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ارزیابی آلودگی فلزات سنگین با استفاده از نشانگرهای زیستی درختان کهور (Prosopis juliflora) و نخل(Phoenix dactylifera) در اطراف کارخانه فولاد شادگان اهواز Evaluation of heavy metal pollution using biological markers of Prosopis juliflora and palm Phoenix dactylifera trees around Ahvaz Shadgan Steel Factory 1 1 زمینه و هدف: درختان یکی از شاخص­های زیستی مناسب در مناطق صنعتی و کارخانه­ها هستند که با استفاده از پایش آن­ها می­توان وضعیت آلودگی فلزات سنگین منابع خاک را تعیین کرد. این تحقیق با هدف پایش زیستی فلزات سنگین سرب، کادمیوم، نیکل و آهن با استفاده از نشانگرهای زیستی گیاهی کهور (Prosopis juliflora) و نخل (Phoenix dactylifera) در کارخانه فولاد شادگان انجام شد. مواد و روش ها: با توجه به موقعیت جغرافیایی کارخانه تعداد 4 ایستگاه انتخاب شد که 24 نمونه خاک و 72 نمونه برگ به صورت تصادفی با 3 تکرار، از 4 جهت مختلف جغرافیایی جمع­آوری شد. به منظور بررسی انباشت زیستی فلزات در برگ درختان از ضریب تجمع زیستی استفاده گردید. یافته ها: نتایج تحلیل واریانس (ANOVA) نشان می دهد تفاوت معنی­داری بین گروه­های خاک، درخت نخل و کهور برای غلظت فلزات سرب، کادمیوم، نیکل و آهن وجود داشت (P<0.05). بیشترین غلظت فلز کادمیوم در ایستگاه 1 به ترتیب در نخل شسته نشده، نخل شسته شده، کهور شسته نشده و کهور شسته شده بود. در ایستگاه 2 و 4 غلظت فلزات کادمیوم، آهن و نیکل در نخل شسته نشده بیش از شسته شده می باشد و تنها فلز سرب در نخل شسته شده دارای غلظتی بیش از نخل شسته نشده می باشد. در ایستگاه 3 در گیاه کهور نیز غلظت فلزات کادمیوم، آهن و نیکل در نمونه های شسته نشده بیشتر از برگ شسته شده بود، فقط غلظت فلز سرب در گیاه شسته شده بیش از کهور شسته نشده به دست آمد. نتیجه گیری: غلظت فلزات سنگین در نمونه های خاک نسبت به برگ درختان نخل و کهور بالاتر به دست آمد، بنابراین با توجه به اینکه جذب از طریق خاک کم بوده احتمال ورود آلاینده ها از طریق نزولات خشک اتمسفری وجود دارد. به نظر می رسد کشت گیاه نخل و کهور در صنعت فولاد پتانسیل‌هایی دارد که می‌تواند به بهبود کیفیت خاک و پالایش آن کمک کند. 2 Background: Trees are one of the appropriate biological indicators in industrial areas and factories, and by monitoring them; it is possible to determine the state of heavy metal contamination of soil resources. This research was carried out with the aim of biological monitoring of heavy metals lead, cadmium, nickel and iron using plant biomarkers of Prosopis juliflora and Phoenix dactylifera in Shadgan Steel Factory. Methods: According to the geographical location of the factory, 4 stations were selected, where 24 soil samples and 72 leaf samples were collected randomly with 3 repetitions, from 4 different geographical directions. In order to investigate the bioaccumulation of metals in tree leaves, the bioaccumulation coefficient was used. Results: The results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) show that there was a significant difference between soil, palm tree and mesquite groups for the concentration of lead, cadmium, nickel and iron metals (P<0.05). The highest concentration of cadmium metal in station 1 was in unwashed palm, washed palm, unwashed Prosopis juliflora and washed Prosopis juliflora, respectively. In stations 2 and 4, the concentration of cadmium, iron and nickel metals in unwashed Phoenix dactylifera is more than that of washed Phoenix dactylifera, and only lead metal in washed Phoenix dactylifera has a concentration higher than that of unwashed Phoenix dactylifera. In station 3, the concentration of cadmium, iron and nickel metals in unwashed leaves was higher than in washed leaves, only the concentration of lead metal in the washed plant was higher than unwashed Prosopis juliflora. Conclusion: There was no significant difference for lead metal between washed and unwashed leaves (P>0.05) and this could be due to the accumulation in the lower parts of the plant, hence Phoenix dactylifera tree leaves and Prosopis juliflora is not a suitable biomarker for this metal. Considering that absorption through the soil is low, there is a possibility of pollutants entering through dry atmospheric precipitation. 