1401 10 1 38 99

بررسی روند مصرف آب حوزه شهری قبل و طی پاندمی کوید 19، مطالعه موردی شهر گناباد Midterm evaluation of water demand in residential, commercial, industrial, and institutional sectors, a case study in Gonabad 1 1 زمینه و هدف: کشور ایران در لیست کشورهای آسیب پذیر در حوزه منابع آبی قرار دارد. این مساله لزوم توجه برنامه ریزی و مدیریتی منابع آب را به خوبی منعکس می نماید. مصارف آب در حوزه شهری به دلیل صرف هزینه تصفیه و تامین و همچنین اهمیت آن در حفظ و ارتقاء سلامت جامعه، نیازمند توجه جدی است. مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسی مصرف آب در شهر گناباد در حوزه های مختلف شهری و با در نظر گرفتن شرایط پاندمی کوید 19 به انجام رسیده است. مواد و روش ها: شهر گناباد با جمعیت 50899 نفر در استان خراسان رضوی قرار دارد. جمع آوری اطلاعات مصرف آب در این شهر در زیر حوزه های مسکونی، تجاری، صنعتی و اداری در 3 سال متوالی از سال 1397 تا 1399انجام گرفت. سرانه مصرف آب با استفاده از اطلاعات جمعیتی محاسبه و داده های مصرف آب با هدف آنالیز تغییرات مصرف در زیر حوزه های مختلف آنالیز گردید. مصرف آب در سال 1399 به عنوان شرایط پاندمی و با در نظر گرفتن ورود بیماری در اسفند ماه 1398 در کشور تحلیل گردید. یافته ها: متوسط مصرف سرانه آب در شهر گناباد در سال های 1397، 1398 و 1399 به ترتیب 125، 146، و 161 لیتر به ازای هر نفر بوده که به طور میانگین حدود 11 درصد افزایش سالانه داشته است. از کل مصارف آب به صورت متوسط 86.9 درصد در حوزه های مسکونی، 3.4 درصد در بخش تجاری، 8.6 درصد در حوزه اداری و7.9 درصد در امور صنعتی استفاده شده است. مطالعه حاضر همچنین نشان داد متوسط رشد سه ساله مصرف آب در حوزه های مسکونی، تجاری، اداری و صنعتی شهر گناباد به ترتیب 22.9، 4.5، 0.8 و 27.6 درصد بوده است. در سال 1399 نسبت به دو سال قبل میزان مصرف آب روند افزایشی را نشان می دهد که علت آن را بحران همه گیری کوید 19 می توان عنوان نمود. نتیجه گیری: مطالعه حاضر نشان داد نیاز آبی شهر گناباد در طی سال های مورد مطالعه به طور چشمگیری با رشد 11 درصدی در حال افزایش بوده و حوزه مسکونی بخش غالب مصرف آب و بیشترین رشد نیاز آبی را به خود تخصیص داده است. همچنین مطالعه حاضر به اهمیت برنامه ریزی برای شرایط ویژه  همچون وجود پاندمی که می تواند به افزایش مصرف آب منجر شود تاکید نموده است. 2   Background and Objective: Iran included in the list of vulnerable countries in the field of water resources. This concerns highlights the essential need for planning and managing water resources in Iran. Domestic water requires serious attention due to the cost of water supply and its significant role in promoting public health. The present work aimed to investigate the water consumption in Gonabad for different municipal sectors. Methods: Having a population of 50899, Gonabad is located in Khorasan Razavi province. Water consumption data from residential, commercial, industrial, and institutional sectors were collected for 3 consecutive years from 2018 to 2020. Per capita, water consumption, and water demand changes for different sectors over time then analyzed using demographic information. Water consumption during 2020 was considered as water demand during the Covid-19 pandemic. Results: The average per capita water consumption in Gonabad in 2018, 2019, and 2020 were 125, 146, and 161L, respectively, indicated an average annual increase of about 11 percent. Of total water consumption, 86.9% corresponded to residential, 3.4% to commercial, 8.6% to institutional, and 7. 9% to industrial sectors. The present study also showed that in a three-year basis, the mean water consumption in residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial sectors increased by 22.9, 4.5, 0.8, and 27.6 percent, respectively. Water consumption during 2021 experiences an incremental trend that could be attributed to the crisis caused by Covid-19 in Iran. Conclusion: The present study showed that the water demand for Gonabad has increased about 11% during the study period and the residential sector with the highest growth rate accounts for the highest water consumption demand. Moreover, industrial growth in the study period contribute to a significant increase in water demand. The present study also highlighted the essential considerations that must take for water supply in unusual situations like COVID-19 that increased water demand. 1 12 2022/11/26 1401/9/5 2022/12/31 1401/10/10 فائزه غلامی Faeze Gholami گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران ایران gholami.fae@iums.ac.ir میترا غلامی Mitra Gholami مرکز تحقیقات تکنولوژی بهداشت محیط، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران-گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران ایران gholamim@iums.ac.ir عماد دهقانی فرد Emad Dehghanifard مرکز تحقیقات تکنولوژی بهداشت محیط، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران-گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران ایران dehghanifard.e@iums.ac.ir فاطمه سادات حسینی بهارانچی Fatemeh Sadat Hosseini-Baharanchi گروه آمار زیستی، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران ایران Hosseini.mstat@gmail.com water consumption per capita water demand municipal water consumption Khorasan Razavi Gonaba سرانه آب نیاز آبی مصرف آب شهری خراسان رضوی گناباد Organization WH. Silver in drinking water: Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. World Health Organization, 2021.##Feizizadeh B, Omarzadeh D, Ronagh Z, et al. A scenario-based approach for urban water manage-ment in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and a case study for the Tabriz metropolitan area, Iran. Science of The Total Environment 2021;790: 148272.##Abu-Bakar H, Williams L, Hallett SH. A review of household water demand management and consumption measurement. Journal of Cleaner Production 2021;292: 125872.##Zubaidi SL, Al-Bugharbee H, Muhsen YR, et al., editors. The prediction of municipal water demand in Iraq: a case study of Baghdad governorate. 2019 12th International Conference on Developments in eSystems Engineering (DeSE); 2019: IEEE.##Wang H, Bracciano D, Asefa T. Evaluation of water saving potential for short-term water demand management. Water Resources Management 2020;34(10): 3317-30.##Raheli H, Zarifian S, Yazdanpanah M. The power of the health belief model (HBM) to predict water demand management: A case study of farmers' water conservation in Iran. Journal of Environmental Management 2020;263: 110388.##O'Sullivan O. Long-term sequelae following previous coronavirus epidemics. Clinical medicine 2021;21(1): e68.##Wang Q, Su M. A preliminary assessment of the impact of COVID-19 on environment-A case study of China. Science of the total environment 2020;728: 138915.##Pirsaheb M KR, Dargahi A. Consumption of domestic water per capita in Khoramabad. Zahedan J Res Med Sci (ZJRMS) 2012;13.##Aliakbar Kholfi GS, Yasan Poorashraf Investigating the Consumption Pattern of Domestic Water by Segmentation Approach for Water Consumers (Case Study: Domestic Water Consumers in Ilam City). Journal of water and wastewater 2018;29: 8.##Balacco G, Totaro V, Iacobellis V, et al. Influence of COVID-19 spread on water drinking demand: The case of Puglia Region (Southern Italy). Sustainability 2020;12(15): 5919.##Kalbusch A, Henning E, Brikalski MP, et al. Impact of coronavirus (COVID-19) spread-prevention actions on urban water consumption. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2020;163: 105098.##Sivakumar B. COVID-19 and water. Springer; 2021. p. 531-4.##Narges Baktiyari YZ, masoud Taghvai, Mahdi Zanganeh. Study of spatial pattern of domestic water consumption in Isfahan and Analysis of Socio-cultural Factors. Human Geography Research 2020; 52: 16.##Ogunbode TO, Asifat JT. Comparative Assessment of Pre-COVID-19 and Post-COVID-19 Lockdown Water Demand in Selected Institutions of Learning in a Growing Community in Nigeria. Eur J Basic Med Sci 2021;11(1): 38-45.##De Giglio O, Diella G, Lopuzzo M, et al. Impact of lockdown on the microbiological status of the hospital water network during COVID-19 pandemic. Environmental Research 2020;191: 110231.##Cooper R. Water security beyond Covid-19. 2020.##Bhowmick GD, Dhar D, Nath D, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak: some serious consequences with urban and rural water cycle. NPJ Clean Water 2020;3(1): 1-8.##Mukherjee A, Babu SS, Ghosh S. Thinking about water and air to attain Sustainable Development Goals during times of COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Earth System Science 2020;129(1): 1-8.##https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-016-0788-5##Khan M, Adil SF, Alkhathlan HZ, et al. COVID-19: a global challenge with old history, epidemiology and progress so far. Molecules 2020;26(1): 39.##Tortajada C, Biswas AK. COVID-19 heightens water problems around the world. Water International 2020;45(5): 441-2.##Rezaeitavabe F, Sartaj M, Tokmedash MA, Talebbeydokhti N. Assessment of the Environmental Impacts of COVID-19 in Urban Areas-A Case Study of Iran. Journal of Environmental Protection 2021;12(5): 328-44.##Zvobgo L, Do P. COVID-19 and the call for 'Safe Hands': Challenges facing the under-resourced municipalities that lack potable water access-A case study of Chitungwiza municipality, Zimbabwe. Water Research X 2020;9: 100074.##Anim DO, Ofori-Asenso R. Water scarcity and COVID-19 in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of infection 2020;81(2): e108-e9.##Organization WH. Silver in drinking water: Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. World Health Organization, 2021.##Feizizadeh B, Omarzadeh D, Ronagh Z, et al. A scenario-based approach for urban water manage-ment in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and a case study for the Tabriz metropolitan area, Iran. Science of The Total Environment 2021;790: 148272.##Abu-Bakar H, Williams L, Hallett SH. A review of household water demand management and consumption measurement. Journal of Cleaner Production 2021;292: 125872.##Zubaidi SL, Al-Bugharbee H, Muhsen YR, et al., editors. The prediction of municipal water demand in Iraq: a case study of Baghdad governorate. 2019 12th International Conference on Developments in eSystems Engineering (DeSE); 2019: IEEE.##Wang H, Bracciano D, Asefa T. Evaluation of water saving potential for short-term water demand management. Water Resources Management 2020;34(10): 3317-30.##Raheli H, Zarifian S, Yazdanpanah M. The power of the health belief model (HBM) to predict water demand management: A case study of farmers' water conservation in Iran. Journal of Environmental Management 2020;263: 110388.##O'Sullivan O. Long-term sequelae following previous coronavirus epidemics. Clinical medicine 2021;21(1): e68.##Wang Q, Su M. A preliminary assessment of the impact of COVID-19 on environment-A case study of China. Science of the total environment 2020;728: 138915.##Pirsaheb M KR, Dargahi A. Consumption of domestic water per capita in Khoramabad. Zahedan J Res Med Sci (ZJRMS) 2012;13.##Aliakbar Kholfi GS, Yasan Poorashraf Investigating the Consumption Pattern of Domestic Water by Segmentation Approach for Water Consumers (Case Study: Domestic Water Consumers in Ilam City). Journal of water and wastewater 2018;29: 8.##Balacco G, Totaro V, Iacobellis V, et al. Influence of COVID-19 spread on water drinking demand: The case of Puglia Region (Southern Italy). Sustainability 2020;12(15): 5919.##Kalbusch A, Henning E, Brikalski MP, et al. Impact of coronavirus (COVID-19) spread-prevention actions on urban water consumption. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2020;163: 105098.##Sivakumar B. COVID-19 and water. Springer; 2021. p. 531-4.##Narges Baktiyari YZ, masoud Taghvai, Mahdi Zanganeh. Study of spatial pattern of domestic water consumption in Isfahan and Analysis of Socio-cultural Factors. Human Geography Research 2020; 52: 16.##Ogunbode TO, Asifat JT. Comparative Assessment of Pre-COVID-19 and Post-COVID-19 Lockdown Water Demand in Selected Institutions of Learning in a Growing Community in Nigeria. Eur J Basic Med Sci 2021;11(1): 38-45.##De Giglio O, Diella G, Lopuzzo M, et al. Impact of lockdown on the microbiological status of the hospital water network during COVID-19 pandemic. Environmental Research 2020;191: 110231.##Cooper R. Water security beyond Covid-19. 2020.##Bhowmick GD, Dhar D, Nath D, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak: some serious consequences with urban and rural water cycle. NPJ Clean Water 2020;3(1): 1-8.##Mukherjee A, Babu SS, Ghosh S. Thinking about water and air to attain Sustainable Development Goals during times of COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Earth System Science 2020;129(1): 1-8.##https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-016-0788-5##Khan M, Adil SF, Alkhathlan HZ, et al. COVID-19: a global challenge with old history, epidemiology and progress so far. Molecules 2020;26(1): 39.##Tortajada C, Biswas AK. COVID-19 heightens water problems around the world. Water International 2020;45(5): 441-2.##Rezaeitavabe F, Sartaj M, Tokmedash MA, Talebbeydokhti N. Assessment of the Environmental Impacts of COVID-19 in Urban Areas-A Case Study of Iran. Journal of Environmental Protection 2021;12(5): 328-44.##Zvobgo L, Do P. COVID-19 and the call for 'Safe Hands': Challenges facing the under-resourced municipalities that lack potable water access-A case study of Chitungwiza municipality, Zimbabwe. Water Research X 2020;9: 100074.##Anim DO, Ofori-Asenso R. Water scarcity and COVID-19 in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of infection 2020;81(2): e108-e9.## ##

