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ارزیابی و پایش غلظت ترکیبات BTEX و PAHs و پارامترهای موثر بر آن در جایگاه‌های توزیع سوخت بنزین: مطالعه موردی در جایگاه‌های تک منظوره شهر کرج Evaluation of Concentration of BTEX and PAHs and Its Effective Parameters in Gasoline Fuel Distribution Stations: A Case Study in Single Purpose Stations in Karaj 1 1 زمینه و هدف: یکی از منابع انتشار ترکیبات BTEX و PAHs جایگاه­های توزیع سوخت، در شهرها می­باشد. مطالعه حاضر با هدف ارزیابی و پایش مقادیر ترکیبات BTEX و PAHs و پارامترهای موثر بر آن در جایگاه­های توزیع سوخت بنزین شهر کرج انجام پذیرفت. مواد و روش­ها: نمونه برداری جهت تعیین غلظت ترکیبات BTEX و PAHs و پارامترهای موثر بر آن در زمستان 1400 از 5 جایگاه توزیع سوخت در بازه زمانی صبح، ظهر، عصر و شب و در فواصل صفر، 50 و 100 متری صورت گرفت. برای سنجش غلظت ترکیبات BTEX از روش استاندارد ارائه شده 1501 توسط انستیتو ملی ایمنی و بهداشت شغلی و جهت سنجش PAHs از روش استاندارد TO-17 EPA استفاده شد. دما و رطوبت در نقاط نمونه برداری توسط Dwyer  اندازه گیری گردید. یافته­ها: بیشترین مقادیر BTEX مربوط به جایگاه سوخت مرکز شهر بود. مقادیر غلظت بنزن، تولوئن، اتیل بنزن و زایلن در فاصله صفر از منبع انتشار در بازه زمانی صبح به ترتیب 133، 311، 207 و 266 میکروگرم بر متر مکعب به دست آمد. حداقل غلظت نیز در بازه زمانی شب تعیین گردید. غلظت بنزن در کلیه جایگاه­های مورد بررسی بالاتر از حدود مجاز زیست محیطی می‌باشد. بین غلظت BTEX و پارامترهای محل قرار گیری جایگاه، بازه زمانی در طول شبانه روز، فاصله از جایگاه و پارامترهای سایکرومتریک نظیر دما، رطوبت ارتباط معنی داری تعیین گردید. نتیجه گیری: مقادیر غلظت بنزن در کلیه جایگاه­های مورد بررسی بالاتر از حدود مجاز زیست محیطی کشوری می­باشد. همچنین غلظت ترکیبات مورد مطالعه تحت تاثیر پارامترهای سایکرومتریک بوده و متغیرهای تراکم جمعیت، محل قرار گیری جایگاه، فاصله از محل انتشار و بازه زمانی در شبانه روز از جمله پارامترهای موثر در میزان مواجهه می­باشد. بنابراین می­توان با کنترل متغیرهای فوق و برنامه ریزی مناسب، گامی موثر در راستای برنامه ریزی اقدامات کنترلی و کاهش انتشار آلاینده مذکور برداشت.   2 Background and Objective: One of the sources of emissions of BTEX and PAHs is fuel distribution stations in cities. This study aimed to evaluate and monitor the concentrations of BTEX and PAHs and the parameters affecting them in gasoline distribution stations in Karaj. Materials and Methods: Sampling was performed to determine the concentration of BTEX and PAHs and the parameters affecting it in the winter of 2020 from 5 fuel distribution stations in the morning, noon, evening, and night at intervals of zero, 50, and 100 meters. The standard method 1501 provided by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health was used to measure the concentration of BTEX compounds, and the TO-17 EPA standard method was used to measure PAHs. Dwyer measured temperature and humidity at the sampling points. Results: Most of the BTEX concentration values ​​were related to the fuel station in the city center. The concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene at zero distance from the source in the morning were 133, 311, 207, and 266 μg.m-3, respectively (maximum concentration compared to other times). The minimum concentration was determined at night. The benzene concentration in all the studied sites was higher than the environmental permissible limits. There was a significant relationship between BTEX concentration and site location, the time interval during the day, distance from the site, and psychometric parameters such as temperature and humidity. Conclusion: Benzene concentration was higher than the environmental allowable limit in all stations. Climatic parameters and the variables of population density, location, distance from the place of release, and time interval were effective parameters in the exposure rate. Therefore, by controlling the above variables, a practical step can be taken to plan control measures and reduce the emission of these pollutants. Also, the present study's findings can help predict daily changes in the concentration of these compounds in different parts of the city and determine the points and times with a high probability of exposure. 279 294 2022/03/18 1400/12/27 2022/06/26 1401/4/5 مهدی علیمحمدی Mehdi alimohammadi دانشجوی دکتری گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده کشاورزی و علوم پایه واحد رودهن، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، رودهن، ایران ایران آزیتا بهبهانی نیا Azita Behbahaninia استادیار گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده کشاورزی و علوم پایه واحد رودهن، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، رودهن، ایران ایران مریم فراهانی Maryam farahani استادیار گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده کشاورزی و علوم پایه واحد رودهن، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، رودهن، ایران ایران سعید مطهری Saeed Motahari استادیار گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده کشاورزی و علوم پایه واحد رودهن، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، رودهن، ایران ایران BTEX PAHs Fuel Station Environment BTEX PAHs جایگاه سوخت محیط زیست 1. Khomenko S, Cirach M, Pereira-Barboza E, Mueller N, Barrera-Gómez J, Rojas-Rueda D, et al. Premature mortality due to air pollution in European cities: a health impact assessment. Lancet Planet Health. 2021;5(3):e121-e34.##Ma Y, Zhao Y, Yang S, Zhou J, Xin J, Wang S, et al. Short-term effects of ambient air pollution on emergency room admissions due to cardiovascular causes in Beijing, China. Environmental Pollution. 2017;230:974-80.##Moshiran VA, Karimi A, Golbabaei F, Yarandi MS, Sajedian AA, Koozekonan AG. Quantitative and Semiquantitative Health Risk Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Styrene in a Petrochemical Industry. Saf Health Work. 2021.##Sadeghi-Yarandi M, Golbabaei F, Karimi A. Evaluation of pulmonary function and respiratory symptoms among workers exposed to 1, 3-Butadiene in a petrochemical industry in Iran. Arch Environ Occup Health. 2020;75(8):483-90.##Sadeghi-Yarandi M, Karimi A, Ahmadi V, Sajedian AA, Soltanzadeh A, Golbabaei F. Cancer and non-cancer health risk assessment of occupational exposure to 1, 3-butadiene in a petrochemical plant in Iran. Toxicol Ind Health. 2020;36(12):960-70.##Ahmadi-Moshiran V, Sajedian AA, Soltanzadeh A, Seifi F, Koobasi R, Nikbakht N, et al. Carcinogenic and health risk assessment of respiratory exposure to Acrylonitrile, 1, 3-Butadiene and Styrene (ABS) in a Petrochemical Industry Using the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method. Int J Occup Saf Ergon. 2022(just-accepted):1-21.##Zhang K, Li L, Huang L, Wang Y, Huo J, Duan Y, et al. The impact of volatile organic compounds on ozone formation in the suburban area of Shanghai. Atmos Environ X. 2020;232:117511.##Liu Y, Song M, Liu X, Zhang Y, Hui L, Kong L, et al. Characterization and sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their related changes during ozone pollution days in 2016 in Beijing, China. Environmental Pollution. 2020;257:113599.##Yarandi MS, Karimi A, Sajedian AA, Ahmadi V. Comparative assessment of carcinogenic risk of respiratory exposure to 1, 3-Butadiene in a petrochemical industry by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and Singapore Health Department methods. J Health Saf Work. 2019;10(3):237-5 [In Persian]##Cruz LP, Santos DF, dos Santos IF, Gomes ÍV, Santos AV, Souza KS. Exploratory analysis of the atmospheric levels of BTEX, criteria air pollutants and meteorological parameters in a tropical urban area in Northeastern Brazil. Microchem J. 2020;152:104265.##Alsbou EM, Omari KW. BTEX indoor air characteristic values in rural areas of Jordan: Heaters and health risk assessment consequences in winter season. Environmental Pollution. 2020;267:115464.##Capíková A, Tesařová D, Hlavaty J, Ekielski A, Mishra PK. Estimation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and human health risk assessment of simulated indoor environment consisting of upholstered furniture made of commercially available foams. Advances in Polymer Technology. 2019.##Al-Harbi M, Alhajri I, AlAwadhi A, Whalen JK. Health symptoms associated with occupational exposure of gasoline station workers to BTEX compounds. Atmos Env. 2020;241:117847.##Nadali A, Leili M, Bahrami A, Karami M, Afkhami A. Phase distribution and risk assessment of PAHs in ambient air of Hamadan, Iran. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2021;209:111807.##Mukhopadhyay S, Dutta R, Das P. A critical review on plant biomonitors for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air through solvent extraction techniques. Chemosphere. 2020;251:126441.##Ellickson K, Herbrandson C, Krause M, Pratt G, Kellock K. Comparative risk estimates of an expanded list of PAHs from community and source-influenced air sampling. Chemosphere. 2020;253:126680.##Nováková Z, Novák J, Kitanovski Z, Kukučka P, Smutná M, Wietzoreck M, et al. Toxic potentials of particulate and gaseous air pollutant mixtures and the role of PAHs and their derivatives. Environment International. 2020;139(10).##Rastkari N, Izadpanah F, Yunesian M. Exposure to benzene in gas station workers: environmental and biological monitoring. Iranian Journal of Health and Environment. 2015;8(2):163-70.##Javadi I, Mohammadian Y, Elyasi S. Occupational exposure of shahindej county refueling stations workers to BTEX compounds, in 2016. Journal of Research in Environmental Health. 2017;3(1):74-83.##Scheepers PTJ, de Werdt L, van Dael M, Anzion R, Vanoirbeek J, Duca RC, et al. Assessment of exposure of gas station attendants in Sri Lanka to benzene, toluene and xylenes. Env Res. 2019;178:108670.##Bahrami A, Ghorbani Shanh F, Rahimpoor R. Comparation of health risk assessment carcinogenic hydrocarbons in Workplace air in an oil-dependent industry by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Department of Human Resources Malaysia. Iran Occupational Health. 2017;14(5):107-17. [In Persian]##AIR IAOI. VOC METHOD UPDATE SKC APPENDICES TO EPA METHOD TO-17. 2015.##Badjagbo K, Loranger S, Moore S, Tardif R, Sauve S. BTEX exposures among automobile mechanics and painters and their associated health risks. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal. 2010;16(2):301-16.##Khademi F, Samaei MR, Shahsavani A, Azizi K, Mohammadpour A, Derakhshan Z, et al. Investigation of the Presence Volatile Organic Compounds (BTEX) in the Ambient Air and Biogases Produced by a Shiraz Landfill in Southern Iran. Sustainability. 