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شاخص های خطر سلامت و بوم شناسی عناصر بالقوه سمی در خاک های سطحی میدان نفتی منصوری در جنوب شرق اهواز Health and ecological risk indicators of potentially toxic elements in the surface soils of the Mansouri oil field in the southeast of Ahvaz 1 1 زمینه و هدف: : عناصر بالقوه سمی جزء آلاینده­های خطرناک محیط­زیست هستند و برای انسان سرطان­زا می باشند. این تحقیق در سال 1399 با هدف برآورد و ارزیابی خطرات سلامتی انسان و بوم شناسی محیط زیست عناصر بالقوه سمی در خاک­های سطحی میدان نفتی منصوری انجام شد. مواد و روش ها: در این پژوهش در مجموع از هفت منطقه مورد مطالعه نمونه خاک تهیه گردید. در هر ایستگاه، پنج نمونه تصادفی از یک منطقه 5 متر مربعی در یک نمونه مرکب مخلوط شدند و 1 کیلوگرم خاک سطحی (عمق 0 تا 20 سانتیمتر) در کیسه­های پلی­اتیلن جمع­آوری شد، بنابراین 105 نمونه خاک تهیه گردید. یافته ها: میانگین غلظت کادمیوم، سرب، نیکل، کروم، وانادیوم، مس و روی در خاک های سطحی میدان نفتی منصوری به ترتیب 05/1، 11/69، 79/86، 14/99، 76/23، 34/65 و 22/118 میلی­گرم بر کیلوگرم به دست آمد. بالاترین و پایین ترین مقادیر شاخص ریسک اکولوژیکی بالقوه، مربوط به کادمیوم (50/157) و وانادیوم (34/0) بود. شاخص خطر سرطان زایی برای عنصر کروم درمورد بزرگسالان (5-10×25/5) و کودکان (4-10×91/3) بالاتر از کادمیوم، سرب، نیکل و وانادیوم به دست آمد. نتیجه گیری: شاخص های آلودگی عناصر سمی بالقوه نظیر مقادیر فاکتور آلودگی، فاکتور غنی شدگی و شاخص زمین انباشت نشان داد که سرب و کادمیوم بیشترین تاثیر را بر روی آلودگی خاک داشتند که سطوح عناصر بالقوه سمی غلظت بالایی را در مقایسه با مقادیر زمینه و میانگین جهانی داشت که این نشان دهنده این است که نشت نفت خام، تردد وسایل نقلیه سبک و سنگین و فعالیت های انسانی مرتبط در این منطقه به میزان قابل توجهی در افزایش سطوح عناصر بالقوه سمی در این خاک ها کمک کرده است. به نظر می رسد عناصر بالقوه سمی که سلامت انسان را تهدید نمی کنند و مشکلات بهداشتی و بیماری­زایی را به وجود نمی آورند. 2 Background: Potentially toxic elements are part of dangerous environmental pollutants and are carcinogenic to humans. This research was conducted in 2019 with the aim of estimating and evaluating human health risks and environmental ecology of potentially toxic elements in the surface soils of Mansouri oil field. Methods: In this research, soil samples were prepared from seven study areas. In each station, five random samples from an area of 5 square meters were mixed in a composite sample and 1 kg of surface soil (depth 0 to 20 cm) was collected in polyethylene bags, thus 105 soil samples were prepared. Results: The average concentration of cadmium, lead, nickel, chromium, vanadium, copper and zinc in the surface soils of Mansouri oil field were obtained 1.05, 69.11, 86.79, 99.14, 23.76, 34.05, 65 and 118.22 mg/kg respectively. The highest and lowest values of the potential ecological risk index were related to cadmium (157.50) and vanadium (0.34). The carcinogenic risk index for chromium element was higher than cadmium, lead, nickel and vanadium for adults (5.25×10-5) and children (3.91×10-4). Conclusion: The pollution indices of potentially toxic elements such as the values of the pollution factor, enrichment factor and land accumulation index showed that lead and