیت آب خصوصیات فیزیکوشیمیایی و بیولوژیکی راندمان حذف 1. Mahmoudi A, Shafahee H.A, Roudbari A.A. The effects of water ozonation on disinfection by-product formation, J IJHS 2015; 1 (1): 32-35. ##2. Kazi T, Virupakshi A. Treatment of tannery wastewater using natural coagulants, J I IRSET 2013; 2 (8): 4061-4068.##3. Hammer MJ. 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ارزیابی کیفیت آب خروجی از دستگاه‌های آب شیرین‌کن و تانکرهای آب شهرستان قم و مقایسه آن با استانداردهای ملی و WHO Assessing the quality of water output from desalination plants and water tankers in Qom and comparison with national standards and WHO 1 1 زمینه و هدف: : با افزایش روند خشکسالی­های اخیر و کمبود منابع آب آشامیدنی منجر به برنامه­ریزی جهت شیرین­کردن آب و راه اندازی ایستگاه­های سیار گردید. هدف از این مطالعه، تعیین کیفیت میکروبی و فیزیکوشیمیایی آب خروجی از دستگاه­های آب شیرین­کن و تانکرهای شهرستان قم می­باشد. مواد و رو­ش­ها: این مطالعه توصیفی- مقطعی به مدت یک سال با نمونه­برداری ماهانه از آب خروجی دستگاه های تصفیه آب خانگی و تانکرهای سیار انجام شد. نمونه­ها از نظر آلودگی میکروبی و کیفیت فیزیکو شیمیایی (pH ، TDS ، کدورت و کلرسنجی) مطابق روش استاندارد سنجش شدند. سپس داده­ها با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS وExcel  آنالیز و با استانداردها مقایسه گردید. یافته­ ها: مقادیر مثبت آلودگی کلیفرم گرماپای در تانکرها 34/13 درصد و در دستگاه‌های آب شیرین‌کن 35/4 درصد نشان داده شد.  میزان pH،TDS ، کدورت در حد مطلوب و مطابق استاندارد ملی و WHO گزارش شد.  آنالیز آماری T TEST نیز نشان داد، کیفیت میکروبی آب خروجی با متغیرهای ظروف آبگیری (021/0 P ˂)، شستشوی مخازن (001/0 P ˂)، آلودگی شیر خروجی (011/0 ˂) P ، تماس با گرد و غبار (014/0 P ˂)، بهداشت فرد توزیع کننده (026/0 P ˂)، درجه حرارت (033/0 P ˂)، زمان نگهداشت آب (019/0 P ˂) و بهسازی محیط (003/0 P ˂) رابطه معناداری دارد. ولی هیچ تفاوت معناداری در نحوه توزیع آب بین تانکرها و دستگاه های آب شیرین کن وجود نداشت(068/0 ˂ P). نتیجه­ گیری: با جلوگیری از آلودگی­های ثانویه می­توان کیفیت آب این جایگاه­ها را مطلوب تلقی کرد. لذا باید ارزیابی دوره­ای و منظم   آب و آموزش­ در خصوص نگهداری و رعایت مسائل بهداشتی همواره مورد توجه قرار بگیرد. 2   Background: With the increase in recent droughts and shortage of drinking water resources led to planning to desalinate water and set up mobile stations. The purpose of this study is to determine the microbial and physicochemical quality of water discharged from desalination plants and tankers in Qom. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted for one year with monthly sampling of water from domestic water purifiers and mobile tankers. Samples were analyzed for microbial contamination and physicochemical quality (pH, TDS, turbidity and chlorination) according to standard methods. The data were analyzed using SPSS and Excel software and compared with the standards. Results: Positive values of fecal coliform contamination was 13.34% in tankers and 4.35% in domestic water purifiers. The pH, TDS, turbidity was in accordance with the national and WHO standards. T-TEST statistical analysis showed, microbial quality of water had a significant relation with variables of dewatering containers (P<0.021), tank washing (P<0.001), outlet valve contamination (P<0.011), contact with dust (P<0.014), the personal health of the distributor (P<0.026), temperature (P<0.033), water retention time (P<0.019) and environmental sanitation (P<0.003). ). . But there was no significant difference in the distribution of water between tankers and desalination plants (P < 0.068). Conclusion: By preventing secondary pollution, the water quality of these places can be considered desirable. Therefore, periodic and regular water evaluation and training on maintenance and health issues should always be considered 465 476 2021/02/282021/02/22021/04/212021/06/202021/03/22021/06/92021/07/112020/12/12 1399/9/22 2021/07/52021/08/72021/06/262021/08/162021/09/202021/08/72021/09/202021/06/26 1400/4/5 محمد نوری سپهر Mohammad Noori Sepehr گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج ،ایران ایران نرگس جعفری Narges Jafari مدیر گروه سلامت محیط و کار معاونت بهداشتی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی قم، قم ،ایران ایران سکینه ملائی توانی Sakineh Molaei Tavani کارشناس بهداشت محیط، معاونت دانشجوئی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت، تهران ،ایران ایران Water quality standards desalination tanker Qom. کیفیت آب استانداردها آب شیرین‌کن تانکر قم 1. Ashbolt NJ . Microbial Contamination of Drinking Water and Human Health from Community Water Systems. Water Health 2015; 2:95-106.##2. Mardani M, Gachkar L, Najar Peerayeh S, Asgari A, Hajikhani B, Amiri RA. 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