بررسی کارایی منعقدکننده عصاره بذر درخت چنار به‌ منظور حذف کدورت از پساب صنعتی (‌مورد مطالعه: پساب شرکت شیر پاستوریزه پگاه همدان) Evaluation of efficiency of extracted natural coagulant from plane tree seed for turbidity removal from industrial effluent (Case study: Effluent of Hamedan Pegah Dairy Company) 1 1 زمینه و هدف: فاضلاب صنایع غذایی حاوی مقادیر زیادی از جامدات معلق و سایر مواد شیمیایی مورد استفاده برای اهداف بهداشتی هستند. لذا، حذف این آلاینده ­ها از پساب از اهمیت بالایی برخوردار است. این مطالعه با هدف حذف کدورت از پساب کارخانه شیر پاستوریزه پگاه همدان توسط منعقد کننده طبیعی عصاره بذر درخت چنار انجام شد. مواد و روش ها: در مطالعه توصیفی، اثر پارامترهای زمان تماس، مقدار جاذب، pH و مقادیر مختلف کدورت بر کارایی حذف کدورت از پساب مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. برای بررسی چگونگی فعل و انفعال بین جاذب و ماده جذب شونده از مدل­های جذب ایزوترم لانگمویر و فروندلچ و برای بررسی سرعت فرآیند جذب از سینتیک جذب مرتبه اول و شبه مرتبه دوم استفاده شد. به منظور تعیین حضور گروه‌های عملکردی در منعقدکننده­ از دستگاه اسپکتروفتومتر(FTIR)  و برای بررسی خصوصیات مورفولوژی سطحی نمونه‌ ها نیز از میکروسکوپ الکترونی روبشی(SEM)  استفاده شد.  یافته ها: بیشینه کارایی حذف کدورت توسط منعقد کننده عصاره بذر درخت چنار در pH بهینه 8، زمان تماس 60 دقیقه، کدورت اولیه NTU 1 و مقدار جاذب 0/1 گرم در لیتر به میزان %98 مشاهده شد. نتایج نشان داد که رفتار فرآیند موردنظر از مدل ایزوترمی جذب لانگمیر (0/994 = R2) تبعیت کرده و سینتیک آن بر واکنش شبه مرتبه دوم (0/991 = R2) منطبق بوده است. حداکثر ظرفیت جذب جاذب نیز 0/203 میلی گرم در گرم تعیین شد. نتیجه گیری: از آن جا که منعقد کننده عصاره بذر درخت چنار از کارایی بالایی در حذف کدورت از پساب صنایع غذایی برخوردار بود، می­ توان از آن به عنوان جایگزینی مناسب برای کاهش مشکلات ناشی از منعقد کننده­ های متداول شیمیایی در تصفیه خانه­ های فاضلاب  استفاده کرد. 2 Background and Objective: Wastewater of food industries contains large amounts of suspended solids and other chemicals which produced during cleaning and sanitary purposes. Therefore, removal of these pollutants from effluent is very important. The aim of this study was to removal of turbidity from the effluent of Hamedan Pegah Dairy Company using extracted natural coagulant from plane seed Methods and Methods: In this descriptive study, the effects of contact time, adsorbent dose, pH and turbidity values on efficiency of turbidity removal from food industries effluent were investigated. Also, adsorbent characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), moreover, the adsorption of turbidity studied from both kinetics and equilibrium points of view. Results: Based on the results obtained, the highest turbidity removal efficiency at optimum conditions (i.e. pH of 8, contact time of 60 min, initial turbidity of 1 NTU and adsorbent dose of 0.1 g/l) was found to be 98%. Also, the adsorption kinetic of turbidity via plane tree seed coagulant followed pseudo second-order (PSO) model (R2 = 0.991), while the adsorption isotherm obeyed Langmuir model (R2 = 0.994) with maximum adsorption capacities of 0.203 mg/g. Conclusion: In conclusion, due to the natural coagulant from plane tree seed showed a high efficiency to removal of turbidity from wastewater, it could be used as a suitable alternative in comparing with common chemical coagulants for reduce the pollutants from the effluent of food industries in wastewater treatment plants.   13 28 2022/11/262022/08/10 1401/5/19 2022/12/312023/01/14 1401/10/24 نگار گل زاده Negar Golzadeh دانشجوی دکتری تخصصی محیط‌زیست، گروه علوم و مهندسی محیط‌زیست، دانشکده علوم پایه، واحد همدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، همدان، ایران ایران بهاره لرستانی Bahareh Lorestani دانشیار علوم محیط‌زیست، گروه علوم و مهندسی محیط‌زیست، دانشکده علوم پایه، واحد همدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، همدان، ایران ایران lorestanib@iauh.ac.ir سهیل سبحان اردکانی Soheil Sobhanardakani استاد علوم محیط‌زیست، گروه علوم و مهندسی محیط‌زیست، دانشکده علوم پایه، واحد همدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، همدان، ایران ایران مهرداد چراغی Mehrdad Cheraghi استاد علوم محیط‌زیست، گروه علوم و مهندسی محیط‌زیست، دانشکده علوم پایه، واحد همدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، همدان، ایران ایران نعمت اله خراسانی Nematollah Khorasani استاد محیط‌زیست، گروه علوم و مهندسی محیط‌زیست، دانشکده منابع‌طبیعی دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران ایران Plane seed Adsorption Industrial effluent Turbidity Natural coagulant بذر درخت چنار جذب پساب صنعتی کدورت منعقدکننده طبیعی 1)Kawamura S. Effectiveness of natural polyelectrolyte in water treatment. J Chem Environ 2017;15(1): 89-91.##2)Jeon J, Kim E, Murugesan K, et al. Use of grape seed and its natural polyphenol extracts a natural organic coagulant for removal cationic dyes. Chemosphere 2018;77(1): 1090-98.##3)Shamohammadi Z, Moazed H, Jafari N, et al. Removal of low concentrations of cadmium from water using improved rice husk. J Water Wastewater 2018;67(1): 27-33 (In Persian).##4)Kaewprasit C, Hequet E, Abidi N, et al. Application of methylene blue adsorption to cotton fiber specific surface area measurement: part I. Methodology. J Cotton Sci 2018;2(1): 164-73.##5)Jahangiri A, Ahesi A, Maleki B. Removal of cadmium from aqueous solutions by improved bio-adsorbent of wheat straw. J Environ Technol Sci 2018;19(1): 14-30 (In Persian).##6)Craven P, Mkandawire T, Edmondson T. A study of the parameters affecting the effectiveness of Moringa oleifera in drinking water purification. J Phys Chem Earth 2016;35(1): 791-7.##7)Maleki K. Quality of water treated by coagulation, using Moringa oleifera seeds. J Water Res Manage 2018;32(1): 781-91 (In Persian).##8)Suleymani A, Okuofu C, Mahmodi A. Coagulation of low turbidity surface waters with Moringa oleifera seeds. J Environ Stud 2016;48(1): 263-2 (In Persian).##9)Gholami F, Mahvi A, Naseri S, et al. Application of immobilized horseradish peroxidase for removal and detoxification of dye from aqueous solution. J Chem Environ 2017;15(1): 217-22 (In Persian).##10)Mohan S, Mamatha V, Karthikeyan J. Removal of color from acid and direct dyes by adsorption onto silica fumes. J Environ Pollut 2018;7(1): 51-8.##11)Mostafapoor F, Bazrafshan A, Kamali H. Comparative study of the efficacy of Aluminum Sulfate, Ferric Chloride and Poly Aluminum Chloride coagulants in removing turbidity from drinking water. J Eng Water Sci 2018;3(6): 25-39 (In Persian).##12)Afkhami A, Tehrani M, Bagheri H. Simultaneous removal of heavy-metal wastewater samples using nanoalumina modified with 2, 4 dinitrophenyl hydrazine. J Hazard Mater 2018;18(1): 836-44 (In Persian)##13)Katayon S, Noori M, Asma M. et al. Effects of storage conditions of Moringa oleifera seeds on its performance in coagulation. J Biores Technol 2006;97: 1455-60 (In Persian).##14)Baptista A, Coldebella P, Cardines P. Coagulation-flocculation process with ultrafiltered saline extract of Moringa oleifera for the treatment of surface water. J Chem Eng 2015;276(1): 166-73.##15)Boulaadjoul S, Zemmouri H, Bendjama Z, et al. A novel use of Moringa oleifera seed powder in enhancing the primary treatment of paper mill effluent. J Chemosphere 2018;206(1): 142-49.##16)Freitas T, Oliveira V, Souza M, et al. Optimization of coagulation-flocculation process for treatment of industrial textile wastewater using okra (A. esculentus) mucilage as natural coagulant. J Ind Crop Prod 2015;76(1): 538-44.##17)Sciban M, KlaSnja M, Antov M. Removal of water turbidity by natural coagulants obtained from chestnut and acorn. J Biores Technol 2016;100(1): 6639-43.##18)Shahsuni A, Bina B. Comparison of Moringa Oliphera seed extract efficiency with polyaluminum chloride in water turbidity removal. J Environ Health 2007;7(2): 74-85 (In Persian).##19)Barakat M. New trends in removing heavy metals from industrial wastewater. J Chemistry 2016;4(4): 361-77.##20)Pirsahed M, Zinatizadeh A, Dargahi A. Performance evaluation of coagulation process in removal of low turbidity and color from water using different inorganic coagulants. J Water Wastewater 2018;1(2): 111-18 (In Persian).##21)Diaz A, Rincon N, Escorihuela A, et al. A preliminary evaluation of turbidity removal by natural coagulants indigenous to Venezuela. J Process Biochem 2017;35(7): 391-5.##22)Celekli A, Yavuzatmaca M, Bozkurt H. Kinetic and equilibrium studies on the adsorption of reactive red 120 from aqueous solution on Spirogyra majuscule. J Chem Res 2016;52(4): 139-45.##23)Donmez M, Akbal F. The removal of As (V) from drinking waters by coagulation process using iron salts. J Trend Chem Sci Eng Technol 2016;78(5): 437-9.##24)Gimbert F, Morin N, Renault F, et al. Adsorption isotherm models for dye removal by cationized starch-based material in a single component system. J Hazard Mater 2018;157(1): 34-46.##25)Saruchi A, Kumar V. Adsorption kinetics and isotherms for the removal of rhodamine B dye and Pb+2 ions from aqueous solutions by a hybrid ion-exchanger. J Chemistry 2019;12(2): 316-29.##26)Cheraghi M, Sobhanardakani S, Zandipak R, et al. Removal of Pb from aqueous solutions using waste tea leaves. J Toxicology 2015;9(28): 1247-53.##27)Zandipak R, Sobhanardakani S, Shirzadi A. Synthesis and application of nanocomposite as a novel adsorbent for removal of cyclophosphamide from water samples. J Sci Technol 2020;55(3): 456-70.##28)Talebzadeh F, Zandipak R, Sobhanardakani S. CeO2 nanoparticles supported on CuFe2O4 nanofibers as novel adsorbent for removal (Pb, Ni and V) ions from petrochemical wastewater. J Desalin Water Treat 2016;57(58): 28363-77.##29)Ghoochian M, Ahmad Panahi H, Sobhanardakani S, et al. Synthesis and application (Fe3O4, SiO2, thermosensitive, PAMAM-CS) nanoparticles as a novel adsorbent for removal of tamoxifen from water samples. Microchem 2019;145(5): 1231-40.##30)Dehghani M, Mahvi A, Rastkari N, et al. Adsorption of bisphenol a (BPA) from aqueous solutions by carbon nanotubes: kinetic and equilibrium studies. J Water Treat 2015;54(9): 84-92.##31)Lagergen S. Removal of water turbidity by natural coagulants. J Physics Chem Earth 2017;40(8): 112-30.##32)Hoy S, Mcay G. Pseudo-second order model for sorption processes. J Process Biochem 1999;34(1): 451-65.##33)Mohammadi M. Use of national coagulant for removal turbidity of wastewater. J Sci Environ Water 1999;11(5): 297-311.##34)Zhang Y, William T, Berger F. Factors affecting removal of selenate in agricultural drainage water utilizing rice straw. Sci Total Environ 2003;305(7): 207-16.##35)Zedan T, Mossad M, Fouad M, et al. Potential application of natural coagulant extraction from walnut seeds for water turbidity removal. J Water Pract Technol 2022;10(2): 200-16.##36)Zhang J, Zhang F, Luo Y, et al. A preliminary study on cactus as coagulant in water treatment. J Process Biochem 2006;41(8): 730-3.##37)Pritchard M, Craven T, Mkandawire T, et al. A study of the parameters affecting the effectiveness of Moringa Oleifera in drinking water purification. J Physic Chem Earth 2010;35(8): 791-7.##38)Kumar P, Rekhi S, Thyagarajan A. Removal of turbidity from washing machine discharge using Strychnos potatorum seeds: Parameter optimization and mechanism prediction. J Res Eff Technol 2016;2(1): 171-6.##39)Mandal H. Influence of wastewater pH on turbidity. J Environ Res Dev 2014;4(2): 105-14.##40)Adams F, Bafubiandi A. Application of rice hull ash for turbidity removal from water. J Physics Chem Earth 2014;72(75): 73-6.##41)Muthuraman G, Sasikala S. Removal of turbidity from drinking water using natural coagulants. J Ind Eng Chem 2014;20(4): 1727-31.##42)Usefi S, Asadi M, Izanloo H, et al. The performance of starch as a natural coagulant for turbidity removal from wastewater in stone cutting industry. Arch Hyg Sci 2019;8(1):17-26.##43)Bina B, Shahsuni A, Asghari G, et al. Comparison of Moringa Oliphera and polyaluminum chloride seed extract efficiency in removal of water turd. J Water Wastewater 2007;61(8): 24-33 (In Persian).##44)Ahmadi M, Borghei M, Hasani A. Comparison of Moringa Oliphera and Magnaflac seed extract as coagulant aid in water turbidity removal. J Water Wastewater 2014;2(1): 31-7 (In Persian).##45)Mohammadi A, Asgatri G, Mobarakyan S, et al. Removal of turbidity from raw water using chitosan as a coagulant in the electrical coagulation process by aluminum electrode. J Med Sci 2016;4(17): 98-104 (In Persian).##46)Rezaei F, Daryabeygi A, Mehrdadian S. Removal of turbidity of water using Esfarze extract in coagulation and flocculation process. J Sci Health Environ. 2016;5(1): 79-93.##47)Kumar P, Centhil V, Kameshwari R, et al. Experimental study on parameter estimation and mechanism for the removal of turbidity from groundwater and synthetic water using Moringa Oleifera seed powder. J Res Water Treat 2016;57(7): 5488-97.##48)Ahmadi,A, Sheikhi R, Razi A, et al. Potential of local plant leaves as natural coagulant for turbidity removal. J Environ Sci Pollut Res 2022;29(2): 2579-87.##49)Yazdani V, Banzhad H, Rahmani A. Performance of Moringa Oliphera grain powder in comparison with aluminum sulfate and polyaluminum chloride in treatment of contaminated water, J Environ Sci Technol 2018;4(19): 324-34 (In Persian).##50)Sengupta M, Keraita B, Olsen A. Use of Moringa Oleifera seed extracts to reduce helminth egg numbers and turbidity in irrigation water. J Water Res 2012;46(12): 3646 -56.##51)Xiong J, Zhang Y. Leaves of Platanus Orientalis as the carbon source for denitrification. J Water Res 2012;46(11): 57-61.##52)Razib H, Rahaman A, Akter M, et al. Removal of Chromium from tannery effluent using plant bark and leaf. J Energy Environ Focus 2017;6(2): 139-44.##53)Musah B, Song S. Removal of Cr from aqueous solution by Platanus Orientalis leaf powders. J Environ Agr Biotechnol 2017;2(6): 3100-09.##54)Idris J, Som A, Musa M, et al. Dragon fruit foliage plant-based coagulant for treatment of concentrated latex effluent: comparison of treatment with ferric sulfate. J Chem Eng 2013;7(4): 230-60.##55)Fateh M, Hossain S. Semiconductor wastewater treatment using Tapioca Starch as a natural coagulant. J Water Res Prot 2013;5(2): 1018-26.##56)Alipoor E, Muyibi S, Sallehi H, et al. Production of natural coagulant from Moringa Oleifera seed for application in treatment of low turbidity water. J Water Res Prot 2010;2(1): 259-66.