cadmium had the greatest impact on soil pollution and the levels of potentially toxic elements were high in concentration compared to the background values and had a global average, which indicates that crude oil spills, light and heavy vehicle traffic, and related human activities in this area have significantly contributed to the increase in the levels of potentially toxic elements in these soils. It seems that there are potentially toxic elements that do not threaten human health and do not cause health problems or pathogenicity. 146 162 2024/02/262024/04/23 1403/2/4 2024/04/72024/04/29 1403/2/10 محمد ولایت زاده mohammad velayatzadeh گروه ایمنی صنعتی، موسسه آموزش عالی کاسپین، قزوین، ایران ایران mv.5908@gmail.com محمدرضا مودی Mohammad Reza Moudi کارشناس بهداشت کار و محیط زیست، واحد HSE، نیروگاه گازی زاهدان، زاهدان، ایران ایران مهدی میرنیا Mahdi Mirnia دانش آموخته مهندسی صنایع، واحد زاهدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، زاهدان، ایران ایران potentially toxic elements toxic metals soil pollution human health carcinogenic risk index عناصر بالقوه سمی فلزات سمی آلودگی خاک سلامت انسان شاخص خطر سرطان‌زایی Gan L, Wang J, Xie M, Yang B. Ecological risk and health risk analysis of soil potentially toxic elements from oil production plants in central China. Scientific Reports. 2022;12(1):17077.##Azimi-Yancheshmeh R, Moeinaddini M, Mazloomi S, Feyz Nia S, Shahbazi R. 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Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2022;422:126878.##Wang HZ, Cai LM, Wang QS, Hu GC, Chen LG. A comprehensive exploration of risk assessment and source quantification of potentially toxic elements in road dust: A case study from a large Cu smelter in central China. Catena. 2021;196:104930.##Baltas H, Sirin M, Gökbayrak E, Ozcelik AE. A case study on pollution and a human health risk assessment of heavy metals in agricultural soils around Sinop province, Turkey. Chemosphere. 2020;241:125015.##Fedele D, De Francesco A, Riso S, Collo A. Obesity, malnutrition, and trace element deficiency in the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic: an overview. Nutrition. 2021;81:111016.##Nazarpour A, Ghanavati N, Babaenejad T. Evaluation of the level of pollution and potential ecological risk of some heavy metals in surface soils in the Ahvaz oil-field. Iranian Journal of Health and Environment. 2017; 10 (3): 391-400. [In Persian].##Shahidi Kaviani I, Paykanpoufard P. 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بررسی میزان مواجهه شغلی سیلیس کریستالی و رابطه آن با ظرفیت ریوی کارگران شاغل در معادن استان البرزدر مقایسه با گروه کنترل Investigating of occupational exposure to crystalline silica and its relationship with the lung capacity of workers working in the mines of Alborz province compared to the control group. 1 1 زمینه و هدف: تماس با عوامل زیان­آور از قبیل گردوغبار در معادن امری معمولی است. با توجه به چالش­های اندازه­گیری سیلیس کریستالی هدف این مطالعه بررسی میزان مواجهه شغلی کارگران شاغل در معادن روزباز استان البرز با سیلیس کریستالی و رابطه آن با ظرفیت ریوی آنان می­باشد. مواد و روش ها: این مطالعه به صورت مقطعی- تحلیلی در معادن استان البرز انجام گرفت. پایش فردی 97 نفر ازکارگران شاغل در معادن با استفاده از روشNIOSH0600 و روش بهینه NIOSH7602 انجام گرفت. اسپیرومتری 97 نفر از کارگران شاغل در معادن استان و 97 نفر ازکارگران یک شرکت صنایع غذایی به عنوان گروه کنترل همزمان با پایش فردی انجام شد. داده­ها توسط نرم افزار SPSS22 موردتجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. یافته ها: میانگین گردوغبار سیلیس کریستالی حدود 2 برابر و گردوغبار کلی تنفسی 4/5 برابر استاندارد ایران بود. بین پارامترهای ریوی  FEV1%,FVC%, PEF%بین دوگروه اختلاف معنی دار مشاهده شد. بین میزان گردوغبار سیلیس کریستالی و گردوغبار کلی تنفسی با ظرفیت­های ریوی FEV1/FVC%  و FEV1% نیز ارتباط معنی دار مشاهده شد. نتیجه گیری: قرارگرفتن در معرض گردوغبار شغلی کنترل شده یک پیش نیاز قطعی برای کاهش مشکلات تنفسی در بین کارگران معدن است.  