2022;14(2):1040.##Lee S, Chiu M, Ho K, Zou S, Wang X. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban atmosphere of Hong Kong. Chemosphere. 2002;48(3):375-82.##Haji Adineh HR, Mohammadi Rouzbehani M, Payandeh K, Ghanavati N. Investigation of The Concentration of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Compounds (PAHs) in Indoor and Outdoor Air of Urban Areas (Case study: Tehran, 2017-2018). Journal of Environmental Health Engineering. 2020;8(1):17-30. [In Persian]##Qin Y, Walk T, Gary R, Yao X, Elles S. C2-C10 nonmethane hydrocarbons measured in Dallas, USA-Seasonal trends and diurnal characteristics. Atmospheric Environment. 2007;41(28):6018-32.##Mohseni Bandpai A, Yaghoubi M, Hadei M, Salesi M, Shahsavani A. Concentrations of Criteria Air Pollutants and BTEX in Mehrabad International Airport. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2018;28(160):76-87. [In Persian]##Fernandez-Martinez G, López-Mahía P, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, Prada-Rodríguez D, Fernández-Fernández E. Measurement of volatile organic compounds in urban air of La Coruna, Spain. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. 2001;29(1): 267-88.##1. Khomenko S, Cirach M, Pereira-Barboza E, Mueller N, Barrera-Gómez J, Rojas-Rueda D, et al. Premature mortality due to air pollution in European cities: a health impact assessment. Lancet Planet Health. 2021;5(3):e121-e34.##Ma Y, Zhao Y, Yang S, Zhou J, Xin J, Wang S, et al. Short-term effects of ambient air pollution on emergency room admissions due to cardiovascular causes in Beijing, China. Environmental Pollution. 2017;230:974-80.##Moshiran VA, Karimi A, Golbabaei F, Yarandi MS, Sajedian AA, Koozekonan AG. Quantitative and Semiquantitative Health Risk Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Styrene in a Petrochemical Industry. Saf Health Work. 2021.##Sadeghi-Yarandi M, Golbabaei F, Karimi A. Evaluation of pulmonary function and respiratory symptoms among workers exposed to 1, 3-Butadiene in a petrochemical industry in Iran. Arch Environ Occup Health. 2020;75(8):483-90.##Sadeghi-Yarandi M, Karimi A, Ahmadi V, Sajedian AA, Soltanzadeh A, Golbabaei F. Cancer and non-cancer health risk assessment of occupational exposure to 1, 3-butadiene in a petrochemical plant in Iran. Toxicol Ind Health. 2020;36(12):960-70.##Ahmadi-Moshiran V, Sajedian AA, Soltanzadeh A, Seifi F, Koobasi R, Nikbakht N, et al. Carcinogenic and health risk assessment of respiratory exposure to Acrylonitrile, 1, 3-Butadiene and Styrene (ABS) in a Petrochemical Industry Using the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method. Int J Occup Saf Ergon. 2022(just-accepted):1-21.##Zhang K, Li L, Huang L, Wang Y, Huo J, Duan Y, et al. The impact of volatile organic compounds on ozone formation in the suburban area of Shanghai. Atmos Environ X. 2020;232:117511.##Liu Y, Song M, Liu X, Zhang Y, Hui L, Kong L, et al. Characterization and sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their related changes during ozone pollution days in 2016 in Beijing, China. Environmental Pollution. 2020;257:113599.##Yarandi MS, Karimi A, Sajedian AA, Ahmadi V. Comparative assessment of carcinogenic risk of respiratory exposure to 1, 3-Butadiene in a petrochemical industry by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and Singapore Health Department methods. J Health Saf Work. 2019;10(3):237-5 [In Persian]##Cruz LP, Santos DF, dos Santos IF, Gomes ÍV, Santos AV, Souza KS. Exploratory analysis of the atmospheric levels of BTEX, criteria air pollutants and meteorological parameters in a tropical urban area in Northeastern Brazil. Microchem J. 2020;152:104265.##Alsbou EM, Omari KW. BTEX indoor air characteristic values in rural areas of Jordan: Heaters and health risk assessment consequences in winter season. Environmental Pollution. 2020;267:115464.##Capíková A, Tesařová D, Hlavaty J, Ekielski A, Mishra PK. Estimation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and human health risk assessment of simulated indoor environment consisting of upholstered furniture made of commercially available foams. Advances in Polymer Technology. 2019.##Al-Harbi M, Alhajri I, AlAwadhi A, Whalen JK. Health symptoms associated with occupational exposure of gasoline station workers to BTEX compounds. Atmos Env. 2020;241:117847.##Nadali A, Leili M, Bahrami A, Karami M, Afkhami A. Phase distribution and risk assessment of PAHs in ambient air of Hamadan, Iran. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2021;209:111807.##Mukhopadhyay S, Dutta R, Das P. A critical review on plant biomonitors for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air through solvent extraction techniques. Chemosphere. 2020;251:126441.##Ellickson K, Herbrandson C, Krause M, Pratt G, Kellock K. Comparative risk estimates of an expanded list of PAHs from community and source-influenced air sampling. Chemosphere. 2020;253:126680.##Nováková Z, Novák J, Kitanovski Z, Kukučka P, Smutná M, Wietzoreck M, et al. Toxic potentials of particulate and gaseous air pollutant mixtures and the role of PAHs and their derivatives. Environment International. 2020;139(10).##Rastkari N, Izadpanah F, Yunesian M. Exposure to benzene in gas station workers: environmental and biological monitoring. Iranian Journal of Health and Environment. 2015;8(2):163-70.##Javadi I, Mohammadian Y, Elyasi S. Occupational exposure of shahindej county refueling stations workers to BTEX compounds, in 2016. Journal of Research in Environmental Health. 2017;3(1):74-83.##Scheepers PTJ, de Werdt L, van Dael M, Anzion R, Vanoirbeek J, Duca RC, et al. Assessment of exposure of gas station attendants in Sri Lanka to benzene, toluene and xylenes. Env Res. 2019;178:108670.##Bahrami A, Ghorbani Shanh F, Rahimpoor R. Comparation of health risk assessment carcinogenic hydrocarbons in Workplace air in an oil-dependent industry by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Department of Human Resources Malaysia. Iran Occupational Health. 2017;14(5):107-17. [In Persian]##AIR IAOI. VOC METHOD UPDATE SKC APPENDICES TO EPA METHOD TO-17. 2015.##Badjagbo K, Loranger S, Moore S, Tardif R, Sauve S. BTEX exposures among automobile mechanics and painters and their associated health risks. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal. 2010;16(2):301-16.##Khademi F, Samaei MR, Shahsavani A, Azizi K, Mohammadpour A, Derakhshan Z, et al. Investigation of the Presence Volatile Organic Compounds (BTEX) in the Ambient Air and Biogases Produced by a Shiraz Landfill in Southern Iran. Sustainability. 2022;14(2):1040.##Lee S, Chiu M, Ho K, Zou S, Wang X. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban atmosphere of Hong Kong. Chemosphere. 2002;48(3):375-82.##Haji Adineh HR, Mohammadi Rouzbehani M, Payandeh K, Ghanavati N. Investigation of The Concentration of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Compounds (PAHs) in Indoor and Outdoor Air of Urban Areas (Case study: Tehran, 2017-2018). Journal of Environmental Health Engineering. 2020;8(1):17-30. [In Persian]##Qin Y, Walk T, Gary R, Yao X, Elles S. C2-C10 nonmethane hydrocarbons measured in Dallas, USA-Seasonal trends and diurnal characteristics. Atmospheric Environment. 2007;41(28):6018-32.##Mohseni Bandpai A, Yaghoubi M, Hadei M, Salesi M, Shahsavani A. Concentrations of Criteria Air Pollutants and BTEX in Mehrabad International Airport. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2018;28(160):76-87. [In Persian]##Fernandez-Martinez G, López-Mahía P, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, Prada-Rodríguez D, Fernández-Fernández E. Measurement of volatile organic compounds in urban air of La Coruna, Spain. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. 2001;29(1): 267-88.## ##

بررسی اثربخشی گندزداهای مختلف درحذف ویروس کرونا: مطالعه مروری Investigating the Effectiveness of Different Disinfectants in Removing the Coronavirus: A Review Study 1 1 زمینه و هدف: عفونت های ویروسی باعث ایجاد بیماری های مختلف و مرگ و میر در سرتاسر جهان شدند. در سالیان اخیر، ظهور ویروس کرونا باعث عفونت‌های شدید دستگاه تنفسی و منجر به یک نگرانی جهانی شده است. هدف از مطالعه حاضر، بررسی اثربخشی گندزداهای مختلفی است که جهت کنترل ویروس کرونا مورد استفاده قرار گرفته اند. مواد و روش ها: مطالعه حاضر یک مطالعه مروری نظامند است. جمع آوری داده‌ها از طریق جستجوی مقالات در پایگاه های اطلاعاتی شاملSpringer ،Google Scholar ، Prospero، Cochrane، ISI،Scopus ،Embase ،PubMed  وDOAJ  بود. پس از جستجو و جمع آوری مقالات مرتبط با هدف، مقالات دسته بندی گردید. داده های مورد نیاز استخراج شد و در نهایت مورد تجزیه و تحلیـل قرار گرفت. یافته ها: بررسی مطالعات مختلف نشان داد که ویروس کرونا میتواند تا ۹ روز بـر روی سـطوح بی‌جان، عفونت زا باقی بماند. همچنین چند مطالعه وجود ویروس کرونا را در مدفوع گزارش نموده بودند. یافته های مستخرج از مقالات آشکار نمود که عفونت زایی ویروس کرونا روی سطوح توسط اتانول۷۱-۶۲ درصد، پراکسید هیدروژن 5/0 درصد و هیپوکلریت سدیم 1/0 درصد در عرض ۱ دقیقه کاهش می‌یابد. همچنین، ویروس کرونا در فاضلاب سپتیک تانک توسط۸۰۰ تا ۶۷۰۰ گرم بر مترمکعب هیپوکلریت سدیم در زمان تماس ۵/۱ ساعت غیرفعال می‌شود. علاوه بر این، ویروس کرونا در آئروسل های هوا تحت اشعه UVC در عرض ۴ تا ۹ ثانیه به میزان  log۵ کاهش می‌یابد.  نتیجه گیری: داروها و واکسن های مؤثری برای بیماری کووید-19 تا به امروز ساخته شدند. با این وجود، به دلیل جهش‌های غیرمنتظره ویروس کرونا، شناسایی گندزداهای مؤثر برحذف سویه های مختلف ویروس کرونا از سطوح و محیط های مختلف می‌تواند اقـدام مناسبی بـرای پیشـگیری و جلـوگیری از انتشـار بیماری کووید-19 باشد.   2 Viral infections have caused various diseases and deaths worldwide. In recent years, the emergence of the coronavirus has caused severe respiratory tract infections and led to a global concern. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of various disinfectants that have been used to control the coronavirus. Methods: The present study is a systematic review. Data was collected through searching articles in databases, including Springer, Google Scholar, Prospero, Cochrane, ISI, Scopus, Embase, PubMed, and DOAJ. After searching and collecting articles related to the goal, the articles were categorized. The required data were extracted and finally analyzed. Results: The review of various studies showed that the coronavirus could remain infectious on inanimate surfaces for 9 days. Also, some studies have reported the presence of the coronavirus in feces. The articles' findings revealed that the coronavirus infectivity on surfaces is reduced by 62-71% ethanol, 0.5% hydrogen peroxide, and 0.1% sodium hypochlorite at 1 min. Also, the coronavirus in septic tank wastewater is inactivated by 800 to 6700 g/m3 of sodium hypochlorite at a contact time of 1.5 hours. In addition, the coronavirus in air aerosols is reduced under UVC radiation by 5 logs at 4 to 9 seconds. Conclusion: Effective drugs and vaccines have been made for the covid-19 disease to date. However, due to the unexpected mutations of the coronavirus, identifying disinfectants effective in removing different strains of the coronavirus from different surfaces and environments can be a suitable measure to prevent the spread of the covid-19 disease. 295 312 2022/03/182022/07/26 1401/5/4 2022/06/262022/09/17 1401/6/26 مریم نوری گوشکی Maryam Nouri Goushki گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمان، کرمان، ایران ایران مجید نوذری Majid Nozari گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمان، کرمان، ایران ایران Disinfectants Disinfection Coronavirus Covid-19 Wastewater Metals nanoparticle گندزداها گندزدایی ویروس کرونا کووید-19 فاضلاب نانوذرات فلزی 1. Mawar N, Sahay S, Pandit A, Mahajan U. The third phase of HIV pandemic: social consequences of HIV/AIDS stigma & discrimination & future needs. Indian Journal of Medical Research 2005;122(6): 471.##Hui DS, Azhar EI, Madani TA, et al. The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health-The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China. International journal of infectious diseases 2020;91: 264-6.##Feng Z, Cao S-J, Haghighat F. Removal of SARS-CoV-2 using UV+ Filter in built environment. Sustainable Cities and Society 2021;74: 103226.##Achak M, Bakri SA, Chhiti Y, et al. SARS-CoV-2 in hospital wastewater during outbreak of COVID-19: A review on detection, survival and disinfection technologies. Science of the Total Environment 2021;761: 143192.##Chu DK, Akl EA, Duda S, et al. Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The lancet 2020;395(10242): 1973-87.##Rowan NJ, Moral RA. 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SARS-CoV-2 in hospital wastewater during outbreak of COVID-19: A review on detection, survival and disinfection technologies. Science of the Total Environment 2021;761: 143192.##Chu DK, Akl EA, Duda S, et al. Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The lancet 2020;395(10242): 1973-87.##Rowan NJ, Moral RA. Disposable face masks and reusable face coverings as non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to prevent transmission of SARS-CoV-2 variants that cause coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Role of new sustainable NPI design innovations and predictive mathematical modelling. Science of the Total Environment 2021;772: 145530.##Russell A. Introduction of biocides into clinical practice and the impact on antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Journal of Applied Microbiology 2002;92: 121S-35S.##Rowan NJ, Casey O. Empower Eco multiactor HUB: A triple helix 'academia-industry-authority'approach to creating and sharing potentially disruptive tools for addressing novel and emerging new Green Deal opportunities under a United Nations Sustainable Development Goals framework. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health 2021;21: 100254.##Rowan NJ, Galanakis CM. Unlocking challenges and opportunities presented by COVID-19 pandemic for cross-cutting disruption in agri-food and green deal innovations: Quo Vadis? Science of the Total Environment 2020;748: 141362.##Rai NK, Ashok A, Akondi BR. Consequences of chemical impact of disinfectants: safe preventive measures against COVID-19. Critical reviews in toxicology 2020;50(6): 513-20.##Bedrosian N, Mitchell E, Rohm E, et al. A systematic review of surface contamination, stability, and disinfection data on SARS-CoV-2 (through July 10, 2020). Environmental Science & Technology 2020;55(7): 4162-73.##Al-Sayah MH. Chemical disinfectants of COVID-19: an overview. Journal of water and health 2020;18(5): 843-8.##Zhang D, Ling H, Huang X, et al. Potential spreading risks and disinfection challenges of medical wastewater by the presence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral RNA in septic tanks of Fangcang Hospital. Science of the Total Environment 2020;741: 140445.##Mahmood A, Eqan M, Pervez S, et al. COVID-19 and frequent use of hand sanitizers; human health and environmental hazards by exposure pathways. Science of the Total Environment 2020;742: 140561.##Rowan NJ, Meade E, Garvey M. Efficacy of frontline chemical biocides and disinfection approaches for inactivating SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern that cause coronavirus disease with the emergence of opportunities for green eco-solutions. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health 2021;23: 100290.##Lin Q, Lim JY, Xue K, et al. Sanitizing agents for virus inactivation and disinfection. View 2020;1(2): e16.##Meyers C, Kass R, Goldenberg D, et al. Ethanol and isopropanol inactivation of human coronavirus on hard surfaces. Journal of Hospital Infection 2021;107: 45-9.##Mileto D, Mancon A, Staurenghi F, et al. Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 in the liquid phase: are aqueous hydrogen peroxide and sodium percarbonate efficient decontamination agents? ACS Chemical Health & Safety 2021;28(4): 260-7.##Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, Steinmann E. Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. Journal of hospital infection 2020;104(3): 246-51.##Pedreira A, Taşkın Y, García MR. A critical review of disinfection processes to control SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the food industry. Foods 2021;10(2): 283.##Lauritano D, Moreo G, Limongelli L, et al. Environmental disinfection strategies to prevent indirect transmission of SARS-CoV2 in healthcare settings. Applied Sciences 2020;10(18): 6291.##Bidra AS, Pelletier JS, Westover JB, et al. Comparison of in vitro inactivation of SARS CoV‐2 with hydrogen peroxide and povidone‐iodine oral antiseptic rinses. Journal of Prosthodontics 2020;29(7): 599-603.##Auerswald H, Yann S, Dul S, et al. Assessment of inactivation procedures for SARS-CoV-2. The Journal of General Virology 2021;102(3).##Storm N, McKay LG, Downs SN, et al. Rapid and complete inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by ultraviolet-C irradiation. Scientific Reports 2020;10(1): 1-5.##Zucker I, Lester Y, Alter J, et al. Pseudoviruses for the assessment of coronavirus disinfection by ozone. Environmental chemistry letters 2021;19(2): 1779-85.##Aghamirza Moghim Aliabadi H, Eivazzadeh‐Keihan R, Beig Parikhani A, et al. COVID‐19: A systematic review and update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. MedComm 2022;3(1): e115.##Fernando S, Gunasekara T, Holton J. Antimicrobial nanoparticles: applications and mechanisms of action. 2018.##Kaweeteerawat C, Na Ubol P, Sangmuang S, et al. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in bacteria mediated by silver nanoparticles. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 2017;80(23-24): 1276-89.##Weiss C, Carriere M, Fusco L, et al. Toward nanotechnology-enabled approaches against the COVID-19 pandemic. ACS nano 2020;14(6): 6383-406.##Kim J, Yeom M, Lee T, et al. Porous gold nanoparticles for attenuating infectivity of influenza A virus. Journal of nanobiotechnology 2020;18(1): 1-11.##Du T, Liang J, Dong N, et al. Glutathione-capped Ag2S nanoclusters inhibit coronavirus proliferation through blockage of viral RNA synthesis and budding. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2018;10(5): 4369-78.##Lin N, Verma D, Saini N, et al. Antiviral nanoparticles for sanitizing surfaces: A roadmap to self-sterilizing against COVID-19. Nano Today 2021;40: 101267.##Shang J, Ye G, Shi K, et al. Structural basis of receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2. Nature 2020;581(7807): 221-4.##Lan J, Ge J, Yu J, et al. Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor. Nature 2020;581(7807): 215-20.##Eguchi H, Ikeda Y, Koyota S, et al. Oxidative damage due to copper ion and hydrogen peroxide induces GlcNAc-specific cleavage of an Asn-linked oligosaccharide. The journal of biochemistry 2002;131(3): 477-84.##Sirelkhatim A, Mahmud S, Seeni A, et al. Review on zinc oxide nanoparticles: antibacterial activity and toxicity mechanism. Nano-micro letters 2015;7(3): 219-42.##Chin AW, Chu JT, Perera MR, et al. Stability of SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental conditions. The Lancet Microbe 2020;1(1): e10.##Bianchi M, Benvenuto D, Giovanetti M, et al. Sars-CoV-2 envelope and membrane proteins: structural differences linked to virus characteristics? BioMed Research International 2020;2020.##Kataki S, Chatterjee S, Vairale MG, et al. Concerns and strategies for wastewater treatment during COVID-19 pandemic to stop plausible transmission. 