##57)Alima Y, Pascal C, Yaya A, et al. Evaluation of the Opuntia Dillenii as natural coagulant in water clarification: Case of treatment of highly turbid surface water. J Water Res Prot 2013;5(1): 1242-6.##58)Mandloi M, Chaudhari S, Folkard G. Evaluation of natural coagulants for direct filtration. J Environ Technol 2004;25(4): 481-9.##59)Babu R, Chaudhuri M. Home water treatment by direct filtration with natural coagulant. J Water Health 2005;3(1): 27-30.##60)Graham N, Gang F, Fowler J, et al. Characterisation and coagulation performance of a tannin-based cationic polymer: a preliminary assessment. J Colloids Surf 2008;3(27): 9-16.##61)Pritchard M, Mkandawire T, Edmondson A, et al. Potential of using plant extracts for purification of shallow well water in Malawi. J Phys Chem Earth 2009;3(4): 799-805.##1)Kawamura S. Effectiveness of natural polyelectrolyte in water treatment. J Chem Environ 2017;15(1): 89-91.##2)Jeon J, Kim E, Murugesan K, et al. Use of grape seed and its natural polyphenol extracts a natural organic coagulant for removal cationic dyes. Chemosphere 2018;77(1): 1090-98.##3)Shamohammadi Z, Moazed H, Jafari N, et al. Removal of low concentrations of cadmium from water using improved rice husk. J Water Wastewater 2018;67(1): 27-33 (In Persian).##4)Kaewprasit C, Hequet E, Abidi N, et al. Application of methylene blue adsorption to cotton fiber specific surface area measurement: part I. Methodology. J Cotton Sci 2018;2(1): 164-73.##5)Jahangiri A, Ahesi A, Maleki B. Removal of cadmium from aqueous solutions by improved bio-adsorbent of wheat straw. J Environ Technol Sci 2018;19(1): 14-30 (In Persian).##6)Craven P, Mkandawire T, Edmondson T. A study of the parameters affecting the effectiveness of Moringa oleifera in drinking water purification. J Phys Chem Earth 2016;35(1): 791-7.##7)Maleki K. Quality of water treated by coagulation, using Moringa oleifera seeds. J Water Res Manage 2018;32(1): 781-91 (In Persian).##8)Suleymani A, Okuofu C, Mahmodi A. Coagulation of low turbidity surface waters with Moringa oleifera seeds. J Environ Stud 2016;48(1): 263-2 (In Persian).##9)Gholami F, Mahvi A, Naseri S, et al. Application of immobilized horseradish peroxidase for removal and detoxification of dye from aqueous solution. J Chem Environ 2017;15(1): 217-22 (In Persian).##10)Mohan S, Mamatha V, Karthikeyan J. Removal of color from acid and direct dyes by adsorption onto silica fumes. J Environ Pollut 2018;7(1): 51-8.##11)Mostafapoor F, Bazrafshan A, Kamali H. Comparative study of the efficacy of Aluminum Sulfate, Ferric Chloride and Poly Aluminum Chloride coagulants in removing turbidity from drinking water. J Eng Water Sci 2018;3(6): 25-39 (In Persian).##12)Afkhami A, Tehrani M, Bagheri H. Simultaneous removal of heavy-metal wastewater samples using nanoalumina modified with 2, 4 dinitrophenyl hydrazine. J Hazard Mater 2018;18(1): 836-44 (In Persian)##13)Katayon S, Noori M, Asma M. et al. Effects of storage conditions of Moringa oleifera seeds on its performance in coagulation. J Biores Technol 2006;97: 1455-60 (In Persian).##14)Baptista A, Coldebella P, Cardines P. Coagulation-flocculation process with ultrafiltered saline extract of Moringa oleifera for the treatment of surface water. J Chem Eng 2015;276(1): 166-73.##15)Boulaadjoul S, Zemmouri H, Bendjama Z, et al. A novel use of Moringa oleifera seed powder in enhancing the primary treatment of paper mill effluent. J Chemosphere 2018;206(1): 142-49.##16)Freitas T, Oliveira V, Souza M, et al. Optimization of coagulation-flocculation process for treatment of industrial textile wastewater using okra (A. esculentus) mucilage as natural coagulant. J Ind Crop Prod 2015;76(1): 538-44.##17)Sciban M, KlaSnja M, Antov M. Removal of water turbidity by natural coagulants obtained from chestnut and acorn. J Biores Technol 2016;100(1): 6639-43.##18)Shahsuni A, Bina B. Comparison of Moringa Oliphera seed extract efficiency with polyaluminum chloride in water turbidity removal. J Environ Health 2007;7(2): 74-85 (In Persian).##19)Barakat M. New trends in removing heavy metals from industrial wastewater. J Chemistry 2016;4(4): 361-77.##20)Pirsahed M, Zinatizadeh A, Dargahi A. Performance evaluation of coagulation process in removal of low turbidity and color from water using different inorganic coagulants. J Water Wastewater 2018;1(2): 111-18 (In Persian).##21)Diaz A, Rincon N, Escorihuela A, et al. A preliminary evaluation of turbidity removal by natural coagulants indigenous to Venezuela. J Process Biochem 2017;35(7): 391-5.##22)Celekli A, Yavuzatmaca M, Bozkurt H. Kinetic and equilibrium studies on the adsorption of reactive red 120 from aqueous solution on Spirogyra majuscule. J Chem Res 2016;52(4): 139-45.##23)Donmez M, Akbal F. The removal of As (V) from drinking waters by coagulation process using iron salts. J Trend Chem Sci Eng Technol 2016;78(5): 437-9.##24)Gimbert F, Morin N, Renault F, et al. Adsorption isotherm models for dye removal by cationized starch-based material in a single component system. J Hazard Mater 2018;157(1): 34-46.##25)Saruchi A, Kumar V. Adsorption kinetics and isotherms for the removal of rhodamine B dye and Pb+2 ions from aqueous solutions by a hybrid ion-exchanger. J Chemistry 2019;12(2): 316-29.##26)Cheraghi M, Sobhanardakani S, Zandipak R, et al. Removal of Pb from aqueous solutions using waste tea leaves. J Toxicology 2015;9(28): 1247-53.##27)Zandipak R, Sobhanardakani S, Shirzadi A. Synthesis and application of nanocomposite as a novel adsorbent for removal of cyclophosphamide from water samples. J Sci Technol 2020;55(3): 456-70.##28)Talebzadeh F, Zandipak R, Sobhanardakani S. CeO2 nanoparticles supported on CuFe2O4 nanofibers as novel adsorbent for removal (Pb, Ni and V) ions from petrochemical wastewater. J Desalin Water Treat 2016;57(58): 28363-77.##29)Ghoochian M, Ahmad Panahi H, Sobhanardakani S, et al. Synthesis and application (Fe3O4, SiO2, thermosensitive, PAMAM-CS) nanoparticles as a novel adsorbent for removal of tamoxifen from water samples. Microchem 2019;145(5): 1231-40.##30)Dehghani M, Mahvi A, Rastkari N, et al. Adsorption of bisphenol a (BPA) from aqueous solutions by carbon nanotubes: kinetic and equilibrium studies. J Water Treat 2015;54(9): 84-92.##31)Lagergen S. Removal of water turbidity by natural coagulants. J Physics Chem Earth 2017;40(8): 112-30.##32)Hoy S, Mcay G. Pseudo-second order model for sorption processes. J Process Biochem 1999;34(1): 451-65.##33)Mohammadi M. Use of national coagulant for removal turbidity of wastewater. J Sci Environ Water 1999;11(5): 297-311.##34)Zhang Y, William T, Berger F. Factors affecting removal of selenate in agricultural drainage water utilizing rice straw. Sci Total Environ 2003;305(7): 207-16.##35)Zedan T, Mossad M, Fouad M, et al. Potential application of natural coagulant extraction from walnut seeds for water turbidity removal. J Water Pract Technol 2022;10(2): 200-16.##36)Zhang J, Zhang F, Luo Y, et al. A preliminary study on cactus as coagulant in water treatment. J Process Biochem 2006;41(8): 730-3.##37)Pritchard M, Craven T, Mkandawire T, et al. A study of the parameters affecting the effectiveness of Moringa Oleifera in drinking water purification. J Physic Chem Earth 2010;35(8): 791-7.##38)Kumar P, Rekhi S, Thyagarajan A. Removal of turbidity from washing machine discharge using Strychnos potatorum seeds: Parameter optimization and mechanism prediction. J Res Eff Technol 2016;2(1): 171-6.##39)Mandal H. Influence of wastewater pH on turbidity. J Environ Res Dev 2014;4(2): 105-14.##40)Adams F, Bafubiandi A. Application of rice hull ash for turbidity removal from water. J Physics Chem Earth 2014;72(75): 73-6.##41)Muthuraman G, Sasikala S. Removal of turbidity from drinking water using natural coagulants. J Ind Eng Chem 2014;20(4): 1727-31.##42)Usefi S, Asadi M, Izanloo H, et al. The performance of starch as a natural coagulant for turbidity removal from wastewater in stone cutting industry. Arch Hyg Sci 2019;8(1):17-26.##43)Bina B, Shahsuni A, Asghari G, et al. Comparison of Moringa Oliphera and polyaluminum chloride seed extract efficiency in removal of water turd. J Water Wastewater 2007;61(8): 24-33 (In Persian).##44)Ahmadi M, Borghei M, Hasani A. Comparison of Moringa Oliphera and Magnaflac seed extract as coagulant aid in water turbidity removal. J Water Wastewater 2014;2(1): 31-7 (In Persian).##45)Mohammadi A, Asgatri G, Mobarakyan S, et al. Removal of turbidity from raw water using chitosan as a coagulant in the electrical coagulation process by aluminum electrode. J Med Sci 2016;4(17): 98-104 (In Persian).##46)Rezaei F, Daryabeygi A, Mehrdadian S. Removal of turbidity of water using Esfarze extract in coagulation and flocculation process. J Sci Health Environ. 2016;5(1): 79-93.##47)Kumar P, Centhil V, Kameshwari R, et al. Experimental study on parameter estimation and mechanism for the removal of turbidity from groundwater and synthetic water using Moringa Oleifera seed powder. J Res Water Treat 2016;57(7): 5488-97.##48)Ahmadi,A, Sheikhi R, Razi A, et al. Potential of local plant leaves as natural coagulant for turbidity removal. J Environ Sci Pollut Res 2022;29(2): 2579-87.##49)Yazdani V, Banzhad H, Rahmani A. Performance of Moringa Oliphera grain powder in comparison with aluminum sulfate and polyaluminum chloride in treatment of contaminated water, J Environ Sci Technol 2018;4(19): 324-34 (In Persian).##50)Sengupta M, Keraita B, Olsen A. Use of Moringa Oleifera seed extracts to reduce helminth egg numbers and turbidity in irrigation water. J Water Res 2012;46(12): 3646 -56.##51)Xiong J, Zhang Y. Leaves of Platanus Orientalis as the carbon source for denitrification. J Water Res 2012;46(11): 57-61.##52)Razib H, Rahaman A, Akter M, et al. Removal of Chromium from tannery effluent using plant bark and leaf. J Energy Environ Focus 2017;6(2): 139-44.##53)Musah B, Song S. Removal of Cr from aqueous solution by Platanus Orientalis leaf powders. J Environ Agr Biotechnol 2017;2(6): 3100-09.##54)Idris J, Som A, Musa M, et al. Dragon fruit foliage plant-based coagulant for treatment of concentrated latex effluent: comparison of treatment with ferric sulfate. J Chem Eng 2013;7(4): 230-60.##55)Fateh M, Hossain S. Semiconductor wastewater treatment using Tapioca Starch as a natural coagulant. J Water Res Prot 2013;5(2): 1018-26.##56)Alipoor E, Muyibi S, Sallehi H, et al. Production of natural coagulant from Moringa Oleifera seed for application in treatment of low turbidity water. J Water Res Prot 2010;2(1): 259-66.##57)Alima Y, Pascal C, Yaya A, et al. Evaluation of the Opuntia Dillenii as natural coagulant in water clarification: Case of treatment of highly turbid surface water. J Water Res Prot 2013;5(1): 1242-6.##58)Mandloi M, Chaudhari S, Folkard G. Evaluation of natural coagulants for direct filtration. J Environ Technol 2004;25(4): 481-9.##59)Babu R, Chaudhuri M. Home water treatment by direct filtration with natural coagulant. J Water Health 2005;3(1): 27-30.##60)Graham N, Gang F, Fowler J, et al. Characterisation and coagulation performance of a tannin-based cationic polymer: a preliminary assessment. J Colloids Surf 2008;3(27): 9-16.##61)Pritchard M, Mkandawire T, Edmondson A, et al. Potential of using plant extracts for purification of shallow well water in Malawi. J Phys Chem Earth 2009;3(4): 799-805.## ##

بررسی وضعیت شاخص های بهداشت محیط نانوایی های شهرستان ملکشاهی در سال 1400 Investigating the status of environmental health indicators of bakeries in Malekshahi city in 1400 1 1 زمینه و هدف: در کشور ما نان یکی از مهمترین منابع غذایی را تشکیل می دهد. بهداشت نان از اهمیت بالایی برخوردار است و یکی از مهمترین موارد قابل توجه، بهداشت نانوایی هاست .مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسی وضعیت موجود نانوایی های شهرستان ملکشاهی انجام شد. مواد و روش ها: این مطالعه به صورت توصیفی - مقطعی در شهرستان ملکشاهی در سال 1400 انجام شد. همه‌ی نانوایی‌های فعال موجود در سطح شهر ملکشاهی (تعداد 52 واحد) به روش سرشماری مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. سپس با استفاده از چک لیست بازرسی بهداشتی نانوایی سنتی اطلاعات از نانوایی‌های شهرستان ملکشاهی جمع آوری شد. داده‌های جمع‌آوری شده با استفاده از نرم‌افزار Excel مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. یافته ها: نتایج نشان دادند که از نقطه نظر بهداشت فردی، بهداشت مواد غذایی، بهداشت ابزار و تجهیزات و بهداشت ساختمان  به ترتیب، 79/73، 68/37، 55/59  و 71/1 درصد دارای وضعیت مطلوب می باشند و میانگین کل رعایت شاخص های بهداشت محیط در نانوایی های شهرستان ملکشاهی برابر با 68/69 درصد گزارش گردید. نتیجه گیری: جهت ارتقاء و بهبود وضعیت بهداشتی پیشنهاد می شود، بازرسان واحد ایمنی و بهداشت محیط در مراکز بهداشتی ضمن اعمال قوانین سختگیرانه تر بویژه در زمینه توجه به بخش بهداشت ابزار و تجهیزات مورد استفاده در نانوایی ها، با نظارت و کنترل مستمر این اماکن و تدوین قوانین عملی و نظارت بر اجرای آن ها و نیز ارائه آموزش های مناسب به متصدیان نانوایی ها، سلامت نان را بعنوان قوت غالب مردم تضمین نمایند. 2 Background and Objective: Bread is one of the most important food sources in our country. The hygiene of bread is very important and one of the most important things to note is the hygiene of bakeries. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the current situation of bakeries in Malekshahi city. Methods: This descriptive-cross-sectional study was conducted in Malekshahi city in 1400. All active bakeries in Malekshahi city (52 units) were investigated by census method. Then, information was collected from the bakeries of Malekshahi city by using the traditional bakery health inspection checklist. The collected data were analyzed using Excel software. Results: The results showed that from the point of view of personal hygiene, food hygiene, tools and equipment hygiene and building hygiene, respectively, 79.73, 68.37, 55.59 and 71.10 percent have a favorable condition and the total average compliance index environmental hygiene in bakeries of Malekshahi city was reported as 68.69 percent. Conclusion: In order to promote and improve the health situation, environmental health inspectors in health centers, while applying stricter rules, especially in the field of paying attention to the health of tools and equipment used in bakeries, by continuously monitoring and controlling these places and formulating practical laws and monitoring their implementation, ensure the health of bread as the dominant force of the people.   