با توجه به یافته های مطالعه حاضر و کاهش عملکرد ریوی کارگران در مواجهه بیش از حد تماس شغلی با گردوغبار سیلیس کریستالی و گردوغبار کلی تنفسی ، احتمال بروز مشکلاتی در سلامت کارگران معادن درآینده متصور است. به نظر می رسد که راهبردهای فعلی مهندسی بهداشت حرفه­ای برای حفاظت از کارگران کافی نبوده است. 2 Background: In mines, it is common to come into contact with harmful substances like dust. Considering the challenges of crystalline silica measurement, this study was designed to investigate the relationship between occupational exposure to crystalline silica and lung capacity in miners working in Open pit mines of Alborz province. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was carried out in Alborz province's mines. The monitoring of 97 workers working in mines was done using the NIOSH0600 method and the NIOSH7602 optimal method. At the same time as individual monitoring, 97 workers in mines in the province and 97 workers in a food industry company were monitored through spirometry. SPSS22 software was used to analyze the data. Results: : The average amount of crystalline silica dust was approximately twice the Iranian standard, and the total respirable dust was 4.5 times the Iranian standard. The pulmonary parameters FEV1%, FVC%, and PEF% were observed to have a significant difference between two groups. The amount of crystalline silica dust and total respirable dust had a significant correlation with pulmonary capacities (FEV1/FVC% and FEV1%). Conclusion: Controlled occupational dust exposure is a prerequisite for reducing respiratory problems among mine workers. The study found that workers who were exposed to excessive occupational contact with crystalline silica dust and respirable general dust decreased their lung function, which suggests that there could be problems with the health of mine workers in the future. In terms of protecting workers, it seems that the current occupational health engineering strategies were not sufficient. 163 177 2024/02/262024/04/232024/02/18 1402/11/29 2024/04/72024/04/292024/04/16 1403/1/28 سیده آذر موسوی فرد Seyedeh Azar mousavifard دکتری مهندسی محیط زیست، گروه مهندسی بهداشت حرفه ای و ایمنی کار، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، البرز، ایران ایران فاطمه زارعی Fatemeh zarei کارشناس ارشدمهندسی بهداشت حرفه ای، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، البرز، ایران ایران zarei65@gmail.com زهرا صفایی zahra safaei کارشناس مهندسی بهداشت حرفه ای، معاونت بهداشتی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، البرز، ایران ایران سکینه احمدی sakineh Ahmadi کارشناس مهندسی بهداشت حرفه ای، معاونت بهداشتی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، البرز، ایران ایران Silica Pulmonary Capacity Total dust mine سیلیس ظرفیت ریوی گردوغبارکلی معدن 1. Saamadi S, Badri sadat J. Measuring the duct concentration and its free silica at Emarat lead and zinc surface mine. 