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ارزیابی خطر بهداشتی فلزات در غبار خیابانی شهر کرج در سال 1397 Health Risk Assessment of Metals in Street Dust of Karaj City in 2018 1 1  زمینه و هدف: در طی دو دهه گذشته، آلودگی هوا به مسئله جدی تبدیل شده است که منجر به انواع پیامد­های بهداشتی مضر شده است. غبار خیابانی ترکیب پیچیده­ای از آلاینده­های منابع مختلف است که می­تواند به عنوان شاخص مناسبی از کیفیت هوای محیط شهری باشد. از این رو، این مطالعه با هدف ارزیابی خطر بهداشنی فلزات سمی همراه با غبار خیابانی و شناسایی منابع انتشار آن­ها انجام شد. مواد و روش­ها: نمونه­های غبار از سه منطقه پر تردد برداشت و پس از هضم اسیدی عناصر کلسیم، باریم، کروم، مس، منگنز، نیکل، وانادیوم، روی، استرانسیوم، لیتیم، تیتانیوم، سدیم، منیزیم، پتاسیم، آهن و آلومینیوم به روش طیف­سنجی نشری جفت­شده القایی (ICP-OES) و عناصر کادمیوم، کبالت، سرب و تنگستن به روش طیف­سنجی جرمی جفت­شده القایی (ICP-MS) آنالیز شدند. یافته­ها: نتایج اندازه گیری عناصر در غبار خیابانی کرج نشان داد که در مقایسه با مقادیر موجود در پوسته زمین، غلظت (mg/kg) فلزات کادمیوم (9/0=X )، روی (15/479=X )، مس (37/159=X ) و سرب (57/113=X ) در سطح بسیار بالا و فلزات نیکل (36/69=X )، کروم (96/93=X )، کبالت (06/21=X )، تنگستن (73/5=X ) و کلسیم (75900=X ) در سطح نسبتا بالا قرار گرفتند. در مقابل غلظت سایر عناصر (باریم، منگنز، وانادیوم، استرانسیوم، تیتانیوم، لیتیم، منیزیم، سدیم، پتاسیم، آهن و آلومینیوم) در محدوده مقادیر پوسته زمین بودند. تحلیل خوشه­ای نشان داد عناصر کادمیوم، سرب، روی، مس، نیکل، کروم، کبالت و کلسیم عمدتا ناشی از فعالیت­های انسانی بودند، در حالی­که، سایر عناصر مطالعه شده مرتبط با منابع طبیعی بودند. بلع ذرات غبار مسیر اصلی مواجهه با فلزات سمی برای کودکان و بزرگسالان در کرج بود. شاخص خطر (HI) کمتر از سطح ایمن (1 >) برای کودکان و بزرگسالان اما با مقادیر بیشتر برای کودکان بود. در میان فلزات مطالعه شده، کبالت، کروم و کادمیوم بیشترین خطر سرطان­زایی را داشتند. نتیجه­گیری: نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد غبار خیابانی کرج به شدت آلوده به فلزات سمی است که تماس بلند­مدت با آن می­تواند باعث بروز آثار مضر به­ویژه برای کودکان شود. بنابراین پایش مداوم آلاینده­های فلزی (به­ویژه کبالت، کروم و کادمیوم) توصیه می­شود.    2 Background: In the last two decades, air pollution has become a serious problem, leading to a variety of harmful health effects. Street dust is a complex combination of pollutants from different sources, which can be a good indicator of air quality in the urban environment. So, this study was conducted to assess the health risk of toxic metals associated with street dust and identify their emission sources. Materials and Method: Dust samples were collected from three high-traffic districts in Karaj. After acid digestion, Cu, Zn, Cr, Mn, Ni, Ca, Ba, Sr, Li, Ti, Na, Mg, K, Fe, Al and V were measured using ICP-OES and Cd, Co, W and Pb were measured using ICP-MS. Results: The results of the measurement of elements in the street dust of Karaj indicated that compared to the amounts of elements in the earth's crust, the concentration (mg/kg) of Cd (X =0.9), Zn (X =479.15), Cu (X =159.37) and Pb (X =113.57) were at a very high level and the concentration (mg/kg) of Ni (X =69.36), Cr (X =93.96), Co (X =21.06), W (X =5.73) and Ca (X =75900) were at a relatively high level. In contrast, the concentrations of other elements (Ba, Mn, V, Sr, Ti, Li, Mg, Na, Ka, Fe, and Al) were in the range of values found in the earth's crust. Cluster analysis showed that Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Co, and Ca were mainly caused by anthropogenic activities, while other studied metals were associated with natural sources. Ingestion of dust particles was the main exposure pathway of toxic metals for both adults and children in Karaj. The Hazard Index (HI) in the children was higher than the adults, but it was lower than the safe level (HI≤1) in the both groups. Co, Cr and Cd had the highest carcinogenic risk among the studied metals. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that the street dust of Karaj is highly contaminated with toxic metals that long-term exposure with them can cause harmful effects, especially in children. Therefore, continuous monitoring of metal pollutants especially Co, Cr and Cd is recommended. 313 332 2022/03/182022/07/262022/06/28 1401/4/7 2022/06/262022/09/172022/08/1 1401/5/10 رخساره عظیمی یانچشمه Rokhsareh Azimi-Yancheshmeh دکترای تخصصی علوم محیط زیست، کارشناس آلودگی‌های محیط زیست سازمان حفاظت محیط زیست، تهران، ایران ایران مظاهر معین الدینی Mazaher Moeinaddini دکترای تخصصی علوم محیط زیست، دانشیار گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران ایران سهراب مظلومی Sohrab Mazloomi دکترای تخصصی علوم محیط زیست، کارشناس اکوسیستم‌های ساحلی سازمان حفاظت محیط زیست، تهران، ایران ایران سادات فیض نیا Sadat Feyz Nia دکترای تخصصی زمین شناسی، استاد بازنشسته، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران ایران رضا شهبازی Reza Shahbazi دکترای تخصصی منابع طبیعی، محقق سازمان زمین شناسی و اکتشافات معدنی، تهران، ایران ایران Metals Health risk Street dust Karaj فلزات خطر بهداشتی غبار خیابانی کرج 1. Bari MA, Kindzierski WB. 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ارزیابی ریسک‌های بهداشتی: مطالعه موردی در یکی از صنایع تولید چسب استان البرز درسال 1399 Health Risk Assessment: A Case Study In One of the Adhesives Manufacturing Industries of Alborz Province in 2020 1 1 زمینه و هدف: کارکنان در صنایع چسب با عوامل زیان­آور مختلفی مواجهه دارند و متاسـفانه شرایط کاری و مسائل بهداشتی مربوط به آنها بهبود نیافته است. لذا نیاز به یک برنامه جامع ارزیابی ریسک برای تعیین عوامل و وظایف پرمخاطره ضروری بنظر می­رسد. بنابراین این مطالعه با هدف ارزیابی ریسک بهداشتی در یکی از صنایع تولید چسب انجام گرفت. مواد و روش­ها: این مطالعه مقطعی-موردی در سال 1399در یک صنعت تولید و بسته­بندی چسب انجامگرفته است. تعداد68 نفر در بخش­های مختلف مشغول به فعالیت بودند. ابزار مورد مطالعه، روش ارائه شده توسط وزارت منابع انسانی، دپارتمان ایمنی و سلامت شغلی مالزی و نمونه ارزیابی ریسک بهداشتی در صنعت نفت و گاز بوده است. یافته­ها: براساس نتایج این مطالعه 24ریسک شیمیایی و 74ریسک غیرشیمیایی شناسایی و ارزیابی گردید. نتایج ارزیابی ریسک شیمیایی نشان داد که 56/69درصد(16نفر) افراد باسطح ریسک کم و ناچیز،1/26درصد(6نفر)  با سطح ریسک متوسط و34/4درصد(1نفر) با سطح ریسک زیاد مواجهه داشته­اند. بالاترین سطح ریسک خطرات شیمیایی(درجه ریسک =87/3) به واحد چاپ نواری و شغل اپراتور چاپ نواری، اختصاص یافته است. تولوئن انتشار یافته در این شغل عامل اصلی این سطح ریسک می‌باشد. بعد از تولوئن، بنزن و متیلن کلراید بیشترین ریسک را دارا می باشند. از ریسک­های غیرشیمیایی مورد بررسی، خطر بهداشتی ارگونومیکی در اولویت­ اول اقدام قرار داشت و کارگر انبار دارای بیشترین سطح ریسک بوده است. نتیجه­گیری: اگرچه، هیچ ریسک بهداشتی در سطح خیلی بالا(مستلزم اقدام فوری) شناسایی نشد، ولیکن به واسطه ماهیت شیمیایی مواد مورد استفاده و اثرات سینرژیک این مواد با سایر عوامل زیان­آور(مانند صدا) ممکن است در آینده شاهد اثرات بهداشتی نامطلوبی بر سلامت کارکنان باشیم.   2 Background & Objective: Adhesive industry workers exposed to different harmful agents. Unfortunately, working conditions and related health issues have not improved. Therefore, a comprehensive risk assessment program seems necessary to identify the risk factors and tasks. Accordingly, this study was conducted to assess the health risk in one of the adhesive industries. Materials & Methods: The cross-sectional case study was conducted in 2020 in an adhesive production and packaging industry. A total of 68 people were working in various parts. The instrument studied was the method provided by the Ministry of Human Resources of the Malaysian Department of Occupational Safety and Health and a sample of health risk assessment in the oil and gas industry. Result: Based on the results of this study, 24 chemical risks and 74 non-chemical risks identified and evaluated. The chemical risk assessment showed that 69.56% (16 people) were exposed to low and insignificant risk levels, 26.1% (6 people) with medium risk levels and 4.34% (1 person) with high-risk levels. The highest level of chemical hazards risk (risk degree = 3.87) is assigned to the tape printing unit and the job of the tape printing operator. Released toluene in this job is a significant factor in this level of risk. After toluene, benzene and methylene chloride had the highest risk. Among the non-chemical risks studied, ergonomic health risk was the priority, and the warehouse worker had the highest level of risk. Conclusion: Although, there is no very high level of health risk (requiring immediate action). However, we may see adverse health effects on employees' health in the future, due to the chemical nature of the materials used and the synergistic effects between these materials and other harmful factors (such as sound). 333 348 2022/03/182022/07/262022/06/282022/02/6 1400/11/17 2022/06/262022/09/172022/08/12022/04/4 1401/1/15 سیده آذر موسوی فرد Seyedeh Azar Mousavi fard استادیار، گروه مهندسی بهداشت حرفه ای وایمنی کار ، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، البرز، ایران-استادیار ، مرکز تحقیقات بهداشت، ایمنی و محیط (RCHSE)، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج، ایران ایران مژگان اردستانی Mozghan Ardestani کارشناس ارشد بهداشت حرفه ای، مدیر ایمنی و بهداشت نستله ایران، قزوین، ایران ایران سیده فاطمه موسوی کیا Seyedeh Fatemeh Mousavi kia کارشناس بهداشت حرفه ای و ایمنی کار ، مرکز بهداشت شهرستان خرم اباد ، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی لرستان ، خرم اباد ایران ایران فاطمه زارعی Fatemeh Zarei کارشناس ارشد بهداشت حرفه ای، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، البرز، ایران ایران Risk assessment Health risk assessment Adhesives Industry ارزیابی ریسک ارزیابی ریسک بهداشتی چسب صنعت Beheshti MH, FirooziChahak A, AlinaghiLangari AA, Rostami S. Semi-quantitative risk assessment of health exposure to hazardous chemical agents in a petrochemical plant. Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology. 2015;4(1):1-8.##Sharifi A, Amini nasab As, Delavar A. Assessment of Health Risk of Exposure to Chemical Pollutants Based on Program of Respiratory Protection at a Petrochemical Company in Mahshahr. J Occup Hyg and health Promot. 2020;3(4):331-4. eng##Vahid AhmadiMoshiran1AliKarimi2FaridehGolbabaei2 Mohsen SadeghiYarandi1Ali AsgharSajedian1Aysa GhasemiKoozekonan.Quantitative and Semiquantitative Health Risk Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Styrene in a Petrochemical Industry. Safety and Health at Work. 2021;12(3), P:396-402##Council NR. Risk assessment in the federal government: Managing the process. Washington (DC), National Academy Press; 1983.##Sadeghi Yarandi M, Karimi A, Sajedian AA, Golbabaei F, Quantitative health risk assessment of respiratory exposure to 1,3 Butadiene in a petrochemical industry . Iran Occup. Health.2020 .17(61).1-16##M. Mohamadyan, M. Moosazadeh, A. Borji, N. Khanjani, S.R. Moghadam.Occupational exposure to styrene and its relation with urine mandelic acid, in plastic injection workers. Environ Monitoring Asses, 2019;191(2), P: 62##Jahangiri M, Motovagheh M. Health Risk Assessment of Harmful Chemicals: Case Study in a Petrochemical Industry. Iran Occup. Health j. 2011;7(4),P:1-4. eng.##A semi-quantitative method to assess occupational exposure to harmful chemicals. ministry of manpower occupationa safety and health division 18Havelock Road 03-03 singapore 059764.##Controlling Health Risks at Work: A roadmap for the Oil & Gas industry.Part II. Health Risk Assessment (HRA): A sample template##Sharifi A, Amini Nasab AS, Delavar A. Assessment of health risk of exposure to chemical pollutants based on program of respiratory protection at a petrochemical company in Mahshahr. J Occup Environ Hyg. 2020; 3(4): 331-4. [In Persian].