29 38 2022/11/262022/08/102022/12/5 1401/9/14 2022/12/312023/01/142022/12/14 1401/9/23 فاطمه واحدی منفرد fatemeh vahedimonfared دانشجوی کارشناسی مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایلام، ایلام، ایران ایران f.vahedimonfared77@gmail.com سودابه قدسی soudabeh ghodsi دانشجوی دکتری مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران ایران s.ghodsi3847@gmail.com سجاد مظلومی sajad mazloomi دانشیار گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایلام، ایلام، ایران-مرکز تحقیقات زیست فناوری و گیاهان دارویی، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایلام، ایلام، ایران ایران sajad.mazloomi@yahoo.com Environmental health bakery Malekshahi city Ilam. بهداشت محیط نانوایی شهرستان ملکشاهی ایلام. 1.Namayandeh SM, Lotfi MH, Jafari V, et al. Salt Content in Traditional and Nontraditional Breads in Yazd City, Iran, 2015-2016. JNFS 2018; 3 (4) :185-192.##Abolli S, Kazemi J, Motlagh ZH. Evaluating the Quality of Bread; Based on the Amount of Salt and Baking Soda Consumption. JCHR 2021; 10(1): 33-40.##Malakoutian M, Loloei M. The quality and hygienic condition of bread in rafsanjan's bakeries. JRUMS 2003; 2 (3 and 3-4) :252-259 [In Persian].##Madani A, Goodarzi B, Soleimani-Ahmadi M, et al. Hygiene status in urban bakeries of Bandar Abbas in 2012. J Prevent Med 2014; 1 (1) :10-15 [In Persian].##Chamandoost S, Naderi M, Afshar H, et al. Amount of Baking Soda and Salt in Bakeries of Zanjan City in 2011-2012. J. Hum. Environ. Health Promot 2015; 1 (1) :56-62 [In Persian].##Zabihollahi T, Goftari S, Garibi F, et al . Investigation of the amount of sodium bicarbonate and salt in different types of bread in the bakeries of Kurdistan Province from 1387 to 1389. SJKU 2013; 18 (3) :39-46 [In Persian].##Hashemi M, Afshari A, Aminzare M, et al. Evaluation of pH and Common Salt Content in Bread Samples Produced in Mashhad, Iran. J. Food Qual. Hazards Control 2016; 3 (2) :73-75.##Ahamadabadi M, Saeidi M, Rahdar S, et al. Amount of baking soda and salt in the bread baked in city of zabol. IIOAB J 2016;7: 518-22.##Bazhan M, Nasseri E, Shafiei Sabet F. Challenges and Barriers to Improve Quality of Traditional Flat Breads in Iran. Iranian J Nutr Sci Food Technol 2021; 16 (1) :47-60 [In Persian].##Pouraslani E NN, Amani F, Sadeghi H, et al. The state of sanitary health of the bakeries of Ardabil. JSRC 2003;6(7):5-7 [In Persian].##Parizad Ghulami, Amarluei A, Jalali Gloussang A, et al. Bread and Hygienic problems at urban bakers shops in Ilam provice(2002-2004). JIUMS 2004;13 (1):44-49 [In Persian].##Khamirchi A, Robatjazi M. The survey on the health status of the bakeries of Sabzevar city in 1383. 8th National Conference on Environmental Health; 8 January 2005; Tehran, Iran [In Persian].##Ghajarbeygi P, Kazeminia M, Mahmoudi R. Determine the Quality of Bread Samples Used in Qazvin, Iran. JCHR (2018) 8(1), 1-8.##Johari M. Investigating the health status of bakeries in the varamin in 1383. 9th Iranian Nutrition Congress; 4-6 September 2006; Tbriz, Iran [In Persian].##Pourzamani HR, Pishkar A, Khalili M, et al. The quality of bread production and the status of bakeries in the Shahre Kord in 1382. 7th National Conference on Environmental Health; 14 September 2004; Sharekord, Iran [In Persian].##1.Namayandeh SM, Lotfi MH, Jafari V, et al. Salt Content in Traditional and Nontraditional Breads in Yazd City, Iran, 2015-2016. JNFS 2018; 3 (4) :185-192.##Abolli S, Kazemi J, Motlagh ZH. Evaluating the Quality of Bread; Based on the Amount of Salt and Baking Soda Consumption. JCHR 2021; 10(1): 33-40.##Malakoutian M, Loloei M. The quality and hygienic condition of bread in rafsanjan's bakeries. JRUMS 2003; 2 (3 and 3-4) :252-259 [In Persian].##Madani A, Goodarzi B, Soleimani-Ahmadi M, et al. Hygiene status in urban bakeries of Bandar Abbas in 2012. J Prevent Med 2014; 1 (1) :10-15 [In Persian].##Chamandoost S, Naderi M, Afshar H, et al. Amount of Baking Soda and Salt in Bakeries of Zanjan City in 2011-2012. J. Hum. Environ. Health Promot 2015; 1 (1) :56-62 [In Persian].##Zabihollahi T, Goftari S, Garibi F, et al . Investigation of the amount of sodium bicarbonate and salt in different types of bread in the bakeries of Kurdistan Province from 1387 to 1389. SJKU 2013; 18 (3) :39-46 [In Persian].##Hashemi M, Afshari A, Aminzare M, et al. Evaluation of pH and Common Salt Content in Bread Samples Produced in Mashhad, Iran. J. Food Qual. Hazards Control 2016; 3 (2) :73-75.##Ahamadabadi M, Saeidi M, Rahdar S, et al. Amount of baking soda and salt in the bread baked in city of zabol. IIOAB J 2016;7: 518-22.##Bazhan M, Nasseri E, Shafiei Sabet F. Challenges and Barriers to Improve Quality of Traditional Flat Breads in Iran. Iranian J Nutr Sci Food Technol 2021; 16 (1) :47-60 [In Persian].##Pouraslani E NN, Amani F, Sadeghi H, et al. The state of sanitary health of the bakeries of Ardabil. JSRC 2003;6(7):5-7 [In Persian].##Parizad Ghulami, Amarluei A, Jalali Gloussang A, et al. Bread and Hygienic problems at urban bakers shops in Ilam provice(2002-2004). JIUMS 2004;13 (1):44-49 [In Persian].##Khamirchi A, Robatjazi M. The survey on the health status of the bakeries of Sabzevar city in 1383. 8th National Conference on Environmental Health; 8 January 2005; Tehran, Iran [In Persian].##Ghajarbeygi P, Kazeminia M, Mahmoudi R. Determine the Quality of Bread Samples Used in Qazvin, Iran. JCHR (2018) 8(1), 1-8.##Johari M. Investigating the health status of bakeries in the varamin in 1383. 9th Iranian Nutrition Congress; 4-6 September 2006; Tbriz, Iran [In Persian].##Pourzamani HR, Pishkar A, Khalili M, et al. The quality of bread production and the status of bakeries in the Shahre Kord in 1382. 7th National Conference on Environmental Health; 14 September 2004; Sharekord, Iran [In Persian].## ##

بررسی میزان کشندگی ناشی از بیماری های کووید19 در گروه های پرخطر و ارتباط آن با شرایط اقلیمی (مطالعه موردی شهر اصفهان _ ایران) Investigating the mortality rate caused by COVID-19 diseases in high-risk groups and its relationship with climatic conditions (case study Isfahan - Iran) 1 1   زمینه و هدف: بیماری زمینه ای نقش مهمی در شدت و میزان مرگ و میر ناشی از کووید19 دارد. از طرفی عوامل محیطی مانند شرایط اقلیمی می توانند بر پویایی بسیاری از بیماری های عفونی تأثیر بگذارند. هدف کلی این پژوهش تعیین میزان کشندگی ناشی از کووید19 در گروه های پرخطر و ارتباط آن با شرایط اقلیمی در شهر اصفهان از اسفند 1398 تا پایان آذر ماه 1399 بود. مواد و روش ها: در بازه مورد مطالعه تعداد افراد بصورت سرشماری وارد مطالعه شدند (81881 نفر).  برای گرداوری داده ها از فرم جمع آوری اطلاعات، شامل وضعیت فرد از نظر شدت بیماری و بستری، به همراه اطلاعات جمعیت شناختی (سن و جنس) و نوع بیماری آنها استفاده شد. همچنین پارامترهای اقلیمی از جمله میانگین دما، رطوبت نسبی، بارش و سرعت باد در طول مدت مطالعه، به تفکیک هر ماه از سایت اداره هواشناسی اصفهان اخذ گردید و داده­ها توسط نرم­افزار SPSS و در سطح معناداری 0/05 تجزیه و تحلیل شدند.   یافته ها: تعداد افراد مبتلا در آبان 1399 با تعداد 20130 در صدر ماه‌های مورد مطالعه بود. بین متغیرهای دما، رطوبت نسبی و بارش با میزان ابتلا رابطه معناداری وجود نداشت. اما میانگین سرعت وزش باد با میزان ابتلا، رابطه معکوس معناداری داشت. بین متغیرهای شرایط اقلیمی با میزان کشندگی ناشی از کووید19 رابطه معناداری وجود نداشت. نتیجه گیری: نتیجه رگرسیون پوآسون روی کل افراد پر خطر (دارای بیماری زمینه ای) جهت بررسی میزان کشندگی بر حسب ماه بجز در مورد متغیر بارش، برای سایر متغیرها معنی دار بود. 2 Background and Objective: The underlying disease plays an important role in the severity and mortality rate caused by covid-19. On the other hand environmental factors such as climatic conditions can affect the dynamics of many infectious diseases. The main purpose of this research was determination of mortality caused by Covid-19 in high-risk groups and its relation with climatic conditions in Isfahan city from Feb 2020 to the end of Dec 2020. Materials: In the study period, the number of people included in the study by census (81881 person). To collect data, an information collection form was used, including the person's condition in terms of severity of illness and hospitalization, along with demographic information (age and gender) and their type of illness. Also, climatic parameters such as average temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, and wind speed during the study period were obtained separately for each month from the website of Isfahan Meteorology Department and the data were analyzed by SPSS software (p<0.05). Results: The number of infected people in Nov 2020 was the number of 20130. There was no significant relationship between the variables of temperature, relative humidity and precipitation with the rate of morbidity. But the average wind speed had a significant inverse relationship with the morbidity rate. Also, there was no significant relationship between the variables of climatic conditions and the rate of mortality caused by Covid-19. Conclusion: The result of Poisson regression on all high-risk people (with underlying disease) to investigate the mortality rate by month, except for the precipitation variable, was significant for other variables. 39 50 2022/11/262022/08/102022/12/52023/02/1 1401/11/12 2022/12/312023/01/142022/12/142023/04/3 1402/1/14 سعیده مرادعلیزاده Saeideh Moradalizadeh گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمان، کرمان، ایران-مرکز تحقیقات مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمان، کرمان، ایران ایران مجید هاشمی Majid Hashemi گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمان، کرمان، ایران-مرکز تحقیقات مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمان، کرمان، ایران ایران مریم فرجی Maryam Faraji گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمان، کرمان، ایران-مرکز تحقیقات مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمان، کرمان، ایران. ایران حمید رضا توحیدی نیک Hamidreza Tohidinik مرکز‌ تحقیقات‌ مراقبت‌HIV و ‌عفونتهای‌آمیزشی، ‌پژوهشکده ‌آینده‌پژوهی‌ در سلامت، ‌دانشگاهعلوم پزشکیکرمان، کرمان، ایران ایران پرند ارباب Parand Arbab گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمان، کرمان، ایران-مرکز تحقیقات مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمان، کرمان، ایران. ایران Covid 19 Corona virus Climatic conditions High risk groups کووید 19 ویروس کرونا شرایط اقلیمی گروههای پر خطر Mecenas P, Bastos RTdRM, Vallinoto ACR, Normando D. Effects of temperature and humidity on the spread of COVID-19: A systematic review. PLoS one 2020;15(9): e0238339.##Hadavi I, Hashemi M, Asadikaram G, et al. Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 Genome in the Indoor Air and High-Touch Surfaces. International Journal of Environmental Research 2022;16(6): 103.##Shi P, Dong Y, Yan H, et al. Impact of temperature on the dynamics of the COVID-19 outbreak in China. Science of the total environment 2020;728: 138890.##Bashir MF, Ma B, Komal B, et al. Correlation between climate indicators and COVID-19 pandemic in New York, USA. Science of the Total Environment 2020;728: 138835.##Iqbal MM, Abid I, Hussain S, et al. The effects of regional climatic condition on the spread of COVID-19 at global scale. Science of the Total Environment 2020;739: 140101.##Javanmardi F, Keshavarzi A, Akbari A, et al. Prevalence of underlying diseases in died cases of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one 2020;15(10): e 0241265.##Organization WH. WHO coronavirus disease (COVID-19) dashboard: situation by country, territory & area. WHO web site-Data last updated 2020;4.##National Committe of COVID19 Epidemiology and Iranian CDC MoHaME, IR,Iran. Analysis of epidemic trend by province of IRAN Situation report on Coronavirus disease (Covid 19) in Iran.##Nikpouraghdam M, Farahani AJ, Alishiri G, et al. Epidemiological characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients in IRAN: A single center study. Journal of Clinical Virology 2020;127: 104378.##Alam MS, Sultana R. Influences of climatic and non-climatic factors on COVID-19 outbreak: a review of existing literature. Environmental Challenges 2021;5: 100255.##Abdolahnejad A, Jafari N, Mohammadi A, et al. Mortality and morbidity due to exposure to ambient NO2, SO2, and O3 in Isfahan in 2013-2014. International journal of preventive medicine 2018;9.##Najafabadi A, Mahaki B, Hajizadeh Y. Spatiotemporal modeling of airborne fine particulate matter distribution in Isfahan. International Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2020;9(1): 9-.##Kang Y-J. Mortality rate of infection with COVID-19 in Korea from the perspective of underlying disease. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness 2020;14(3): 384-6.##Haybar H, Kazemnia K, Rahim F. Underlying chronic disease and COVID-19 infection: a state-of-the-art review. Jundishapur Journal of Chronic Disease Care 2020;9(2).##Wang J, Tang K, Feng K, Lv W. High temperature and high humidity reduce the transmission of COVID-19. Available at SSRN 2020;3551767: 2020b.##Ma Y, Zhao Y, Liu J, et al. Effects of temperature variation and humidity on the death of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Science of the total environment 2020;724: 138226.##Tosepu R, Gunawan J, Effendy DS, et al. Correlation between weather and Covid-19 pandemic in Jakarta, Indonesia. Science of the total environment 2020;725: 138436.