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بررسی برگشت‌پذیری آلودگی هوای اصفهان پس از وقوع بارش Investigating the revertability of air pollution in Isfahan after precipitation 1 1 زمینه و هدف: افزایش روزافزون جمعیت و صنعتی شدن جوامع باعث افزایش آلودگی محیط‌زیست به ویژه آب و هوا شده است. در چند دهه اخیر، آلودگی هوا در کلانشهرها به عنوان یک چالش جدی که سلامت جامعه را تهدید می‌کند، مطرح شده است. از سوی دیگر، کمبود آب و خشک شدن رودخانه‌ها، دریاچه‌ها و تالاب‌ها باعث افزایش کانون‌های گرد و غبار در اطراف شهرها شده که این خود باعث تشدید آلودگی هوا گردیده است. عوامل اقلیمی نیز بر تغییرات آلودگی هوا تاثیرگذارند. بارش یکی از پدیده‌هایی است که می‌تواند به طور ناگهانی آلودگی هوا را کاهش دهد و تا مدتی بعد از اتمام بارش، کیفیت هوا در وضعیت مطلوب باقی می‌ماند. هدف از این مطالعه، بررسی زمان برگشت غلظت آلودگی هوا به شرایط پیش از وقوع بارش می‌باشد. مواد و روش ها: در حال حاضر آلودگی هوای کلانشهر اصفهان با استفاده از 9 ایستگاه پایش کیفیت هوا توسط حمل و نقل ترافیک شهرداری اصفهان به صورت لحظه‌ای مورد آمایش قرار می‌گیرد. در این مطالعه، از میان این 9 ایستگاه که به صورت پراکنده در سرتاسر اصفهان مستقر شده‌اند، ایستگاه فیض که جزء مناطق پر تردد به لحاظ عبور و مرور وسایل نقلیه می‌باشد، انتخاب شد. سپس آلودگی هوای ایستگاه فیض بر اساس میزان غلظت آلاینده‌ها با توجه به استاندارد‌های ارائه شده توسط آژانس حفاظت محیط‌زیست آمریکا مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. در نهایت تاثیر وقوع بارش بر آلودگی هوای منطقه‌ مورد مطالعه بررسی گردید. یافته ها: بر اساس میزان CO موجود در هوا، بیشترین زمان برگشت‌پذیری به آلودگی پایه پس از بارش، مربوط به رویدادهای بارش 20 اسفند، 12 بهمن و 19 اسفند 1400 به ترتیب با 46، 37 و 31 ساعت می‌باشد. این در حالی است که با در نظر داشتن PM2.5، بیشترین زمان برگشت‌پذیری آلودگی مربوط به 13 اردیبهشت، 7 بهمن و 25 دی می‌باشد که به ترتیب زمان برگشت‌پذیری این آلاینده به آلودگی پایه به ترتیب 59، 51 و 49 ساعت بوده است. با در نظر گرفتن NO2، بیشترین زمان برگشت‌پذیری آلودگی مربوط به 19 و 16 اسفندماه می‌باشد که به ترتیب 64 و 47 ساعت پس از اتمام بارش میزان NO2 به مقدار پایه خود بازگشته است. این درحالی است که با در نظر داشتن آلاینده SO2، بارشی که در 15 آبان‌ماه رخ داده است، تاثیر خود را حدوداً تا سه روز بعد بر روی SO2 گذاشته است، بنابراین طبق آمار موجود در تمام ساعات روز 16 آبان میزان SO2 کمتر از آلودگی پایه بوده است. نتیجه گیری: نتایج نشان داد که در سال 1400، با در نظر گرفتن CO موجود در هوا 99 درصد از موارد ثبت شده در ایستگاه فیض در وضعیت کیفیت هوای خوب و 1 درصد از موارد ثبت شده در شرایط کیفیت هوای متوسط قرار دارند و با مد نظر قرار دادن میزان SO2 موجود در هوا، حدوداً 8/99 درصد از موارد ثبت شده در وضعیت کیفیت هوای خوب و حدوداً 2/0 درصد در حالت کیفیت هوای متوسط قرار دارند. بررسی میزان NO2 موجود در هوا نشان داد که 98 درصد موارد ثبت شده در وضعیت کیفیت هوای خوب و 2 درصد در شرایط کیفیت هوای متوسط قرار دارند. با توجه به PM2.5 موجود در هوا 26 درصد در حالت خوب، 48 درصد در وضعیت کیفیت هوای متوسط، 18 درصد در حالت کیفیت هوای غیربهداشتی برای گروه‌های حساس، 7 درصد در شرایط کیفیت هوای غیربهداشتی و 1 درصد در وضعیت هوای بسیار غیربهداشتی قرار دارند. لازم به توضیح است در ساعات محدود و بسیار اندکی شاخص PM2.5 در حالت وضعیت کیفیت هوای خطرناک قرار داشت. نهایتاً نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که در برخی از روزها وقوع بارش تاثیر قابل توجهی بر کاهش آلودگی هوا نداشته است، در حالی که در برخی از روزها، بارش موجب کاهش قابل توجه آلودگی هوا شده است و حتی پس از گذشت 215 ساعت، آلودگی هوا به مقدار پایه نرسیده است. هر چند ممکن است پس از قطع بارش عوامل دیگری از جمله وزش باد هم بر پایین ماندن غلظت آلودگی هوا موثر بوده باشند. 