##Nikbakht N, Dehghan-Shahreza H. Identification and Assessment of Health Risks in Order to Provide Control Measures in a Bitumen Production Process from the Vacuum Batum of Oil Refineries. Health Serv. Res. 2021: 17(3), P: 231-242 [In Persian].##Abouei Mehrizi AR. Laboratory study of the simultaneous effect of noise and toluene exposure on biological and immunological parameters in rabbits . Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health : Aialable from: http://dspace.tbzmed.ac.ir:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/62223; 2020. (Thesis)##Khavanin A, Mortazavi SB, MirzaeiI R, Imani H, Fath elahi Y, Kazemnekad A, et al. The compaision of effect of toluene , especially noise and toluene along with noise pre auditory brain stem response on rabbit Zahesan. J Res Med Sci. 2007;9(3)##.Basahel A M. Investigation of Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) in Warehouse Workers in Saudi Arabia. Procedia Manufacturing, 2015: )3(,P: 4643-4649##ghaljahi m, namrudi s. Identification and assessment of hazard risks in a flour mill by the JSA and FMEA methodology. J Health Res Commun. 2017;3(3), P:82-9.##Adabavaze N NM. Risk Assessment of Occupational Health Risks with COHRA Approach Using Data Envelopment Analysis. jemsc. 2020; 5(2): 171-94##Beheshti MH, FirooziChahak A, AlinaghiLangari AA, Rostami S. Semi-quantitative risk assessment of health exposure to hazardous chemical agents in a petrochemical plant. Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology. 2015;4(1):1-8.##Sharifi A, Amini nasab As, Delavar A. Assessment of Health Risk of Exposure to Chemical Pollutants Based on Program of Respiratory Protection at a Petrochemical Company in Mahshahr. J Occup Hyg and health Promot. 2020;3(4):331-4. eng##Vahid AhmadiMoshiran1AliKarimi2FaridehGolbabaei2 Mohsen SadeghiYarandi1Ali AsgharSajedian1Aysa GhasemiKoozekonan.Quantitative and Semiquantitative Health Risk Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Styrene in a Petrochemical Industry. Safety and Health at Work. 2021;12(3), P:396-402##Council NR. Risk assessment in the federal government: Managing the process. Washington (DC), National Academy Press; 1983.##Sadeghi Yarandi M, Karimi A, Sajedian AA, Golbabaei F, Quantitative health risk assessment of respiratory exposure to 1,3 Butadiene in a petrochemical industry . Iran Occup. Health.2020 .17(61).1-16##M. Mohamadyan, M. Moosazadeh, A. Borji, N. Khanjani, S.R. Moghadam.Occupational exposure to styrene and its relation with urine mandelic acid, in plastic injection workers. Environ Monitoring Asses, 2019;191(2), P: 62##Jahangiri M, Motovagheh M. Health Risk Assessment of Harmful Chemicals: Case Study in a Petrochemical Industry. Iran Occup. Health j. 2011;7(4),P:1-4. eng.##A semi-quantitative method to assess occupational exposure to harmful chemicals. ministry of manpower occupationa safety and health division 18Havelock Road 03-03 singapore 059764.##Controlling Health Risks at Work: A roadmap for the Oil & Gas industry.Part II. Health Risk Assessment (HRA): A sample template##Sharifi A, Amini Nasab AS, Delavar A. Assessment of health risk of exposure to chemical pollutants based on program of respiratory protection at a petrochemical company in Mahshahr. J Occup Environ Hyg. 2020; 3(4): 331-4. [In Persian].##Nikbakht N, Dehghan-Shahreza H. Identification and Assessment of Health Risks in Order to Provide Control Measures in a Bitumen Production Process from the Vacuum Batum of Oil Refineries. Health Serv. Res. 2021: 17(3), P: 231-242 [In Persian].##Abouei Mehrizi AR. Laboratory study of the simultaneous effect of noise and toluene exposure on biological and immunological parameters in rabbits . Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health : Aialable from: http://dspace.tbzmed.ac.ir:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/62223; 2020. (Thesis)##Khavanin A, Mortazavi SB, MirzaeiI R, Imani H, Fath elahi Y, Kazemnekad A, et al. The compaision of effect of toluene , especially noise and toluene along with noise pre auditory brain stem response on rabbit Zahesan. J Res Med Sci. 2007;9(3)##.Basahel A M. Investigation of Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) in Warehouse Workers in Saudi Arabia. Procedia Manufacturing, 2015: )3(,P: 4643-4649##ghaljahi m, namrudi s. Identification and assessment of hazard risks in a flour mill by the JSA and FMEA methodology. J Health Res Commun. 2017;3(3), P:82-9.##Adabavaze N NM. Risk Assessment of Occupational Health Risks with COHRA Approach Using Data Envelopment Analysis. jemsc. 2020; 5(2): 171-94## ##

ارزیابی آلودگی و خطر بالقوه بوم‌شناحتی عناصر سرب، کادمیم، کروم و نیکل در خاک‌ سطحی حاشیه برخی جاده‌های کلان‌شهر همدان Pollution and Potential Ecological Risk Assessment of Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni in Surface Soils Along some Roads of City of Hamedan 1 1 زمینه و هدف: حمل و نقل جاده‏ای یکی از منابع اصلی آلودگی فلزی است که می‏تواند خاک‏های کنار جاده را تحت تاثیر قرار دهد. از این‌رو، این پژوهش با هدف ارزیابی آلودگی و خطر سمیت بالقوه عناصر سرب، کادمیم، کروم و نیکل در خاک سطحی حاشیه برخی جاده‏های کلان‏شهر همدان در سال 1398 انجام یافت. مواد و روش‏ها: در این مطالعه توصیفی-مقطعی، پس از جمع‌آوری 63 نمونه خاک سطحی در طول 700 متر از یک قطعه 9 کیلومتری از جاده‏های گلتپه، رزن و کرمانشاه و سپس آماده‏سازی و هضم اسیدی نمونه‏ها در آزمایشگاه، محتوی عناصر در نمونه‌های خاک به‌روش طیف‏سنجی نوری پلاسمای جفت شده القایی (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry: ICP-OES) خوانده شد. همچنین، نسبت به محاسبه شاخص‏های غنی‏شدگی (EF)، سمیت محیطی (mERM-Q)، خطر بوم‏شناختی (mPEL-Q) و خطرپذیری بالقوه بوم‏شناختی تجمعی (RI) نیز اقدام شد. پردازش آماری نتایج نیز با استفاده از نرم‏افزار  SPSSانجام یافت. یافته‎ها: نتایج نشان داد که بیشینه میانگین مقادیر عناصر سرب، کادمیم، کروم و نیکل در نمونه‏های خاک با 4/26، 320/0، 3/17 و 2/22 میلی‏گرم در کیلوگرم به‏ترتیب مربوط به ایستگاه‏های کرمانشاه، رزن، رزن و رزن (ایستگاه‏های با ترافیک زیاد) و بیان‏گر تأثیر حجم ترافیک بود. نتایج محاسبه شاخص EF نشان داد که غنی‌سازی (آلودگی) عناصر سرب، کروم و نیکل در ایستگاه‎های با حجم ترافیک زیاد (رزن و کرمانشاه) با میانگین مقادیر بزرگ‌تر از 5/1، "متوسط" تا "شدید" بود که بیان‏گر تأثیر ورودی‌های انسانی به‌ویژه با منشأ ترافیک است، در حالی‌که، در همه ایستگاه‏ها مقادیر شاخص برای عنصر کادمیم بیان‌گر شرایط "غیر آلوده یا فاقد غنی‏شدگی" بود. همچنین، میانگین مقادیر شاخص‏های mERM-Q و mPEL-Q عناصر در نمونه‏های خاک بیان‌گر %21 احتمال سمیت بود. از طرفی، نتایج محاسبه شاخص خطرپذیری بالقوه بوم‌شناختی احتمالی (Er) بیان‏گر "خطر بوم‏شناختی کم" برای همه عناصر و روند کاهشی میانگین عامل خطرپذیری بالقوه بوم‏شناختی احتمالی نیز به‌صورت کادمیم > نیکل > سرب > کروم حاصل شد. از سوی دیگر، میانگین مقدار شاخص RI برابر با 9/31 و بیان‏گر "مخاطره بوم‏شناختی کم" در ایستگاه‏های مورد مطالعه بود. نتیجه‏گیری: هر چند که میانگین مقادیر شاخص  RIنشان‏دهنده کیفیت قابل قبول خاک در ایستگاه‏های مورد مطالعه و عدم بروز مخاطره بوم‏شناختی بود، اما عنصر کادمیم با %4/82 از بیش‏ترین سهم در ایجاد مخاطره بوم‏شناختی برخوردار بود. از این‌رو، نسبت به شناسایی و کنترل منابع انتشار این عنصر در زیست‏بوم حاشیه جاده توصیه می‏شود. از طرفی، پایش منظم و دوره‏ای نمونه‏های خاک با قابلیت ایجاد خطر برای سلامت بوم‏سازگان به‏منظور مدیریت و حفاظت خاک ضروری است.    2 Background & Objective: The road traffic has become one of the main sources of metal pollution and could affect roadside soils. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the pollution and toxicity potential of Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni in surface soils along some roads of city of Hamedan in 2019. Materials & Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, a total of 63 surface soil samples were collected along 700 m of a 9 km section of Goltepe, Razan and Kermanshah roads. After samples preparation, Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni contents were determined using ICP-OES. The enrichment factor (EF), mean effect range-median quotient (mERM-Q), mean probable effect level quotient (mPEL-Q) and cumulative potential ecological risk (RI) indices were also calculated. Also, all statistical analyses of the obtained data were performed using SPSS software. Results: The results showed that the maximum mean contents of Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni in the soil samples with 26.4, 0.320, 17.3 and 22.2 mg/kg, respectively, were found to be in Kermanshah, Razan, Razan and Kermanshah sampling sites (i.e. the sites with high vehicle traffic), indicaing the effect of traffic volume. The mean EF values of Pb, Cr and Ni were higher than 1.50, showed that soil samples could be classified as 'moderate' to 'severe' category in the sampling sites with high traffic volume (i.e. Razan and Kermanshah) which represents the effect of traffic emmissions on the soil contamination, while for all the sampling sites the mean EF values for Cd indicated that soil samples could be classified as 'non-contaminated' or 'no enrichment' matrices. Also, the mean values of mERM-Q and mPEL-Q of analyzed elements indicated that the elemental probability toxicity of soil samples was 21%. On the other hand, the values of Er showed a 'low ecological risk' of all analyzed elements. Also, the average values of potential ecological risk factor increase in the following descending order: Cd > Ni > Pb > Cr. Besides, the average value of RI with 31.9 indicating that the analyzed elements in all the sampling sites were classified as 'low ecological risk'. Conclusion: Although the average values of RI were shown the acceptable soil quality in all the sampling sites, Cd with 82.4% of the mean values of RI showed significant potential to occurrence the ecological risk; therefore, therefore, source identification and especially source control of this toxic element with potentially adverse effects on humans and also environmental health is recommended. 349 364 2022/03/182022/07/262022/06/282022/02/62022/06/28 1401/4/7 2022/06/262022/09/172022/08/12022/04/42022/07/22 1401/4/31 نیره السادات حسینی Nayereh Sadat Hosseini دانش‌آموخته دکتری تخصصی گروه محیط‌زیست، دانشکده علوم پایه، واحد همدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، همدان، ایران ایران سهیل سبحان اردکانی Soheil Sobhanardakani دکترای تخصصی علوم محیط‌زیست، استاد گروه محیط‌زیست، دانشکده علوم پایه، واحد همدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، همدان، ایران ایران Soil contamination Potential risk Toxicity Enrichment factor Traffic آلودگی خاک خطرپذیری بالقوه سمیت غنی‌شدگی ترافیک 1. Sobhanardakani S. 