##Sobral MFF, Duarte GB, da Penha Sobral AIG, et al. Association between climate variables and global transmission oF SARS-CoV-2. Science of The Total Environment 2020;729: 138997.##Liu J, Zhou J, Yao J, et al. Impact of meteorological factors on the COVID-19 transmission: A multi-city study in China. Science of the total environment 2020;726: 138513.##Şahin M. Impact of weather on COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Science of the Total Environment 2020;728: 138810.##Srivastava A. COVID-19 and air pollution and meteorology-an intricate relationship: A review. Chemosphere 2021;263: 128297.##Ali Q, Raza A, Saghir S, Khan MTI. Impact of wind speed and air pollution on COVID-19 transmission in Pakistan. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 2021;18(5): 1287-98.##Coccia M. The effects of atmospheric stability with low wind speed and of air pollution on the accelerated transmission dynamics of COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Studies 2021;78(1): 1-27.##Sanchez-Piedra C, Cruz-Cruz C, Gamiño-Arroyo A-E, Prado-Galbarro F-J. Effects of air pollution and climatology on COVID-19 mortality in Spain. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 2021;14(11): 1869-75.##Ahmadi M, Sharifi A, Dorosti S, et al. Investigation of effective climatology parameters on COVID-19 outbreak in Iran. Science of the total environment 2020;729: 138705.##Páez-Osuna F, Valencia-Castañeda G, Rebolledo UA. The link between COVID-19 mortality and PM2.5 emissions in rural and medium-size municipalities considering population density, dust events, and wind speed. Chemosphere 2022;286: 131634.##Lowen AC, Mubareka S, Steel J, Palese P. Influenza virus transmission is dependent on relative humidity and temperature. PLoS pathogens 2007;3(10): e151.##Araujo MB, Naimi B. Spread of SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus likely constrained by climate. MedRxiv 2020.##Harbert RS, Cunningham SW, Tessler M. Spatial modeling cannot currently differentiate SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and human distributions on the basis of climate in the United States. MedRxiv 2020.##Mecenas P, Bastos RTdRM, Vallinoto ACR, Normando D. Effects of temperature and humidity on the spread of COVID-19: A systematic review. PLoS one 2020;15(9): e0238339.##Hadavi I, Hashemi M, Asadikaram G, et al. Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 Genome in the Indoor Air and High-Touch Surfaces. International Journal of Environmental Research 2022;16(6): 103.##Shi P, Dong Y, Yan H, et al. Impact of temperature on the dynamics of the COVID-19 outbreak in China. Science of the total environment 2020;728: 138890.##Bashir MF, Ma B, Komal B, et al. Correlation between climate indicators and COVID-19 pandemic in New York, USA. Science of the Total Environment 2020;728: 138835.##Iqbal MM, Abid I, Hussain S, et al. The effects of regional climatic condition on the spread of COVID-19 at global scale. Science of the Total Environment 2020;739: 140101.##Javanmardi F, Keshavarzi A, Akbari A, et al. Prevalence of underlying diseases in died cases of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one 2020;15(10): e 0241265.##Organization WH. WHO coronavirus disease (COVID-19) dashboard: situation by country, territory & area. WHO web site-Data last updated 2020;4.##National Committe of COVID19 Epidemiology and Iranian CDC MoHaME, IR,Iran. Analysis of epidemic trend by province of IRAN Situation report on Coronavirus disease (Covid 19) in Iran.##Nikpouraghdam M, Farahani AJ, Alishiri G, et al. Epidemiological characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients in IRAN: A single center study. Journal of Clinical Virology 2020;127: 104378.##Alam MS, Sultana R. Influences of climatic and non-climatic factors on COVID-19 outbreak: a review of existing literature. Environmental Challenges 2021;5: 100255.##Abdolahnejad A, Jafari N, Mohammadi A, et al. Mortality and morbidity due to exposure to ambient NO2, SO2, and O3 in Isfahan in 2013-2014. International journal of preventive medicine 2018;9.##Najafabadi A, Mahaki B, Hajizadeh Y. Spatiotemporal modeling of airborne fine particulate matter distribution in Isfahan. International Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2020;9(1): 9-.##Kang Y-J. Mortality rate of infection with COVID-19 in Korea from the perspective of underlying disease. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness 2020;14(3): 384-6.##Haybar H, Kazemnia K, Rahim F. Underlying chronic disease and COVID-19 infection: a state-of-the-art review. Jundishapur Journal of Chronic Disease Care 2020;9(2).##Wang J, Tang K, Feng K, Lv W. High temperature and high humidity reduce the transmission of COVID-19. Available at SSRN 2020;3551767: 2020b.##Ma Y, Zhao Y, Liu J, et al. Effects of temperature variation and humidity on the death of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Science of the total environment 2020;724: 138226.##Tosepu R, Gunawan J, Effendy DS, et al. Correlation between weather and Covid-19 pandemic in Jakarta, Indonesia. Science of the total environment 2020;725: 138436.##Sobral MFF, Duarte GB, da Penha Sobral AIG, et al. Association between climate variables and global transmission oF SARS-CoV-2. Science of The Total Environment 2020;729: 138997.##Liu J, Zhou J, Yao J, et al. Impact of meteorological factors on the COVID-19 transmission: A multi-city study in China. Science of the total environment 2020;726: 138513.##Şahin M. Impact of weather on COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Science of the Total Environment 2020;728: 138810.##Srivastava A. COVID-19 and air pollution and meteorology-an intricate relationship: A review. Chemosphere 2021;263: 128297.##Ali Q, Raza A, Saghir S, Khan MTI. Impact of wind speed and air pollution on COVID-19 transmission in Pakistan. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 2021;18(5): 1287-98.##Coccia M. The effects of atmospheric stability with low wind speed and of air pollution on the accelerated transmission dynamics of COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Studies 2021;78(1): 1-27.##Sanchez-Piedra C, Cruz-Cruz C, Gamiño-Arroyo A-E, Prado-Galbarro F-J. Effects of air pollution and climatology on COVID-19 mortality in Spain. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 2021;14(11): 1869-75.##Ahmadi M, Sharifi A, Dorosti S, et al. Investigation of effective climatology parameters on COVID-19 outbreak in Iran. Science of the total environment 2020;729: 138705.##Páez-Osuna F, Valencia-Castañeda G, Rebolledo UA. The link between COVID-19 mortality and PM2.5 emissions in rural and medium-size municipalities considering population density, dust events, and wind speed. Chemosphere 2022;286: 131634.##Lowen AC, Mubareka S, Steel J, Palese P. Influenza virus transmission is dependent on relative humidity and temperature. PLoS pathogens 2007;3(10): e151.##Araujo MB, Naimi B. Spread of SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus likely constrained by climate. MedRxiv 2020.##Harbert RS, Cunningham SW, Tessler M. Spatial modeling cannot currently differentiate SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and human distributions on the basis of climate in the United States. MedRxiv 2020.## ##

بررسی وضعیت بهداشت محیط آرایشگاه‌های زنانه شهر ایوان، استان ایلام The Study of The Environmental Health Status of The Women's beauty Salons of Eyvan, Ilam 1 1 زمینه و هدف: آرایشگاه های زنانه از جمله اماکن عمومی هستند که توجه به مسائل بهداشت محیط در سلامت فرد و جامعه قابل اهمیت هستند، چرا که عدم رعایت موازین بهداشتی و انجام فعالیت های غیر اصولی نظیر تاتو کردن و غیره تهدیدی برای سلامتی جامعه است. لذا پژوهش حاضر با هدف تعیین وضعیت بهداشتی آرایشگاه های زنانه شهر ایوان در سال 1396 انجام گرفت. مواد و روش ها: این پژوهش به صورت توصیفی- مقطعی در شهر ایوان در سال 1396 انجام شد. همه ی آرایشگاه های فعال موجود به روش سرشماری مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. جمع آوری اطلاعات از طریق بازدید از آرایشگاه های زنانه و تکمیل چک لیست فرم آیین نامه مقررات بهداشتی از آرایشگاه و سالن های زیبایی زنانه و مشاهده انجام شد. جهت آنالیز داده های جمع آوری شده از نرم افزار Excel استفاده شد. یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد که 67/14 و 68/57 درصد از آرایشگاه ها به ترتیب دارای کارت معاینه پزشکی و گواهینامه آموزش بهداشت عمومی بودند. از نقطه نظر بهداشت ابزار و تجهیزات 57/14 درصد و از نظر وضعیت بهداشت ساختمان در مجموع 60/42 درصد از آرایشگاه ها مطابق آئین نامه بودند. همچنین 60 درصد از آرایشگاه ها برای دفع پسماند های اجسام تیز و برنده از جعبه ایمن استفاده نمی کردند. نتیجه گیری: با توجه به نتایج بدست آمده وضعیت بهداشتی آرایشگاه های زنانه شهر ایوان در برخی از شاخص ها با قوانین مطابقت نداشته و نیاز به آموزش صحیح، تشدید بازرسی در خصوص ارائه خدماتی چون تاتو، اپیلاسیون و آرایش ناخن در جهت کنترل شرایط بهداشتی این اماکن و سلامتی جامعه ضروری می باشد.   2 Background: Women's beauty salons are among the public places where attention to environmental health aspects is important in the person and society, because the lack of sanitation and non-performance, and so on are a threat to the health of the community. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the health status of women's hairdressing in Eyvan city in 2017. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on all women's hairdressers in Eyvan in 2017. Information gathering was done by visiting women's hairdressing salons and completing the checklist form of the health regulations from the beauty salon and women's beauty salons and observation and interviewing. To analyze the data collected from the Excel software. Results: The results showed that 14.67% and 57.68% of the decorators had a medical examination card and a public health education certificate, respectively. From the point of view of the health of tools and equipment, 57.14%, and in terms of the health condition of the building, a total of 42.4% of the barber shops had a favorable situation. Also, 60% of the hairdressers do not use a safety box to remove sharp objects from the body.  Conclusion: According to the results, the sanitary condition of women's hairdressers in the city of Eyvan was not consistent with some of the indicators, and the need for proper education, planning, and intensification of examination for providing services such as tattoo, waxing, and nail polish to control the health condition. Places and community health are essential. 51 60 2022/11/262022/08/102022/12/52023/02/12023/01/27 1401/11/7 2022/12/312023/01/142022/12/142023/04/32023/02/22 1401/12/3 افسانه طاهری پلنگرد afsane Taheripelangerd دانشجوی کارشناسی مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایلام، ایلام، ایران ایران taheriafs1373@gmail.com سودابه قدسی soudabeh ghodsi دانشجوی دکترای مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران ایران s.ghodsi3847@gmail.com محمد درویش متولی mohammad Darvishmotevalli مرکز تحقیقات بهداشت، ایمنی و محیط، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج، ایران-استادیار گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج، ایران ایران Mohamad.darvish68@gmail.com سجاد مظلومی sajad mazloomi دانشیار گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایلام، ایلام، ایران-مرکز تحقیقات زیست فناوری و گیاهان دارویی، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایلام، ایلام، ایران ایران sajad.mazloomi@yahoo.com Women's Beauty Salon Environmental Health Eyvan city آرایشگاه های زنانه بهداشت محیط شهر ایوان 1.Heydari A, Heydari Gh, Ramazani A, et al. Evaluation the effect of health education on Knowledge, attetiute and practices of Zabol's women barbers about AIDS in 2008. ijhe 2012;4(3):9-17 [In Persian].##Sadeghi M, Charkazi A, Behnampour N, et al. Evaluation of infection control and disinfection used in barbershops and beauty salons in Gorgan. IJHE 2015;7(4) [In Persian].##Honarvar B. A survey to the infection control in beauty salons in Shiraz. IOH 2009;6(1): 61-7.##Candan F, Alagözlü H, Poyraz Ö, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis B and C virus infection in barbers in the Sivas region of Turkey. OEM 2002;52(1): 31-4.##Movavi N, Ejlali A, Khodadi Z, et al. Determining the level of knowledge of barbers in Orumieh city of different diseases and ways of transferring from the hairdressing profession and disinfection methods of the equipment. The 16th National Conference on Environmental Health; October 2013; Tabriz, Iran [In Persian].##Khan G, Rizvi TA, Blair I, et al. Risk of blood-borne infections in barber shops. J Infect Public Health 2010;3(2): 88-9.##shakeri K, Deris F, et al. Evaluation of bacterial and fungal contamination in equipments used in ladies and gentleman barbers in Shahrekord, 2009. J Shahrekord Univ Med Sci. 2011;13(4):102-7 [In Persian].##Gholamrezaee Z, Sharifirad G, Zamanian H, et al. Effect of Educational Intervention Based on the Health Belief Model on the Improvement of the Health Performance of Female Hairdressers in Qom, Iran. Arch Hyg Sci 2020;9(2): 109-20. [In Persian]##Hazrati S, Sabery S, Peeridogaheh H, et al. Study of barber equipment disinfection in Ardabil women barbershops emphasize on Staphylococcus Aureus. JJArUMS 2012;12(1): 25-32 [In Persian].##Kana F, Ndongmo C, Kembou E, et al. Sensitization of barbers on STD/AIDS in Bafoussam, Cameroon. InInt Conf AIDS 1998; 12: 703.##Nourmoradi H, Haghighat GA, Karimi A, Mazloomi S. The Study of Environmental Health Status of Male Student Dormitories of Ilam University of Medical Sciences in 2017. JJUMS 2017;4(1): 164-72 [In Persian].##Rahimzadeh H MM, Beirami S, et al. Determining the health status of female hairdressers in Gorgan and the knowledge of women's hairdressers about the diseases associated with the hairdressing profession. The 16th National Conference on Environmental Health Tabtiz university of medical sciences2013.