2 Background: The ever-growing population and the industrialization of societies have led to an increase in environmental pollution, especially water and air pollution. In recent decades, air pollution in large cities has become a serious challenge that threatens the health of society. On the other hand, the water deficiency and the drying up of rivers, lakes and wetlands have led to an increase in dust production around cities, which in turn has worsened air pollution. Climatic factors also have an impact on changes in air pollution. Precipitation is one of the phenomena that can abruptly reduce air pollution, and air quality remains in a favorable state for some time after precipitation ceases. The aim of this study is to investigate the time when air pollution returns to the conditions before the occurrence of precipitation. Methods: Currently, air pollution in the Isfahan metropolitan area is measured at 9 air quality monitoring stations by the Transportation and Traffic Department of Isfahan Municipality. In this study, Faiz station, which is located in an area with high traffic volume in terms of vehicle traffic, was selected among these 9 stations, which are scattered throughout Isfahan. In this study, the air pollution of Faiz station was evaluated based on the concentration of pollutants according to the standards of the US Environmental Protection Agency. Finally, the influence of precipitation on air pollution in the study area was examined. Results: looking at the CO concentration in the air, it was observed that the maximum time of reversal of baseline pollution after precipitation is associated with the precipitation events of March 11, February 1 and March 10 with 46, 37 and 31 hours, respectively. For PM2.5 concentrations, the maximum reversibility of pollution was recorded on May 3, January 27 and January 15, with the reversibility of this pollutant to baseline pollution being 59, 51 and 49 hours, respectively. For NO2, the maximum reversibility of pollution was recorded on March 10 and 7, which respectively 64 and 47 hours after the end of the precipitation, the amount of NO2 returned to its baseline value. As for the pollutant SO2, the effect of the precipitation of November 6 on SO2 lasted until about 3 days later, so that according to the available data, the amount of SO2 is lower than the baseline pollution at all hours of November 7. Conclusion: The results show that in terms of CO in the air, there was good air quality in 99% of the cases recorded at the Faiz station and average air quality in 1% of the cases, and that in terms of SO2 in air, there was good air quality in about 99.8% of the cases recorded and average air quality in about 0.2% of the recorded cases. The study of the NO2 concentration in the air showed that 98% of the recorded cases classified in good air quality and 2% in average air quality. As for PM2.5 concentration, 26% of the time was in good condition, 48% in average air quality, 18% in unhealthy air quality for sensitive groups, 7% in unhealthy air quality and 1% in very unhealthy air quality. It should be mentioned that the PM2.5 concentration reached a hazardous air quality condition in some hours. Finally, the results of this study showed that on some days the occurrence of precipitation had no significant effect on the reduction of air pollution, while on other days precipitation caused a significant reduction in air pollution and air pollution had not reached the baseline level even after 215 hours. It is possible that after the rain stopped, other factors such as wind were effective in keeping air pollution low. 178 200 2024/02/262024/04/232024/02/182024/02/2 1402/11/13 2024/04/72024/04/292024/04/162024/04/8 1403/1/20 سیدعلی شاهرضائی Sayyed Ali Shahrezaie دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی‌ارشد مهندسی منابع آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، ایران ایران sayyed.ali.shahrezaie@gmail.com رسول میرعباسی نجف آبادی