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Assessment of Zn, Pb, Cd, and Cu contamination in surface soils of urban parks in city of Hamedan. Iran J of Soil Res 2018;32(3): 417-30 (In Persian).##Sobhanardakani S. Non-carcinogenic risk assessment of heavy metals through exposure to the household dust (Case study: City of Khorramabad, Iran). Ann Med Health Sci Res 2018;16(4).##Obiri-Nyarko F, Duah AA, Karikari AY, et al. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in soils at the Kpone landfill site, Ghana: Implication for ecological and health risk assessment. Chemosphere 2021;282: 131007.##Nag R, O'Rourke SM, Cummins E. A GIS study to rank Irish agricultural lands with background and anthropogenic concentrations of metal (loid) s in soil. Chemosphere 2022;286: 131928.##Yan G, Mao L, Liu S, et al. Enrichment and sources of trace metals in roadside soils in Shanghai, China: a case study of two urban/rural roads. Sci Total Environ 2018;631: 942-50.##Khalid N, Noman A, Aqeel M, et al. 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بررسی عملکرد پروکسی مونوسولفات جهت حذف 4-کلروفنل از محلول های آبی در حضور کاتالیست حاوی منگنز Investigating the Performance of Peroxymonosulfate to 4-Chlorophenol removal from Aqueous Solutions in the Presence of Manganese-containing Catalyst 1 1 زمینه و هدف: فرایند های اکسیداسیون پیشرفته مبتنی بر پروکسی مونوسولفات (PMS)، پتانسیل قابل توجهی را جهت تخریب آلاینده های آلی خطرناک پساب از خود نشان داده اند. ترکیبات منگنز به عنوان کاتالیزور سازگار با محیط زیست و مطلوب جهت فعال سازی PMS در نظر گرفته شده اند. در این مطالعه، کاتالیزور MnOOH به صورت آزمایشگاهی ساخته شد و به عنوان فعال کننده PMS جهت حذف 4-کلروفنل (4-CP) که از مهم ترین مشتقات خانواده کلروفنل‌ها می باشد،  مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. مواد و روش ها: پارامتر های عملیاتی موثر بر فرایند از جمله، دوز MnOOH (01/0، 05/0 ، 1/0، 2/0، 3/0 و 5/0 گرم بر لیتر)، دوز PMS (2/0، 1، 2 و 4 میلی مول)، غلظت 4-کلروفنل اولیه (25، 50، 100 و 200 میلی گرم بر لیتر) و pH اولیه محلول واکنشی (3، 5، 7، 9 و 11) بر راندمان حذف 4-کلروفنل مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. همچنین اثر آنیون های همراه (برماید (Brˉ) و فسفات (PO43ˉ)) و هیومیک اسید به منظور شناسایی نحوه عمکلرد فرایند در شرایط مختلف مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. در نهایت، آزمایش بازیابی کاتالیزور به منظور تعیین میزان پایداری و قابلیت استفاده مجدد آن انجام گرفت. یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد که بهترین عمکلرد فرایند PMS/MnOOH (راندمان حذف 4-کلروفنل برابر 88/94%) در شرایط pH خنثی، دوز PMS برابر 2 میلی مول و دوز MnOOH برابر 3/0 گرم بر لیتر بدست می‌آید. در حضور فسفات، عمکلرد سیستم PMS/MnOOH در تخریب 4-کلروفنل افت شدیدی یافت. همچنین کاتالیزور MnOOH، پایداری قابل قبولی را در آزمایشات بازیابی از خود نشان داد. نتیجه گیری: فرایند اکسیداسیون پیشرفته PMS/MnOOH به عنوان یک سیستم قدرتمند، پایدار و سازگار با محیط زیست، میتواند در تصفیه فاضلاب های حاوی ترکیبات فنلی از جمله 4-کلروفنل مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.   2 background and objective: Advanced oxidation processes based on peroxymonosulfate (PMS) have shown significant potential for the degradation of hazardous organic pollutants in wastewater. Manganese compounds are considered as environmentally friendly and desirable catalysts for PMS activation. In this study, MnOOH catalyst was synthesized in laboratory and used as a PMS activator to remove 4-chlorophenol (4-CP), which is one of the most important derivatives of the chlorophenol family. Materials and Methods: effective operational parameters including MnOOH dose (0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.5 g/L), PMS dose (0.2, 1, 2, and 4 mmol), initial 4-chlorophenol concentration (25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/L) and the initial pH of the reaction solution (3, 5, 7, 9, and 11) on the 4-CP removal efficiency were studied. Also, the effect of coexisting anions (bromide (Brˉ) and phosphate (PO43ˉ)) and humic acid was studied in order to identify how the process works in different conditions. Finally, the catalyst reusability experiment was carried out in order to determine the stability and reusability of the MnOOH. Results: The results showed that the best performance of PMS/MnOOH process (4-chlorophenol degradation efficiency equal to 94.88%) is obtained in neutral pH conditions, PMS dose equal to 2 mmol and MnOOH dose equal to 0.3 g/L. in the presence of phosphate, the degradation efficiency of 4-chlorophenol in PMS/MnOOH was significantly decreased. Also, MnOOH showed acceptable stability in reusability tests. Conclusion: Advanced oxidation process of PMS/MnOOH as a powerful, sustainable and environmentally friendly system can be used in the treatment of wastewater containing phenolic compounds, especially 4-chlorophenol. 365 376 2022/03/182022/07/262022/06/282022/02/62022/06/282022/06/16 1401/3/26 2022/06/262022/09/172022/08/12022/04/42022/07/222022/07/20 1401/4/29 سبحان قنبری Sobhan Ghanbari کمیته تحقیقات دانشجویی دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران-دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران ایران علی فاتحی زاده Ali Fatehizadeh دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران-مرکز تحقیقات محیط زیست، پژوهشکده پیشگیری اولیه از بیماریهای غیرواگیر ، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اصفهان ، اصفهان ، ایران ایران انسیه طاهری Ensiyeh Taheri دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران-مرکز تحقیقات محیط زیست، پژوهشکده پیشگیری اولیه از بیماریهای غیرواگیر ، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اصفهان ، اصفهان ، ایران ایران 4-Chlorophenol Peroxymonosulfate MnOOH 4-کلروفنل پروکسی مونو سولفات MnOOH 1. 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مدلسازی پراکنش بنزن، تولوئن، زایلن و اتیل بنزن خروجی از صنایع خودروسازی و تعیین پتانسیل تشکیل ازن (مطالعه موردی :خودروسازی سایپا) Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling of Benzene, Toluene, Xylene, and Ethyl Benzene Output from the Automotive Industries and Determining Ozone Formation Potential (Case Study of Saipa) 1 1 زمینه‌ و هدف‌: صنایع خودروسازی بواسطه مصرف حلالها در مرحله رنگ آمیزی خودرو ‌یکی‌ از منابع مهم انتشار آلاینده های شیمیایی در هوا می‌باشند. هدف‌ از این‌ تحقیق‌ بررسی‌ نحوه پراکنش بنزن، تولوئن، زایلن و اتیل بنزن خروجی‌ از صنایع خودروسازی سایپا و همچنین تعیین پتانسیل تشکیل ازن در مناطق اطراف می باشد. مواد و روش ها: در این مطالعه‌، پس از نمونه برداری از دودکشهای کارخانه سایپا به روشEPA method31 و سپس آنالیز گاز کروماتوگرافی جرمی GC-MCبصورت ماهانه و در بازه زمانی دی ماه 99 تا دی ماه 1400، نحوه‌ پراکنش‌ آلاینده ها با استفاده‌ از مدل‌ AERMOD برای متوسط زمانی سالانه، در محیط سایپا و مناطق اطراف مدل سازی شد و با استفاده از روش Carter پتانسیل تشکیل ازن محاسبه شد. نمونه گیریهای محیطی بصورت روزانه با روش NIOSH، اطراف منابع برای نشان دادن صحت خروجیهای مدل انجام گرفته شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج‌ نشان‌ داد بیشترین‌ میزان‌ غلظت‌ ترکیبات BTEX با مقدار 76/3631 میکروگرم بر متر مکعب در مختضات 71/515725 و 95/3953590 در داخل‌ محوطه سایپا و کمترین آن در بوستان خدیجه واقع در شمال غرب سایپا رخ می دهد‌، نتایج صحت سنجی نشان می دهد که در همه موارد مقادیر تعصب کسری و خطای مربعات میانگین نرمال شده کوچکتر از 5/0 و ضریب همبستگی قابل قبولی بین نتایج مدل و نمونه گیریها وجود دارد. بیشترین پتانسیل تشکیل ازن را در محوطه سایپا و کمترین آن را در بوستان خدیجه شاهد هستیم. نتیجه‌گیری: ‌ترکیبات BTEX باعث‌ تأثیرگذاری بر روی کیفیت‌ هوای مناطق‌ اطراف‌ گروه خودروسازی سایپا و همچنین تاثیرات منفی زیست محیطی می گردد. کارکنان گروه خودروسازی سایپا در معرض خطر تماس با مقادیر زیاد ازن تشکیل شده از ترکیبات BTEX هستند.   2 automotive industries are one of the important sources of chemical pollutants in the air through the use of solvents in painting process. The purpose of this study is to investigate the distribution of benzene, toluene, xylene and Etil benzene from the output of Saipa automotive industry and determining the ozone formation potential in the surrounding areas. Methods: In this study, after monthly sampling pollutants the concentrations of pollutants from Saipa plant chimneys using USEPA method31, during 2021, the distribution of pollutants was performed for annual period in Saipa and surrounding area using AERMOD and ozone formation potential was calculated using Carter 's way. Sampling pollutants in ambient environment was performed daily for validation and evaluation of the results of the model’s output Results:  result showed that the maximum BTEX concentration was 3631.76 µg/m3 in 515725.71 and 3953590.95 in Saipa campus and minimum one was in KHADIJE park located in north west of Saipa, validation result showed that in all pollutants FB and NMSE is lower than 0.5 and there is good correlation between ambient sampling pollutants and model results, maximum ozone formation potential was in Saipa campus while minimum OFP occurred in KHADIJEH park. Conclusion: BTEX compounds have an impact on the quality of air in the area around the Saipa auto group as well as the negative effects of health. The cumulative effects of different industries in the region can reduce air quality and possibly increase health risks in communities around the automotive group 377 398 2022/03/182022/07/262022/06/282022/02/62022/06/282022/06/162022/01/18 1400/10/28 2022/06/262022/09/172022/08/12022/04/42022/07/222022/07/202022/06/8 1401/3/18 سودابه نقدی Soudabe Naghdi دانشجوی دکترای مهندسی‌ محیط‌زیست،‌ گروه‌ مهندسی‌ محیط‌زیست‌، دانشکده‌ منابع‌ طبیعی‌ و محیط‌زیست‌، واحد علوم‌ و تحقیقات‌، دانشگاه‌ آزاد اسلامی‌، تهران‌، ایران‌. ایران محسن میر محمدی Mohsen Mirmohammadi استادیار، گروه مهندسی محیط زیست، دانشکده محیط زیست، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران ایران حسن کریمزادگان Hassan Karimzadegan دانشیار گروه علوم و مهندسی محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد لاهیجان، ایران ایران جمال قدوسی Jamal Ghodusi استاد، گروه مهندسی محیط زیست، دانشکده‌ منابع‌ طبیعی‌ و محیط‌زیست‌، واحد علوم‌ و تحقیقات‌، دانشگاه‌ آزاد اسلامی‌، تهران‌، ایران‌ ایران Automotive industry air pollution Aromatic hydrocarbon tropospheric ozone صنایع خودروسازی آلودگی هوا هیدروکربنهای آروماتیک ازن تروپوسفری Hassanvand MS, Naddafi K, Faridi S, Arhami M, Nabizadeh R, Sowlat MH, Pourpak Z, Rastkari N, Momeniha F, Kashani H, Gholampour A. 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Journal of environmental management.2016Mar15;169:223-35.