##leelouei M, Dehghan A, Steward S, et al. The survey of the health status of the female hairdressers in Kerman city in 2012. The 16th National Conference on Environmental Health; October 2013; Tabriz, Iran [In Persian].##1.Heydari A, Heydari Gh, Ramazani A, et al. Evaluation the effect of health education on Knowledge, attetiute and practices of Zabol's women barbers about AIDS in 2008. ijhe 2012;4(3):9-17 [In Persian].##Sadeghi M, Charkazi A, Behnampour N, et al. Evaluation of infection control and disinfection used in barbershops and beauty salons in Gorgan. IJHE 2015;7(4) [In Persian].##Honarvar B. A survey to the infection control in beauty salons in Shiraz. IOH 2009;6(1): 61-7.##Candan F, Alagözlü H, Poyraz Ö, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis B and C virus infection in barbers in the Sivas region of Turkey. OEM 2002;52(1): 31-4.##Movavi N, Ejlali A, Khodadi Z, et al. Determining the level of knowledge of barbers in Orumieh city of different diseases and ways of transferring from the hairdressing profession and disinfection methods of the equipment. The 16th National Conference on Environmental Health; October 2013; Tabriz, Iran [In Persian].##Khan G, Rizvi TA, Blair I, et al. Risk of blood-borne infections in barber shops. J Infect Public Health 2010;3(2): 88-9.##shakeri K, Deris F, et al. Evaluation of bacterial and fungal contamination in equipments used in ladies and gentleman barbers in Shahrekord, 2009. J Shahrekord Univ Med Sci. 2011;13(4):102-7 [In Persian].##Gholamrezaee Z, Sharifirad G, Zamanian H, et al. Effect of Educational Intervention Based on the Health Belief Model on the Improvement of the Health Performance of Female Hairdressers in Qom, Iran. Arch Hyg Sci 2020;9(2): 109-20. [In Persian]##Hazrati S, Sabery S, Peeridogaheh H, et al. Study of barber equipment disinfection in Ardabil women barbershops emphasize on Staphylococcus Aureus. JJArUMS 2012;12(1): 25-32 [In Persian].##Kana F, Ndongmo C, Kembou E, et al. Sensitization of barbers on STD/AIDS in Bafoussam, Cameroon. InInt Conf AIDS 1998; 12: 703.##Nourmoradi H, Haghighat GA, Karimi A, Mazloomi S. The Study of Environmental Health Status of Male Student Dormitories of Ilam University of Medical Sciences in 2017. JJUMS 2017;4(1): 164-72 [In Persian].##Rahimzadeh H MM, Beirami S, et al. Determining the health status of female hairdressers in Gorgan and the knowledge of women's hairdressers about the diseases associated with the hairdressing profession. The 16th National Conference on Environmental Health Tabtiz university of medical sciences2013.##leelouei M, Dehghan A, Steward S, et al. The survey of the health status of the female hairdressers in Kerman city in 2012. The 16th National Conference on Environmental Health; October 2013; Tabriz, Iran [In Persian].## ##

بررسی وضعیت شاخص‌های بهداشتی استخرهای شنای عمومی شهر ایلام Investigating the health indicators of public swimming pools in Ilam Province 1 1 زمینه و هدف: شنا یکی از فعالیت های تفریحی و یک ورزش مهم برای سلامت جسم و روح است. در صورت عدم رعایت موازین بهداشتی در استخرها، بروز مشکلات بهداشتی و انتقال بیماری های عفونی به شناگران اتفاق می افتد. هدف از مطالعه حاضر، تعیین وضعیت بهداشت محیط استخرهای شنا شهر ایلام در سال 98-1397 می باشد. مواد و روش ها: این پژوهش یک مطالعه توصیفی- مقطعی بود که وضعیت بهداشت محیط 8 استخر فعال شهر ایلام مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. برای انجام این تحقیق چک لیست ارزیابی وضعیت بهداشت محیط استخر که توسط وزارت بهداشت تهیه شده است از طریق مشاهده مستقیم و اندازه گیری دقیق تکمیل و از نرم افزار Excel  جهت تجزیه و تحلیل داده های گرد آوری شده استفاده شد. یافته ها: میزانpH ، میزان کلر آزاد باقی مانده ، ضوابط بهداشت فردی و کنترل حشرات به ترتیب در 50، 75، 100 و 75 درصد نمونه ها مطالق آئین نامه بودند این در حالی است که کدورت و دمای محیط استخر در 100 درصد نمونه ها در شرایط نامطلوبی قرار داشتند.  نتیجه گیری: بخش ابزار و تجهیزات در مقایسه با سایر بخش ها، از مطلوبیت کمتری برخوردار بود. آنچه نیاز به فوریت بیشتری برای پیگیری دارد: پارامترهای بحرانی مانند کدورت آب استخرها، درجه حرارت آب و دمای محیط استخر ها می‌باشد. 2 Background:  Swimming is one of the recreational activities and an important sport for the health of the body and soul. In the case of non-observance of sanitary standards in swimming pools, health problems and transmission of infectious diseases to swimmers will occur. The aim of this study was to investigate the environmental health status of swimming pools in Ilam city.   Methods: This research was a descriptive cross-sectional study where the environmental health status of 8 active swimming pools in Ilam city was evaluated. To conduct this research, the checklist was prepared by the ministry of health for assessing the environmental health status of active swimming pools. Through direct observation, and accurate measurement of completion, and excel software was used for analyzing the collected data. Results: The results showed that PH, residual chlorine, health personnel, and insect control were 50,75,100, and 75% respectively. Also, the turbidity and temperature in 100% of the samples were undesirable. Conclusion: The tool and equipment sector were less desirable compared to other sectors. Critical parameters such as turbidity, water temperature and ambient temperature of the pools should be carefully monitored.   61 71 2022/11/262022/08/102022/12/52023/02/12023/01/272023/01/27 1401/11/7 2022/12/312023/01/142022/12/142023/04/32023/02/222023/02/22 1401/12/3 مریم صدر maryam Sadr دانشجوی کارشناسی مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایلام، ایلام، ایران ایران maryamsadr1818@gmail.com حشمت الله نورمرادی Heshmatolah Nourmoradi استاد گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایلام، ایلام، ایران ایران ilam_nourmoradi@yahoo.com سودابه قدسی soudabeh ghodsi دانشجوی دکترای مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران ایران s.ghodsi3847@gmail.com محمد درویش متولی mohammad Darvishmotevalli مرکز تحقیقات بهداشت، ایمنی و محیط، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج، ایران-استادیارگروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج، ایران ایران Mohamad.darvish68@gmail.com سجاد مظلومی sajad mazloomi دانشیار گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایلام، ایلام، ایران-مرکز تحقیقات زیست فناوری و گیاهان دارویی، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایلام، ایلام، ایران ایران sajad.mazloomi@yahoo.com swimming pool environmental health Ilam Province استخر شنا بهداشت محیط شهر ایلام 1.Kamarehie B, Birjandi M, Bazdar M, et al. Study of physical, chemical and microbial quality of swimming pools in the Khorramabad in year 2015. JEHE 2017;4(3): 232-24 [In Persian].##ESlami A, Noorisepehr M, Jafarinia M. The Study of Microbial Contamination in Karaj City Swimming Pools and Its Relation to Physicochemical Parameters and the Number of Swimmers. J EHE 2016;3(4): 280-6 [In Persian].##Ghaneian M, Ehrampoush M, Dad V, et al. An investigation on physicochemical and microbial water quality of swimming pools in Yazd. JSSU 2012; 20 (3) :340-49 [In Persian].##Rezaei S, Farrokhzadeh H, Ghorbani E, Hasanzadeh A. Qualitative Indicators of Water in Swimming Pools in Shahinshahr, Iran, in 2011. JHSR 2017; 13 (1) :46-51 [In Persian].##Barikbin B, Khodadadi M, Azizi M, Aliabadi R. Study of microbial and physicochemical parameters in public swimming pools in Birjand-Iran. J Birjand Univ Med Sci 2005;12 [In Persian].##Ehrampoosh MH, Jafari AA, Rahimi S, et al. Study of dermatophytic fungal species in covered swimming pools in Yazd, Iran. HSR 2011; 7(3): 373-380 [In Persian].##Nikaeen M, Hatamzadeh M, Vahid Dastjerdi M, et al.. An investigation on physical, chemical and microbial quality of Isfahan swimming pool waters based on standard indicators JIMS 2010; 28(108): 346-365 [In Persian].##Mehdinezad M. The determination of quality of healthy indicators in swimming pools in Gorgan. J Gorgan Univ Med Sci 2003;5(2): 89-95 [In Persian].##Nourmoradi H, Amarloei A, Haghighat GA, et al. A Survey of the Environmental Health Status of Confectionery Workshops in Ilam (2016-2017). J Jiroft Univ Med Sci 2018;5(1): 315-24. [In Persian]##Executive order for health inspection of swimming pools and recreation centers. Prescription code: 18039211. Work and environment health center. 2012 [In Persian].##Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran. Swimming pool water-Microbiological specifications. ISIRI Number 9412، 2007 [In Persian].##Water S, Organization WH. Guidelines for safe recreational water environments. Volume 2, Swimming pools and similar environments: World Health Organization; 2006.##Bahmani P, Maleki A, Salimi M, Sadeghi S. Survey physico-chemical and microbial quality of Sanandaj city swimming pools water. JEHE 2015;2(2): 89-97 [In Persian].##Firouzi P, Aslani H, Aslhashemi A. Survey of environmental health status, physicochemical and microbiological quality of swimming pools in Tabriz, 2017. IJHE 2019;11: 613-26 [In Persian].##Gupta AK, Daigle D, Paquet M, et al. Topical treatments for athlete's foot. CDSR 2018;(1).##1.Kamarehie B, Birjandi M, Bazdar M, et al. Study of physical, chemical and microbial quality of swimming pools in the Khorramabad in year 2015. JEHE 2017;4(3): 232-24 [In Persian].##ESlami A, Noorisepehr M, Jafarinia M. The Study of Microbial Contamination in Karaj City Swimming Pools and Its Relation to Physicochemical Parameters and the Number of Swimmers. J EHE 2016;3(4): 280-6 [In Persian].##Ghaneian M, Ehrampoush M, Dad V, et al. An investigation on physicochemical and microbial water quality of swimming pools in Yazd. JSSU 2012; 20 (3) :340-49 [In Persian].##Rezaei S, Farrokhzadeh H, Ghorbani E, Hasanzadeh A. Qualitative Indicators of Water in Swimming Pools in Shahinshahr, Iran, in 2011. JHSR 2017; 13 (1) :46-51 [In Persian].##Barikbin B, Khodadadi M, Azizi M, Aliabadi R. Study of microbial and physicochemical parameters in public swimming pools in Birjand-Iran. J Birjand Univ Med Sci 2005;12 [In Persian].##Ehrampoosh MH, Jafari AA, Rahimi S, et al. Study of dermatophytic fungal species in covered swimming pools in Yazd, Iran. HSR 2011; 7(3): 373-380 [In Persian].##Nikaeen M, Hatamzadeh M, Vahid Dastjerdi M, et al.. An investigation on physical, chemical and microbial quality of Isfahan swimming pool waters based on standard indicators JIMS 2010; 28(108): 346-365 [In Persian].##Mehdinezad M. The determination of quality of healthy indicators in swimming pools in Gorgan. J Gorgan Univ Med Sci 2003;5(2): 89-95 [In Persian].##Nourmoradi H, Amarloei A, Haghighat GA, et al. A Survey of the Environmental Health Status of Confectionery Workshops in Ilam (2016-2017). J Jiroft Univ Med Sci 2018;5(1): 315-24. [In Persian]##Executive order for health inspection of swimming pools and recreation centers. Prescription code: 18039211. Work and environment health center. 2012 [In Persian].##Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran. Swimming pool water-Microbiological specifications. ISIRI Number 9412، 2007 [In Persian].##Water S, Organization WH. Guidelines for safe recreational water environments. Volume 2, Swimming pools and similar environments: World Health Organization; 2006.##Bahmani P, Maleki A, Salimi M, Sadeghi S. Survey physico-chemical and microbial quality of Sanandaj city swimming pools water. JEHE 2015;2(2): 89-97 [In Persian].##Firouzi P, Aslani H, Aslhashemi A. Survey of environmental health status, physicochemical and microbiological quality of swimming pools in Tabriz, 2017. IJHE 2019;11: 613-26 [In Persian].##Gupta AK, Daigle D, Paquet M, et al. Topical treatments for athlete's foot. CDSR 2018;(1).## ##

بررسی اثر گندزدایی گیاه زنیان بر روی سودوموناس آئروژینوزا Evaluation of disinfection effect of Ajowan on Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1 1 زمینه و هدف: افزایش مقاومت آنتی‌بیوتیکی در اکثر باکتری‌ها منجر به توسعه ترکیب‌های ضدمیکروبی طبیعی شده است. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی اثر گندزدایی گیاه زنیان بر روی سوش استاندارد سودوموناس آئروژینوزا است. مواد و روش ها: تهیه اسانس با روش تقطیر انجام شد. اجزای تشکیل‌دهنده با روش‌های کروماتوگرافی گازی و کروماتوگرافی گازی متصل به طیف‌سنج جرمی شناسایی شدند. جهت بررسی اثر گندزدایی اسانس گیاه فوق بر روی سوش استاندارد سودوموناس آئروژینوزا از روش‌های رقیق سازی ماکروپلیت و انتشار دیسکی استفاده شد. یافته ها: بیشترین ترکیبات تشکیل‌دهنده اسانس زنیان شامل تیمول 50 درصد، پاراسیمن 23/6 درصد و گاماترپینن 20/3 درصد بود. میانگین مقدار MIC و MBC مواد آنتی باکتریال موردمطالعه (گیاه زنیان +DMSO، گلوتارآلدئید 2%) به ترتیب  83 ، 125 و 125، 166/72 میکروگرم بر میلی‌لیتر تعیین شد. میانگین قطر هاله عدم رشد مواد آنتی باکتریال موردمطالعه در غلظت MIC برابر 11و 12 میلی‌متر بود. نتیجه گیری: بر اساس نتایج این پژوهش، اسانس گیاه زنیان اثر گندزدایی مشابه گندزدای شیمیایی (گلوتارآلدئید) دارد و می تواند به عنوان یک جایگزین بالقوه برای گلوتارآلدئید در مقاصد گندزدایی بیمارستانی باشد.   2 Background and objective:  Increasing antibiotic resistance in most bacteria has led to the development of natural antimicrobial compounds. The purpose of this study was to investigate the disinfection effect of Ajowan essential oil (EO) on the standard strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Methods: In this study, the essential oil was prepared by distillation of Ajowan. The components of the essential oil were separated and identified by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Then the antibacterial effects of two combinations including Ajowan EO +dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and glutaraldehyde 2% on standard strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were evaluated and determined using dilution broth and disk diffusion methods Results: The results of the study showed that the most component of the essential oil consist of: Thymol (50%), P-cymene (23.6%), and Terpinen (20.3%). The mean values of MIC in the antibacterial substances (Ajowan EO+DMSO,   Glutaraldehyde 2%) were 83 and 125µg/mL respectively. The mean values of MBC for abovementioned substances were 125 and 166 µg/mL respectively. The mean diameter of the inhibition zone in the MIC concentration was 11and 12.66 mm respectively. Conclusion: According to the obtained results, Essential oils Ajowan has similar effect of glutaraldehyde 2% on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It may be a possible substitute to glutaraldehyde in hospital disinfection purposes. 