Rasoul Mirabbasi Najafabadi دانشیار، گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، ایران ایران mirabbasi@sku.ac.ir سیدمجتبی موسوی Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi مدیر بهره‌برداری و نگهداری از سد و نیروگاه زاینده‌رود و کوهرنگ، شرکت آب منطقه‌ای اصفهان، ایران ایران naeini1976@gmail.com نفیسه سادات شاهرضائی Nafiseh Sadat Shahrezaie دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی، مهندسی عمران، دانشکده فنی مهندسی، دانشگاه ملایر، ایران ایران Nafiseshahrezaie@gmail.com شراره محمودی Sharareh Mahmoudi دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد محیط‌زیست گرایش مهندسی آلودگی هوا، دانشکده محیط‌زیست، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد خوراسگان ایران Mahmoudi_sarareh@yahoo.com Air pollution Precipitation Isfahan city revertability air quality index AQI آلودگی هوا بارش برگشت‌پذیری شهر اصفهان شاخص کیفیت هوا AQI Haj Rasouliha S, Amini H, Hodji M and Najafi P. 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بررسی کیفیت میکروبی فراورده‌های غذایی، آرایشی- بهداشتی، پساب صنعتی و پسماند‌های بیمارستانی در استان همدان Investigation of the microbial quality of food products, cosmetics, industrial effluents and hospital wastes in Hamedan province 1 1 زمینه و هدف: بررسی سلامت میکروبی فراورده­های غذایی، محصولات آرایشی- بهداشتی، پساب­های صنعتی و پسماند­های بیمارستانی، به دلیل مرتبط بودن با سلامت و بهداشت انسان در جامعه، حائز اهمیت هستند. هدف اصلی در این مطالعه، بررسی کیفیت میکروبی در مواد صنایع غذایی، آرایشی- بهداشتی، پساب­های کارخانجات صنعتی و پسماند­های بیمارستانی در استان همدان بود. مواد و روش ها: در این مطالعه آزمون­های میکروبی در تشخیص و شمارش باکتری­ها، کپک­ها و مخمر­ها بر پایه­ی کشت، در 15محصول غذایی و 5 محصول آرایشی- بهداشتی، انجام شد. همچنین آزمون­های میکروبی پسماند­های صنعتی (شمارش توتال و فکال کلیفرم­ها) از روش MPN در38 واحد استفاده شد. آزمون­های میکروبی 14 واحد بیمارستانی، از تست ویال بیولوژیک و تست کلاس 6 میکروبی، استفاده شد. یافته ها: براساس نتایج بدست آمده، تست­های میکروبی در 4 محصول غذایی بیش از حد مجاز مصرف بودند و مابقی محصولات منفی گزارش شد. از 5 محصول آرایشی- بهداشتی، تنها یک محصول درای بار میکروبی غیر مجاز بود. همچنین نتایج آزمون­های میکروبی در پسماند­های صنعتی در زمستان 1401، 6 واحد صنعتی به صورت مثبت گزارش شد و فصل بهار 1402، 2 واحد صنعتی به صورت مثبت گزارش شد. در بررسی­های پسماند­های بیمارستانی، در زمستان 1401، تست­های میکروبی کلیه­ی واحد­ها، منفی و در بهار 1402، دو واحد بیمارستانی مثبت شدند. نتیجه گیری: با توجه به اهمیت سلامت در جامعه، الزام بررسی­ آزمون­های میکروبی در سطح بیمارستان­ها و صنایع باید مورد توجه قرار گیرد. 2 Background: The Study of the microbial health of food products, cosmetic products, industrial effluents, and hospital wastes is important because they are related to human health and hygiene in society. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the microbial quality in food, cosmetics, industrial effluents, and hospital wastes in Hamadan province. Methods: In this study, microbial tests were performed for the detection and counting of bacteria, molds, and yeasts based on the culture method in 15 food products and 5 cosmetic products. Also, industrial waste microbial tests (counting total and fecal coliforms) were used by MPN method in 38 units. Microbial tests of 14 hospital units were performed by biological vial test, and class 6 microbial test. Results: Based on the obtained results, the microbial tests in 4 food products exceeded the permissible consumption limit and the rest of the products were reported as negative. Out of 5 cosmetic-sanitary products, was not allowed only one product with