##Trozzi C, Lauretis RD. EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2016. European Environment Agency. Retrieved from: https://www. eea. europa. eu/ds_resolveuid/WQ7UPR94CF. 2016.##Miller L, Xu X, Wheeler A, Atari DO, Grgicak-Mannion A, Luginaah I. Spatial variability and application of ratios between BTEX in two Canadian cities. TheScientificWorldJOURNAL.2011Dec29;11:2536-49.##Martins EM, Borba PF, Dos Santos NE, Dos Reis PT, Silveira RS, Corrêa SM. The relationship between solvent use and BTEX concentrations in occupational environments. Environmental monitoring and assessment. 2016 Nov;188(11):1-0.##International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. 1, 3-butadiene, ethylene oxide and vinyl halides (vinyl fluoride, vinyl chloride and vinyl bromide). 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Journal of Cleaner Production. 2016 Mar 1;115:75-87.##Hesami Arani M, Jaafarzadeh N, Moslemzadeh M, Rezvani Ghalhari M, Bagheri Arani S, Mohammadzadeh M. Dispersion of NO2 and SO2 pollutants in the rolling industry with AERMOD model: a case study to assess human health risk. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering. 2021 Dec;19(2):1287-98.##Kalhor M, Bajoghli M. Comparison of AERMOD, ADMS and ISC3 for incomplete upper air meteorological data (case study: Steel plant). Atmospheric pollution research. 2017 Nov 1;8(6):1203-8.##Matacchiera F, Manes C, Beaven RP, Rees-White TC, Boano F, Mønster J, Scheutz C. AERMOD as a Gaussian dispersion model for planning tracer gas dispersion tests for landfill methane emission quantification. Waste Management. 2019 Mar 15;87:924-36.##Cimorelli AJ, Perry SG, Venkatram A, Weil JC, Paine RJ, Wilson RB, Lee RF, Peters WD, Brode RW. AERMOD: A dispersion model for industrial source applications. 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گیاه‌پالایی برای حذف اتیل‌بنزن از محیط‌های آلوده Phytoremediation to Remove ethylbenzene from Contaminated Media 1 1 زمینه و هدف: اتیل‌بنزن یک آلاینده‌ی زیست‌محیطی است که از منابع متعددی تولید می‌شود و می‌تواند آب، خاک و هوا را آلوده کند. روش‌های مختلفی برای پاک‌سازی این آلاینده از محیط‌زیست وجود دارد. گیاه‌پالایی به دلیل ماهیت دوست دار محیط‌زیست آن و مقرون و به‌صرفه بودن یک روش مناسب برای حذف آلاینده‌های زیست‌محیطی است. مطالعه حاضر مروری بر مطالعات پیشین درباره‌ی گیاه‌پالایی اتیل‌بنزن در متون برگرفته از پایگاه‌های اطلاعاتی Medline ,Web of Science, ProQuest , Scopus و Pubmed است. مواد و روش‌ها: در جست‌وجوی اولیه درمجموع تعداد 45 مقاله در بازه‌ی زمانی 2009 تا 2022 یافت شد و در اولین مرحله‌ی غربالگری عنوان و چکیده‌ی مقالات به‌صورت هم‌زمان موردبررسی قرار گرفت که در انتهای این مرحله 26 مقاله باقی ماند. متن کامل 8 مقاله نیز مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و از این تعداد 3 مقاله باقی ماند. درنهایت از 45 مقاله تعداد 29 مقاله باقی ماند که پس از حذف موارد تکراری تعداد 12 مقاله مرتبط ثبت شد معیار مورد نظر برای انتخاب مقالات استفاده از یک گیاه زنده برای پاک‌سازی اتیل‌بنزن از محیط با روش‌های مختلف گیاه‌پالایی بود. یافته‌ها و نتیجه‌گیری: بررسی‌ها نشان داد گیاهان قادر به حذف اتیل‌بنزن از محیط‌های مختلف آب، هوا و خاک هستند. حذف اتیل‌بنزن هوابرد از طریق برگ گیاه یکی از مهم‌ترین کاربردهای گیاه‌پالایی اتیل‌بنزن است. در گیاه‌پالایی نباید تأثیر میکروارگانیسم‌ها بر گیاهان را نادیده گرفت. آن‌ها می‌توانند باعث افزایش راندمان گیاه‌پالایی شوند؛ هرچند استفاده برخی گونه ها ممکن است بی‌تأثیر باشد یا حتی دارای تأثیر منفی بر گیاه‌پالایی باشد. علاوه بر باکتری‌ها تأثیر برخی از قارچ‌ها نیز برجذب اتیل‌بنزن از ناحیه‌ی میکوریز که باعث افزایش توانایی جذب گیاه می‌شود مشاهده‌شده است. گیاه‌پالایی می‌تواند یک گزینه‌ی مناسب برای حذف آلودگی اتیل‌بنزن از محیط به‌خصوص شکل گازی این آلاینده در محیط‌های بسته باشد. با استفاده از میکروارگانیسم‌ها می‌توان به تقویت راندمان این روش کمک کرد.   2 Background and Aim: Ethyl benzene is an environmental pollutant that is produced from various sources and can pollute water, soil, and air. There are several ways to clean this pollutant from the environment. Phytoremediation is a suitable method for removing environmental pollutants due to its environmentally friendly nature and cost-effectiveness. The present study is a review of previous studies on the phytoremediation of ethylbenzene in literature from Medline, Web of Science, ProQuest, Scopus, and PubMed databases. Methods: In the initial search, a total of 45 articles were found in the period 2009 to 2022, and in the first screening stage, the title and abstract of the articles were reviewed simultaneously, leaving 26 articles at the end of this stage. The full text of 8 articles was reviewed and 3 of them remained. Finally, out of 45 articles, 29 articles remained. After removing the duplicates, 12 related articles were registered. Our criteria for selecting articles was the use of a live plant to purify ethylbenzene from the environment by various phytoremediation methods. Findings and Conclusions: Studies showed that plants can remove ethyl benzene from various environments of water, air, and soil. Removal of airborne ethylbenzene through plant leaves is one of the most important phytoremediation applications of ethylbenzene. In phytoremediation, the effect of microorganisms on plants should not be ignored. They can increase phytoremediation efficiency; however, the use of some species may be ineffective or even hurt phytoremediation. In addition to bacteria, the effect of some fungi has also been observed in the absorption of ethylbenzene from the microcrystalline zone, which increases the plant's ability to absorb. Phytoremediation can be a good option to remove ethylbenzene pollution from the environment, especially the gaseous form of this pollutant in closed environments. Microorganisms can be used to help increase the efficiency of this method. 399 416 2022/03/182022/07/262022/06/282022/02/62022/06/282022/06/162022/01/182022/05/7 1401/2/17 2022/06/262022/09/172022/08/12022/04/42022/07/222022/07/202022/06/82022/07/16 1401/4/25 سهیلا علیزاده Soheila Alizadeh مرکز تحقیقات مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمان، کرمان، ایران ایران مجید هاشمی Majid Hashemi گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمان، کرمان، ایران ایران Ethylbenzene Phytoremediation Air Water Soil اتیل‌بنزن گیاه‌پالایی هوا آب خاک 1.##V. Di Talia GA, A Model for the Evaluation of Vocs Abatement by Potted Plants in Indoor Environments, Chemical Engineering Transactions. 86 (2021) 415-420. doi:10.3303/CET2186070.##Jayawardhana Y, Keerthanan S, Lam SS, Vithanage M. Ethylbenzene and toluene interactions with biochar from municipal solid waste in single and dual systems. Environ Res 2021;197: 111102.##Iyer A, Mitevska V, Samuelson J, et al. Polymer-Plasticizer Coatings for BTEX Detection Using Quartz Crystal Microbalance. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) 2021;21(16): 5667.##Révész F, Farkas M, Kriszt B, et al. Effect of oxygen limitation on the enrichment of bacteria degrading either benzene or toluene and the identification of Malikia spinosa (Comamonadaceae) as prominent aerobic benzene-, toluene-, and ethylbenzene-degrading bacterium: enrichment, isolation and whole-genome analysis. Environmental science and pollution research international 2020;27(25): 31130-42.##Committee for Recommendation of Occupational Exposure Limits JSfOH. Occupational exposure limits for acetaldehyde, 2-bromopropane, glyphosate, manganese and inorganic manganese compounds, and zinc oxide nanoparticle, and the biological exposure indices for cadmium and cadmium compounds and ethylbenzene, and carcinogenicity, occupational sensitizer, and reproductive toxicant classifications. Journal of occupational health 2021;63(1): e12294-e.##Capella KM, Roland K, Geldner N, et al. Ethylbenzene and styrene exposure in the United States based on urinary mandelic acid and phenylglyoxylic acid: NHANES 2005-2006 and 2011-2012. Environmental research 2019;171: 101-10.##Kawai T, Sakurai H, Ikeda M. Biological monitoring of occupational ethylbenzene exposure by means of urinalysis for un-metabolized ethylbenzene. Industrial health 2019;57(4): 525-9.##Eze MO. Metagenome Analysis of a Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacterial Consortium Reveals the Specific Roles of BTEX Biodegraders. Genes 2021;12(1): 98.##Daudzai Z, Treesubsuntorn C, Thiravetyan P. Inoculated Clitoria ternatea with Bacillus cereus ERBP for enhancing gaseous ethylbenzene phytoremediation: Plant metabolites and expression of ethylbenzene degradation genes. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018;164: 50-60.##Harrath AH, Alrezaki A, Jalouli M, et al. Ethylbenzene exposure disrupts ovarian function in Wistar rats via altering folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis-related markers and activating autophagy and apoptosis. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 2022;229: 113081.##Rubin JA, Görres JH. Potential for Mycorrhizae-Assisted Phytoremediation of Phosphorus for Improved Water Quality. International journal of environmental research and public health 2020;18(1): 7.##Sood A, Uniyal PL, Prasanna R, Ahluwalia AS. Phytoremediation potential of aquatic macrophyte, Azolla. Ambio 2012;41(2): 122-37.##Midorikawa K, Uchida T, Okamoto Y, et al. Metabolic activation of carcinogenic ethylbenzene leads to oxidative DNA damage. Chemico-Biological Interactions 2004;150(3): 271-81.##Fooladi M, Moogouei R, Jozi S, et al. Phytoremediation of BTEX from indoor air by Hyrcanian plants. Environmental Health Engineering and Management 2019;6: 233-40.##Toabaita M, Vangnai AS, Thiravetyan P. Removal of Ethylbenzene from Contaminated Air by Zamioculcas Zamiifolia and Microorganisms Associated on Z. Zamiifolia Leaves. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 2016;227(4): 115.##Zarrouk O, Pinheiro C, Misra CS, et al. Chapter 20 - Fleshy Fruit Epidermis is a Protective Barrier Under Water Stress. In: García Tejero IF, Durán Zuazo VH, editors. Water Scarcity and Sustainable Agriculture in Semiarid Environment: Academic Press; 2018. p. 507-33.##Carrillo-López A, Yahia EM. Chapter 6 - Morphology and Anatomy. In: Yahia EM, editor. Postharvest Physiology and Biochemistry of Fruits and Vegetables: Woodhead Publishing; 2019. p. 113-30.##Kirkham MB. Chapter 24 - Stomatal Anatomy and Stomatal Resistance. In: Kirkham MB, editor. Principles of Soil and Plant Water Relations (Second Edition). Boston: Academic Press; 2014. p. 431-51.