72 82 2022/11/262022/08/102022/12/52023/02/12023/01/272023/01/272022/02/22 1400/12/3 2022/12/312023/01/142022/12/142023/04/32023/02/222023/02/222023/03/5 1401/12/14 بهرام کمره یی Bahram Kamarehie مرکز تحقیقات بهداشت محیط، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی لرستان، خرم آباد، ایران ایران فاطمه فراش یرانوند Fatemeh Farash Beiranvand مرکز بهداشت خرم آباد، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی لرستان، خرم آباد، ایران ایران محسن محمدی Mohsen Mohammadi مرکز تحقیقات هپاتیت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی لرستان، خرم آباد، ایران ایران محمد امین کرمی Mohammad Amin Karami مرکز تحقیقات بهداشت محیط، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی لرستان، خرم آباد، ایران ایران   Disinfectant Ajowan Nosocomial infection گندزدا زنیان عفونت بیمارستانی Relf MV, Mekwa J, Chasokela C, et al. Essential nursing competencies related to HIV and AIDS. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care 2011;22(1): e5-e40.##Campos GB, Souza SG, Lobão TN, et al. Isolation, molecular characteristics and disinfection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from ICU units in Brazil. New Microbiologica 2012;35(2): 183-90.##Zazouli MA, Homayoun nasab Langroodi M, Ahanjan M, et al. Efficiency of some disinfectants (Cidex, Deconex, and Creolin) against E. Coli. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2015;24(122): 137-46.##Ducel G, Fabry J, Nicolle L. Prevention of hospital acquired infections: a practical guide. Prevention of hospital acquired infections: a practical guide 2002(Ed. 2).##Dadmanesh M, Dormanesh B, GHASEMZADEH S, et al. Evaluation of nosocomial urinary tract infection in the intensive care unit patients at Tehran 501 hospital during 2007. 2008.##Mehdi Q, Reza R, Nematollah J, et al. A Study on the Prevalence of Nosocomial Infections in ICU Patients Admitted at Baqyiatallah Hospital. Journal of Ilam University of medical sciences 2008;16(1): 1-6.##Doosti M, Faghihi MHO, Ramazani A, Saini MR. Comparison of Conventional Culture Methods and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for Specific Detection of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa. Journal of Isfahan Medical School 2012;30(192).##Velazquez-Meza ME, Hernández-Salgado M, Sánchez-Alemán MA. Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of a super oxidized solution in clinical isolates. Microbial Drug Resistance 2015;21(4): 367-72.##McDonnell G, Russell AD. Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance. Clinical microbiology reviews 1999;12(1): 147-79.##Aali E, Mahmoudi R, Kazeminia M, et al. Essential oils as natural medicinal substances. Tehran University Medical Journal TUMS Publications 2017;75(7): 480-9.##Eblagh N, Fateh E, Farzane M, Osfuri M. Effect of Cattle Manure Application, Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria and Different Phosphrous Levels on Yield and Essence Components of Trachyspermum Ammi L. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION 2014;23(4.1): 1-15.##Haghiroalsadat F, Azhdari M, Oroojalian F, et al. The Chemical Assessment of Seed Essence of Three Native Medicinal Plants of Yazd Province (Bunium Premium, Cuminum Cyminum, Trachyspermum Copticum) and the Comparison of Their Antioxidant Properties. SSU_Journals 2015;22(6): 1592-603.##Fazeli-nasab B, Fooladvand Z. A review on Iranian Carum copticum (L.): Composition and biological activities. European J Med Plants 2016;12(1): 1-8.##MURTHY PS, Borse BB, Khanum H, Srinivas P. Inhibitory effects of Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi) ethanolic extract on A. ochraceus growth and ochratoxin production. Turkish Journal of Biology 2009;33(3: 211--7).##Fazeli-nasab B, Fooladvand Z. A review on Iranian Carum copticum (L.): Composition and biological activities. European Journal of Medicinal Plants 2016: 1-8.##Rossolini G, Mantengoli E. Treatment and control of severe infections caused by multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clinical Microbiology and infection 2005;11: 17-32.##Cigana C, Lore NI, Bernardini ML, Bragonzi A. Dampening host sensing and avoiding recognition in Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2011;2011.##Bauer A, Kirby W, Sherris JC, turck. turck, Turck M. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. American journal of clinical pathology 1966;45(4): 493.##Hasanvand T, Mohammadi M, Abdollahpour F, et al. A comparative study on antibacterial activity of carvacrol and glutaraldehyde on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus isolates: an in vitro study. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering 2021;19: 475-82.##Goudarzi GR, Saharkhiz M, Sattari M, Zomorodian K. Antibacterial activity and chemical composition of Ajowan (Carum copticum Benth. & Hook) essential oil. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 2011;13(2): 203-8.##Srivastava M, Baby P, Saxena A. GC-MS investigation and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Carum copticum Benth & Hook. Acta Alimentaria 1999;28(3): 291-5.##Bahmani M, Khaksarian M, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Abbasi N. Overview of the therapeutic effects of Origanum vulgare and Hypericum perforatum based on Iran's ethnopharmacological documents. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2018;12(7)##Amiri A, Jomehpour N. Evaluation the Effect of Anti bacterial of Ferula assa-foetida L, Carum copticum, Mentha piperita L Hydroalcoholic Extract on Standard Sensitive and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli O157H7 and Salmonella typhimurium. 2016.##Goudarzi GR, Saharkhiz M, Sattari M, Zomorodian K. Antibacterial activity and chemical composition of Ajowan (Carum copticum Benth. & Hook) essential oil. 2011.##Khosravipour Sima, Roya R-D. Antibacterial activity of Carum copticum essential oil against Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum and Escherichia coli in nutrient broth medium. Research in Plant Pathology 2016;3(2): 43-57.##Relf MV, Mekwa J, Chasokela C, et al. Essential nursing competencies related to HIV and AIDS. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care 2011;22(1): e5-e40.##Campos GB, Souza SG, Lobão TN, et al. Isolation, molecular characteristics and disinfection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from ICU units in Brazil. New Microbiologica 2012;35(2): 183-90.##Zazouli MA, Homayoun nasab Langroodi M, Ahanjan M, et al. Efficiency of some disinfectants (Cidex, Deconex, and Creolin) against E. Coli. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences 2015;24(122): 137-46.##Ducel G, Fabry J, Nicolle L. Prevention of hospital acquired infections: a practical guide. Prevention of hospital acquired infections: a practical guide 2002(Ed. 2).##Dadmanesh M, Dormanesh B, GHASEMZADEH S, et al. Evaluation of nosocomial urinary tract infection in the intensive care unit patients at Tehran 501 hospital during 2007. 2008.##Mehdi Q, Reza R, Nematollah J, et al. A Study on the Prevalence of Nosocomial Infections in ICU Patients Admitted at Baqyiatallah Hospital. Journal of Ilam University of medical sciences 2008;16(1): 1-6.##Doosti M, Faghihi MHO, Ramazani A, Saini MR. Comparison of Conventional Culture Methods and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for Specific Detection of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa. Journal of Isfahan Medical School 2012;30(192).##Velazquez-Meza ME, Hernández-Salgado M, Sánchez-Alemán MA. Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of a super oxidized solution in clinical isolates. Microbial Drug Resistance 2015;21(4): 367-72.##McDonnell G, Russell AD. Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance. Clinical microbiology reviews 1999;12(1): 147-79.##Aali E, Mahmoudi R, Kazeminia M, et al. Essential oils as natural medicinal substances. Tehran University Medical Journal TUMS Publications 2017;75(7): 480-9.##Eblagh N, Fateh E, Farzane M, Osfuri M. Effect of Cattle Manure Application, Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria and Different Phosphrous Levels on Yield and Essence Components of Trachyspermum Ammi L. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION 2014;23(4.1): 1-15.##Haghiroalsadat F, Azhdari M, Oroojalian F, et al. The Chemical Assessment of Seed Essence of Three Native Medicinal Plants of Yazd Province (Bunium Premium, Cuminum Cyminum, Trachyspermum Copticum) and the Comparison of Their Antioxidant Properties. SSU_Journals 2015;22(6): 1592-603.##Fazeli-nasab B, Fooladvand Z. A review on Iranian Carum copticum (L.): Composition and biological activities. European J Med Plants 2016;12(1): 1-8.##MURTHY PS, Borse BB, Khanum H, Srinivas P. Inhibitory effects of Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi) ethanolic extract on A. ochraceus growth and ochratoxin production. Turkish Journal of Biology 2009;33(3: 211--7).##Fazeli-nasab B, Fooladvand Z. A review on Iranian Carum copticum (L.): Composition and biological activities. European Journal of Medicinal Plants 2016: 1-8.##Rossolini G, Mantengoli E. Treatment and control of severe infections caused by multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clinical Microbiology and infection 2005;11: 17-32.##Cigana C, Lore NI, Bernardini ML, Bragonzi A. Dampening host sensing and avoiding recognition in Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2011;2011.##Bauer A, Kirby W, Sherris JC, turck. turck, Turck M. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. American journal of clinical pathology 1966;45(4): 493.##Hasanvand T, Mohammadi M, Abdollahpour F, et al. A comparative study on antibacterial activity of carvacrol and glutaraldehyde on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus isolates: an in vitro study. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering 2021;19: 475-82.##Goudarzi GR, Saharkhiz M, Sattari M, Zomorodian K. Antibacterial activity and chemical composition of Ajowan (Carum copticum Benth. & Hook) essential oil. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 2011;13(2): 203-8.##Srivastava M, Baby P, Saxena A. GC-MS investigation and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Carum copticum Benth & Hook. Acta Alimentaria 1999;28(3): 291-5.##Bahmani M, Khaksarian M, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Abbasi N. Overview of the therapeutic effects of Origanum vulgare and Hypericum perforatum based on Iran's ethnopharmacological documents. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2018;12(7)##Amiri A, Jomehpour N. Evaluation the Effect of Anti bacterial of Ferula assa-foetida L, Carum copticum, Mentha piperita L Hydroalcoholic Extract on Standard Sensitive and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli O157H7 and Salmonella typhimurium. 2016.##Goudarzi GR, Saharkhiz M, Sattari M, Zomorodian K. Antibacterial activity and chemical composition of Ajowan (Carum copticum Benth. & Hook) essential oil. 2011.##Khosravipour Sima, Roya R-D. Antibacterial activity of Carum copticum essential oil against Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum and Escherichia coli in nutrient broth medium. Research in Plant Pathology 2016;3(2): 43-57.## ##