##Landsberg J, Sands P. Chapter 2 - Weather and Energy Balance. Terrestrial Ecology. 4: Elsevier; 2011. p. 13-48.##Beadle C, Sands R. TREE PHYSIOLOGY | Physiology and Silviculture. In: Burley J, editor. Encyclopedia of Forest Sciences. Oxford: Elsevier; 2004. p. 1568-77.##Sriprapat W, Thiravetyan P. Phytoremediation of BTEX from Indoor Air by Zamioculcas zamiifolia. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 2013;224.##Ibaraki Y, Murakami J, editors. DISTRIBUTION OF CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE PARAMETER FV/FM WITHIN INDIVIDUAL PLANTS UNDER VARIOUS STRESS CONDITIONS2007: International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS), Leuven, Belgium.##Sriprapat W, Suksabye P, Areephak S, et al. Uptake of toluene and ethylbenzene by plants: removal of volatile indoor air contaminants. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2014;102: 147-51.##Wood RA, Burchett MD, Alquezar R, et al. The Potted-Plant Microcosm Substantially Reduces Indoor Air VOC Pollution: I. Office Field-Study. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 2006;175(1): 163-80.##Mosaddegh MH, Jafarian A, Ghasemi A, Mosaddegh A. Phytoremediation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene contaminated air by D. deremensis and O. microdasys plants. Journal of environmental health science & engineering 2014;12(1): 39-.##Liu Y, Zhou Q, Xie X, et al. Oxidative stress and DNA damage in the earthworm Eisenia fetida induced by toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene. Ecotoxicology 2010;19(8): 1551-9.##Boonsaner M, Borrirukwisitsak S, Boonsaner A. Phytoremediation of BTEX contaminated soil by Canna×generalis. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2011;74(6): 1700-7.##El-Gendy AS, Svingos S, Brice D, et al. Assessments of the efficacy of a long-term application of a phytoremediation system using hybrid poplar trees at former oil tank farm sites. Water Environ Res 2009; 81(5): 486-98.##Rodriguez Vazquez R, Sánchez S, Mena-Espino X, Amezcua-Allieri M. Identification of the medicinal plant species with the potential for remediation of hydrocarbons contaminated soils. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 2016;38.##Zheng S, Zhou Q, Gao J, et al. Behavioral alteration and DNA damage of freshwater snail Bellamya aeruginosa stressed by ethylbenzene and its tissue residue. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 2012;81: 43-8.##Landmeyer JE, Rock S, Freeman JL, et al. Phytoremediation of slightly brackish, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated groundwater from 250 ft below land surface: A pilot-scale study using salt-tolerant, endophyte-enhanced hybrid poplar trees at a Superfund site in the Central Valley of California, April-November 2019. Remediation Journal 2020;31(1): 73-89.##Ho YN, Mathew DC, Hsiao SC, et al. Selection and application of endophytic bacterium Achromobacter xylosoxidans strain F3B for improving phytoremediation of phenolic pollutants. J Hazard Mater 2012;219-220: 43-9.##Pandian BA, Sathishraj R, Djanaguiraman M, et al. Role of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in Plant Stress Response. Antioxidants 2020;9(5): 454.##Volante A, Lingua G, Cesaro P, et al. Influence of three species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the persistence of aromatic hydrocarbons in contaminated substrates. Mycorrhiza 2005;16(1): 43-50.##Agarwal P, Sarkar M, Chakraborty B, Banerjee T. Chapter 7 - Phytoremediation of Air Pollutants: Prospects and Challenges. In: Pandey VC, Bauddh K, editors. Phytomanagement of Polluted Sites: Elsevier; 2019. p. 221-41## ##1.##V. Di Talia GA, A Model for the Evaluation of Vocs Abatement by Potted Plants in Indoor Environments, Chemical Engineering Transactions. 86 (2021) 415-420. doi:10.3303/CET2186070.##Jayawardhana Y, Keerthanan S, Lam SS, Vithanage M. Ethylbenzene and toluene interactions with biochar from municipal solid waste in single and dual systems. Environ Res 2021;197: 111102.##Iyer A, Mitevska V, Samuelson J, et al. Polymer-Plasticizer Coatings for BTEX Detection Using Quartz Crystal Microbalance. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) 2021;21(16): 5667.##Révész F, Farkas M, Kriszt B, et al. Effect of oxygen limitation on the enrichment of bacteria degrading either benzene or toluene and the identification of Malikia spinosa (Comamonadaceae) as prominent aerobic benzene-, toluene-, and ethylbenzene-degrading bacterium: enrichment, isolation and whole-genome analysis. Environmental science and pollution research international 2020;27(25): 31130-42.##Committee for Recommendation of Occupational Exposure Limits JSfOH. Occupational exposure limits for acetaldehyde, 2-bromopropane, glyphosate, manganese and inorganic manganese compounds, and zinc oxide nanoparticle, and the biological exposure indices for cadmium and cadmium compounds and ethylbenzene, and carcinogenicity, occupational sensitizer, and reproductive toxicant classifications. Journal of occupational health 2021;63(1): e12294-e.##Capella KM, Roland K, Geldner N, et al. Ethylbenzene and styrene exposure in the United States based on urinary mandelic acid and phenylglyoxylic acid: NHANES 2005-2006 and 2011-2012. Environmental research 2019;171: 101-10.##Kawai T, Sakurai H, Ikeda M. Biological monitoring of occupational ethylbenzene exposure by means of urinalysis for un-metabolized ethylbenzene. Industrial health 2019;57(4): 525-9.##Eze MO. Metagenome Analysis of a Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacterial Consortium Reveals the Specific Roles of BTEX Biodegraders. Genes 2021;12(1): 98.##Daudzai Z, Treesubsuntorn C, Thiravetyan P. Inoculated Clitoria ternatea with Bacillus cereus ERBP for enhancing gaseous ethylbenzene phytoremediation: Plant metabolites and expression of ethylbenzene degradation genes. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018;164: 50-60.##Harrath AH, Alrezaki A, Jalouli M, et al. Ethylbenzene exposure disrupts ovarian function in Wistar rats via altering folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis-related markers and activating autophagy and apoptosis. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 2022;229: 113081.##Rubin JA, Görres JH. Potential for Mycorrhizae-Assisted Phytoremediation of Phosphorus for Improved Water Quality. International journal of environmental research and public health 2020;18(1): 7.##Sood A, Uniyal PL, Prasanna R, Ahluwalia AS. Phytoremediation potential of aquatic macrophyte, Azolla. Ambio 2012;41(2): 122-37.##Midorikawa K, Uchida T, Okamoto Y, et al. Metabolic activation of carcinogenic ethylbenzene leads to oxidative DNA damage. Chemico-Biological Interactions 2004;150(3): 271-81.##Fooladi M, Moogouei R, Jozi S, et al. Phytoremediation of BTEX from indoor air by Hyrcanian plants. Environmental Health Engineering and Management 2019;6: 233-40.##Toabaita M, Vangnai AS, Thiravetyan P. Removal of Ethylbenzene from Contaminated Air by Zamioculcas Zamiifolia and Microorganisms Associated on Z. Zamiifolia Leaves. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 2016;227(4): 115.##Zarrouk O, Pinheiro C, Misra CS, et al. Chapter 20 - Fleshy Fruit Epidermis is a Protective Barrier Under Water Stress. In: García Tejero IF, Durán Zuazo VH, editors. Water Scarcity and Sustainable Agriculture in Semiarid Environment: Academic Press; 2018. p. 507-33.##Carrillo-López A, Yahia EM. Chapter 6 - Morphology and Anatomy. In: Yahia EM, editor. Postharvest Physiology and Biochemistry of Fruits and Vegetables: Woodhead Publishing; 2019. p. 113-30.##Kirkham MB. Chapter 24 - Stomatal Anatomy and Stomatal Resistance. In: Kirkham MB, editor. Principles of Soil and Plant Water Relations (Second Edition). Boston: Academic Press; 2014. p. 431-51.##Landsberg J, Sands P. Chapter 2 - Weather and Energy Balance. Terrestrial Ecology. 4: Elsevier; 2011. p. 13-48.##Beadle C, Sands R. TREE PHYSIOLOGY | Physiology and Silviculture. In: Burley J, editor. Encyclopedia of Forest Sciences. Oxford: Elsevier; 2004. p. 1568-77.##Sriprapat W, Thiravetyan P. Phytoremediation of BTEX from Indoor Air by Zamioculcas zamiifolia. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 2013;224.##Ibaraki Y, Murakami J, editors. DISTRIBUTION OF CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE PARAMETER FV/FM WITHIN INDIVIDUAL PLANTS UNDER VARIOUS STRESS CONDITIONS2007: International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS), Leuven, Belgium.##Sriprapat W, Suksabye P, Areephak S, et al. Uptake of toluene and ethylbenzene by plants: removal of volatile indoor air contaminants. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2014;102: 147-51.##Wood RA, Burchett MD, Alquezar R, et al. The Potted-Plant Microcosm Substantially Reduces Indoor Air VOC Pollution: I. Office Field-Study. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 2006;175(1): 163-80.##Mosaddegh MH, Jafarian A, Ghasemi A, Mosaddegh A. Phytoremediation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene contaminated air by D. deremensis and O. microdasys plants. Journal of environmental health science & engineering 2014;12(1): 39-.##Liu Y, Zhou Q, Xie X, et al. Oxidative stress and DNA damage in the earthworm Eisenia fetida induced by toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene. Ecotoxicology 2010;19(8): 1551-9.##Boonsaner M, Borrirukwisitsak S, Boonsaner A. Phytoremediation of BTEX contaminated soil by Canna×generalis. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2011;74(6): 1700-7.##El-Gendy AS, Svingos S, Brice D, et al. Assessments of the efficacy of a long-term application of a phytoremediation system using hybrid poplar trees at former oil tank farm sites. Water Environ Res 2009; 81(5): 486-98.##Rodriguez Vazquez R, Sánchez S, Mena-Espino X, Amezcua-Allieri M. Identification of the medicinal plant species with the potential for remediation of hydrocarbons contaminated soils. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 2016;38.##Zheng S, Zhou Q, Gao J, et al. Behavioral alteration and DNA damage of freshwater snail Bellamya aeruginosa stressed by ethylbenzene and its tissue residue. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 2012;81: 43-8.##Landmeyer JE, Rock S, Freeman JL, et al. 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