بررسی‌ آلاینده های‌ گازی‌ منتشر شده از صنایع خودروسازی و جاده های اطراف به اتمسفر با استفاده از تلفیق‌ مدل پراکنش‌ AERMOD و مدل MOVES the study of gaseous pollutants emitted from automotive industry and near road to the atmosphere using the combination of AERMOD dispersion model and MOVES model 1 1 زمینه و هدف: استقرار صنایع خودروسازی در نواحی‌ شهری‌ با توجه‌ به‌ تنوع آلاینده های‌ منتشره از آنها، می‌تواند کیفیت‌ هوای‌ شهرها را تحت‌ تاثیر قرار دهد. هدف این مطالعه بررسی تأثیر همزمان صنایع خودروسازی سایپا و دو بزرگراه اطراف بر کیفیت‌ هوا می باشد. مواد و روش ها: در این مطالعه داده های‌ هواشناسی‌ مناسب‌ جهت‌ مدلسازی‌ پراکنش‌ آلایندهها، از ایستگاه هواشناسی مهراباد تهیه شده است، و مدلسازی‌ پراکنش‌ آلاینده های گازی دی اکسید نیتروژن و منوکسید کربن منتشر شده از کارخانه اتومبیل سازی و منابع خطی توسط‌ نرم افزار AERMOD انجام گرفت‌ و صحت‌ نتایج‌ آن با سنجش‌های‌ میدانی‌ آلاینده NO2 توسط‌ جاذب های‌ غیرفعال تأیید شد. یافته ها: نتایج صحت سنجی عملکرد قابل قبول مدل را نشان می دهد، بالاترین غلظت سالیانه دی اکسید نیتروژن  1209 قسمت در بیلیون در مختصات 515326/80 و 3953279/17 متر داخل بزرگراه لشکری دیده می شود که حدودا 23 برابر استاندارد NAAQS هست وبالاترین غلظت CO، 12/6 قسمت در میلیون در مختصات 515326/80 و 3953279/17 متر داخل بزرگراه لشکری دیده می شود که حدودا 1/4 برابر استاندارد NAAQS هست. نتیجه گیری: در معرض تماس بودن افراد عابر در جاده ها با غلظتهای بالاتر از حد استاندارد NAAQS  گازهای دی اکسید نیتروژن و منوکسید کربن نشان دهنده لزوم اقدام دولت و مسئولین در رابطه با بزرگراهها و قوانین ترافیکی است.   2 Background: The establishment of automotive industries in urban areas can affect the air quality of cities due to the variety of pollutants emitted from them. The aim of this study is to investigate the simultaneous effects of the Saipa automobile industry and two surrounding highways on air quality. Methods: In this study, meteorological data suitable for modeling the distribution of pollutants have been prepared from the Mehrabad meteorological station, and the modeling of the distribution of nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide gaseous pollutants released from automobile factories and linear sources was done by AERMOD software, and the accuracy of the results It was confirmed by field measurements of NO2 pollution by passive adsorbents. Results: The validation results show the acceptable performance of the model. The highest annual nitrogen dioxide concentration of 1209 parts per billion can be seen at the coordinates of 515326.80 and 3953279.17 meters inside the Lashkari highway, which is about 23 times the NAAQS standard, and the highest concentration of CO, 12.6 parts per million, can be seen at the coordinates of 515326.80 and 3953279.17 meters inside the Lashkari highway, which is about 1.4 times the NAAQS standard. Conclusion: The exposure of people passing by on the roads to concentrations higher than the NAAQS standards of nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide shows the need for the government and authorities to take action in relation to highways and traffic laws. 83 99 2022/11/262022/08/102022/12/52023/02/12023/01/272023/01/272022/02/222022/11/10 1401/8/19 2022/12/312023/01/142022/12/142023/04/32023/02/222023/02/222023/03/52023/01/25 1401/11/5 سودابه نقدی Soudabe Naghdi دانشجوی دکترای مهندسی‌ محیط‌زیست،‌ گروه‌ مهندسی‌ محیط‌زیست‌، دانشکده‌ منابع‌ طبیعی‌ و محیط‌زیست‌، واحد علوم‌ و تحقیقات‌، دانشگاه‌ آزاد اسلامی‌، تهران‌، ایران‌ ایران sevdanaghdi@gmail.com محسن میر محمدی Mohsen Mirmohammadi استادیار، گروه مهندسی محیط زیست، دانشکده محیط زیست، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران ایران mirmohammadi.m@ut.ac.ir حسن کریمزادگان Hassan Karimzadegan استادیار، گروه محیط زیست، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد گیلان، گیلان، ایران ایران snaghhdi@gmail.com جمال قدوسی Jamal Gh استاد، گروه مهندسی محیط زیست، دانشکده‌ منابع‌ طبیعی‌ و محیط‌زیست‌، واحد علوم‌ و تحقیقات‌، دانشگاه‌ آزاد اسلامی‌، تهران‌، ایران‌ ایران jamal_go@yahoo.com Air Pollutions Automotive industries AERMOD MOVES کلید واژه: آلودگی‌ هوا صنعت خودروسازی AERMOD MOVES Magsi, H., 2014. Industrialization, environment and pollution. The diplomatic insight, 7, pp.24-36.##Faiz A. Automotive emissions in developing countries-relative implications for global warming, acidification and urban air quality. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. 2013 May 1;27(3):167-86.##D'arcy JB, Dasch JM, Gundrum AB, Rivera JL, Johnson JH, Carlson DH, Sutherland JW. Characterization of process air emissions in automotive production plants. Journal of occupational and environmental hygiene. 2016 Jan 2;13(1):9-18.##Chang CT, Lee CH, Wu YP, Jeng FT. Assessment of the strategies for reducing volatile organic compound emissions in the automotive industry in Taiwan. Resources, conservation and recycling. 2019 Jan 1;34(2):117-28.##Rivera JL, Reyes-Carrillo T. A framework for environmental and energy analysis of the automobile painting process. Procedia Cirp. 2014 Jan 1;15:171-5.##Dehghani F, Golbabaei F, Abolfazl Zakerian S, Omidi F, Mansournia MA. Health risk assessment of exposure to volatile organic compounds (BTEX) in a painting unit of an automotive industry. Journal of Health and Safety at Work. 2018 Apr 10;8(1):55-64.##Harati B, Shahtaheri SJ, Karimi A, Azam K, Ahmadi A, Afzali Rad M, Harati A. Risk assessment of chemical pollutants in an automobile manufacturing. Health and Safety at Work. 2017 Jun 10;7(2):121-30.##Xie X, Semanjski I, Gautama S, Tsiligianni E, Deligiannis N, Rajan RT, Pasveer F, Philips W. A review of urban air pollution monitoring and exposure assessment methods. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2017 Dec 1;6(12):389.##Leelőssy, Á., Molnár, F., Izsák, F., Havasi, Á., Lagzi, I. and Mészáros, R., 2014. Dispersion modeling of air pollutants in the atmosphere: a review. Open Geosciences, 6(3), pp.257-278.##Cimorelli, A.J., Perry, S.G., Venkatram, A., Weil, J.C., Paine, R.J., Wilson, R.B., Lee, R.F., Peters, W.D. and Brode, R.W., 2015. AERMOD: A dispersion model for industrial source applications. Part I: General model formulation and boundary layer characterization. Journal of applied meteorology, 44(5), pp.682-693.##Asif, Z., Chen, Z. and Han, Y., 2018. Air quality modeling for effective environmental management in the mining region. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 68(9), pp.1001-1014.##Hesami Arani, M., Jaafarzadeh, N., Moslemzadeh, M., Rezvani Ghalhari, M., Bagheri Arani, S. and Mohammadzadeh, M., 2021. Dispersion of NO2 and SO2 pollutants in the rolling industry with AERMOD model: a case study to assess human health risk. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 19(2), pp.1287-1298.##Macêdo, M.F.M. and Ramos, A.L.D., 2020. Vehicle atmospheric pollution evaluation using AERMOD model at avenue in a Brazilian capital city. Air quality, atmosphere & health, 13(3), pp.309-320.##Santos Cerqueira1, J., Albuquerque1, H.N., Assis, F., & Sousa1, S. (2019). Atmospheric pollutants: modeling with Aermod software. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 12, 21-32##Khalaj F, Sattler M. Modeling of VOCs and criteria pollutants from multiple natural gas well pads in close proximity, for different terrain conditions: A Barnett Shale case study. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2019 Jul 1;10(4):1239-49.##ul Haq, A., Nadeem, Q., Farooq, A., Irfan, N., Ahmad, M. and Ali, M.R., 2019. Assessment of AERMOD modeling system for application in complex terrain in Pakistan. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 10(5), pp.1492-1497.##Hadlocon, L.S., Zhao, L.Y., Bohrer, G., Kenny, W., Garrity, S.R., Wang, J., Wyslouzil, B. and Upadhyay, J., 2015. Modeling of particulate matter dispersion from a poultry facility. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 65(2), pp.206-217.##Diaz, G.P.N., Saulo, A.C. and Otero, A.D., 2021. Full wind rose wind farm simulation including wake and terrain effects for energy yield assessment. Energy, 237, p.121642##Zou, B., Zhan, F.B., Wilson, J.G. and Zeng, Y., 2020. Performance of AERMOD at different time scales. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, 18(5), pp.612-623.##Feng, R., Wang, Q., Huang, C.C., Liang, J., Luo, K., Fan, J.R. and Cen, K.F., 2019. Investigation on air pollution control strategy in Hangzhou for post-G20/pre-Asian-games period (2018-2020). Atmospheric Pollution Research, 10(1), pp.197-208.##Adhikari, S., Conrad, S.C., Frenzel, W. and Held, A., 2022. Simplified procedures for evaluation of passive samplers for determination of nitrogen dioxide. Talanta Open, 5, p.100096.##Dresser, A.L. and Huizer, R.D., 2011. CALPUFF and AERMOD model validation study in the near field: Martins Creek revisited. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 61(6), pp.647-659##Salihoglu, G. and Salihoglu, N.K., 2016. A review on paint sludge from automotive industries: Generation, characteristics and managem-ent. Journal of environmental management, 169, pp .223-235.##Rivera JL, Reyes-Carrillo T. A framework for environmental and energy analysis of the automobile painting process. Procedia Cirp. 2014 Jan 1;15:171-5.##Sentian, J. and Ngoh, L.B., 2004. (NO2) and particulates (PM10 and PM2. 5) levels in underground and elevated car parks in Kota Kinabalu City. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 74.##Eslamidoost Z, Arabzadeh M, Oskoie V, Dehghani S, Samaei MR, Hashemi H, Baghapour MA. Dispersion of NO2 pollutant in a gas refinery with AERMOD model: A case study in the Middle East. Journal of Air Pollution and Health. 2022 Sep 4;7(3):309-22.##Liu X. A more accurate method using MOVES (Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator) to estimate emission burden for regional-level analysis. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 2015 Jul 3;65(7):837-43.##Kennedy, D., Bates, R.R. and Watson, A.Y. eds., 2018. Air pollution, the automobile, and public health.##Magsi, H., 2014. Industrialization, environment and pollution. The diplomatic insight, 7, pp.24-36.##Faiz A. Automotive emissions in developing countries-relative implications for global warming, acidification and urban air quality. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. 2013 May 1;27(3):167-86.##D'arcy JB, Dasch JM, Gundrum AB, Rivera JL, Johnson JH, Carlson DH, Sutherland JW. Characterization of process air emissions in automotive production plants. Journal of occupational and environmental hygiene. 2016 Jan 2;13(1):9-18.##Chang CT, Lee CH, Wu YP, Jeng FT. Assessment of the strategies for reducing volatile organic compound emissions in the automotive industry in Taiwan. Resources, conservation and recycling. 2019 Jan 1;34(2):117-28.##Rivera JL, Reyes-Carrillo T. A framework for environmental and energy analysis of the automobile painting process. Procedia Cirp. 2014 Jan 1;15:171-5.##Dehghani F, Golbabaei F, Abolfazl Zakerian S, Omidi F, Mansournia MA. Health risk assessment of exposure to volatile organic compounds (BTEX) in a painting unit of an automotive industry. Journal of Health and Safety at Work. 2018 Apr 10;8(1):55-64.##Harati B, Shahtaheri SJ, Karimi A, Azam K, Ahmadi A, Afzali Rad M, Harati A. Risk assessment of chemical pollutants in an automobile manufacturing. Health and Safety at Work. 2017 Jun 10;7(2):121-30.##Xie X, Semanjski I, Gautama S, Tsiligianni E, Deligiannis N, Rajan RT, Pasveer F, Philips W. A review of urban air pollution monitoring and exposure assessment methods. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2017 Dec 1;6(12):389.##Leelőssy, Á., Molnár, F., Izsák, F., Havasi, Á., Lagzi, I. and Mészáros, R., 2014. Dispersion modeling of air pollutants in the atmosphere: a review. Open Geosciences, 6(3), pp.257-278.##Cimorelli, A.J., Perry, S.G., Venkatram, A., Weil, J.C., Paine, R.J., Wilson, R.B., Lee, R.F., Peters, W.D. and Brode, R.W., 2015. AERMOD: A dispersion model for industrial source applications. Part I: General model formulation and boundary layer characterization. Journal of applied meteorology, 44(5), pp.682-693.##Asif, Z., Chen, Z. and Han, Y., 2018. Air quality modeling for effective environmental management in the mining region. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 68(9), pp.1001-1014.##Hesami Arani, M., Jaafarzadeh, N., Moslemzadeh, M., Rezvani Ghalhari, M., Bagheri Arani, S. and Mohammadzadeh, M., 2021. Dispersion of NO2 and SO2 pollutants in the rolling industry with AERMOD model: a case study to assess human health risk. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 19(2), pp.1287-1298.##Macêdo, M.F.M. and Ramos, A.L.D., 2020. Vehicle atmospheric pollution evaluation using AERMOD model at avenue in a Brazilian capital city. Air quality, atmosphere & health, 13(3), pp.309-320.##Santos Cerqueira1, J., Albuquerque1, H.N., Assis, F., & Sousa1, S. (2019). Atmospheric pollutants: modeling with Aermod software. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 12, 21-32##Khalaj F, Sattler M. Modeling of VOCs and criteria pollutants from multiple natural gas well pads in close proximity, for different terrain conditions: A Barnett Shale case study. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2019 Jul 1;10(4):1239-49.##ul Haq, A., Nadeem, Q., Farooq, A., Irfan, N., Ahmad, M. and Ali, M.R., 2019. Assessment of AERMOD modeling system for application in complex terrain in Pakistan. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 10(5), pp.1492-1497.##Hadlocon, L.S., Zhao, L.Y., Bohrer, G., Kenny, W., Garrity, S.R., Wang, J., Wyslouzil, B. and Upadhyay, J., 2015. Modeling of particulate matter dispersion from a poultry facility. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 65(2), pp.206-217.##Diaz, G.P.N., Saulo, A.C. and Otero, A.D., 2021. Full wind rose wind farm simulation including wake and terrain effects for energy yield assessment. Energy, 237, p.121642##Zou, B., Zhan, F.B., Wilson, J.G. and Zeng, Y., 2020. Performance of AERMOD at different time scales. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, 18(5), pp.612-623.##Feng, R., Wang, Q., Huang, C.C., Liang, J., Luo, K., Fan, J.R. and Cen, K.F., 2019. Investigation on air pollution control strategy in Hangzhou for post-G20/pre-Asian-games period (2018-2020). Atmospheric Pollution Research, 10(1), pp.197-208.##Adhikari, S., Conrad, S.C., Frenzel, W. and Held, A., 2022. Simplified procedures for evaluation of passive samplers for determination of nitrogen dioxide. Talanta Open, 5, p.100096.##Dresser, A.L. and Huizer, R.D., 2011. CALPUFF and AERMOD model validation study in the near field: Martins Creek revisited. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 61(6), pp.647-659##Salihoglu, G. and Salihoglu, N.K., 2016. A review on paint sludge from automotive industries: Generation, characteristics and managem-ent. Journal of environmental management, 169, pp .223-235.##Rivera JL, Reyes-Carrillo T. A framework for environmental and energy analysis of the automobile painting process. Procedia Cirp. 2014 Jan 1;15:171-5.##Sentian, J. and Ngoh, L.B., 2004. (NO2) and particulates (PM10 and PM2. 5) levels in underground and elevated car parks in Kota Kinabalu City. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 74.##Eslamidoost Z, Arabzadeh M, Oskoie V, Dehghani S, Samaei MR, Hashemi H, Baghapour MA. Dispersion of NO2 pollutant in a gas refinery with AERMOD model: A case study in the Middle East. Journal of Air Pollution and Health. 2022 Sep 4;7(3):309-22.##Liu X. A more accurate method using MOVES (Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator) to estimate emission burden for regional-level analysis. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 2015 Jul 3;65(7):837-43.##Kennedy, D., Bates, R.R. and Watson, A.Y. eds., 2018. Air pollution, the automobile, and public health.## ##