microbial load. Also, were reported the results of microbial tests in industrial wastes in the winter of 1401, 6 industrial units as positive, and in the spring of 1402, 2 industrial units were reported as positive. In the investigations of hospital waste, in the winter of 1401, the microbial tests of all units were negative, and in the spring of 1402, two hospital units were positive. Conclusion: Considering the importance of health in society, the requirement of microbial tests at the level of hospitals and industries should be taken into consideration. 201 215 2024/02/262024/04/232024/02/182024/02/22024/02/20 1402/12/1 2024/04/72024/04/292024/04/162024/04/82024/04/7 1403/1/19 حدیث طوافی Hadis Tavafi گروه زیست شناسی، دانشکده علوم پایه، دانشگاه ملایر، ملایر، ایران ایران hadistavafi@yahoo.com سارا نوروزی Sara Norouzi مدیر فنی بخش میکروبی، آزمایشگاه شیمی تجزیه راک، همدان، ایران ایران saranoroozi27@yahoo.com Cosmetic-sanitary microbial test hospital waste industrial waste food آرایشی- بهداشتی آزمون میکروبی پسماند بیمارستانی پسماند صنعتی مواد غذایی Eslami H, Haider Z, Mohammad Taghizadeh F. Investigating the quantity, quality and management of hospital waste in Rafsanjan city in 2019: a descriptive study. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci. 2021; 20: 1297-1308 [In Persian].##Gorgani J, Nabizadeh R, Gholami M, et al. Management of hospital wastes in Mazandaran province with emphasis on genotoxic wastes. Iran J Health Environ. 2018; 12(3): 351-364 [In Persian].##Allegranzi B, Pittet D. Healthcare-associated infection in developing countries: simple solutions to meet complex challenges. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2007; 28(12):1323-1327.##Shirazi AR, Oryad HM, Malekzadeh J. Solid Wastes Management of Yasuj Hospitals, Iran 2006. Armaghane Danesh J. 2008; 13(1):105- 13.##Mohammadi P, Habibian M, Soudi MR, et al. Detection of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis indicators in water sources. Nova Biologica Reperta. 2013; 1(2): 10-15 [In Persian].##Khamisabadi A, Parwank K, Nasrabadi M. The effect of the use of sewage effluent on the microbial contamination of urban green space soils. J Environ Health Eng. 2018; 7(1): 42-52 [In Persian].##Masiha AR, Majid Khosh Khalq MR, Iszadeh KH, et al. Studying the microbial quality of some food items collected from the eastern region of Gilan. J Food Microbiology. 2014; 1(1): 1-13 [In Persian].##Nosrat Abadi L, Kavousi H R, Hajimohammadi Farimani R, et al. Investigating the microbial population of Astamran, Zahedi, Shahani, Kabkab, Mardarsang, Mozafati and Halila date varieties. Iran J Nutr Sci Food Technol. 2018; 89(16): 275-285[In Persian].##Mansouri B, Maleki A, Mahmoudi M, et al. Risk assessment of heavy metals in lipstick and hair dye cosmetics distributed in Sanandaj city in 2014. Sci J Kurdistan Univ Med Sci. 2016; 22: 31-39 [In Persian].##Radmanesh R, Nabi Meybodi M, Ramadan V, et al. Investigating the physicochemical properties and microbial contamination of combined drugs in Yazd pharmacies. 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بررسی میزان پراکسید و ترکیبات قطبی در روغن های خوراکی مصرف شده در واحدهای فست فودی: مطالعه موردی شهر نورآباد Investigation of Peroxide Level and Polar Compounds in Edible Oils Used in Fast Food Units: A Case Study in Noorabad City 1 1 زمینه و هدف: با توسعه صنعت رستوران‌ها و افزایش مصرف غذاهای فست فود، بهداشت مواد غذایی و کیفیت روغن‌های مورد استفاده در فرآیند سرخ کردن اهمیت زیادی پیدا کرده است. این مقاله به بررسی میزان پراکسید و ترکیبات قطبی در روغن‌های خوراکی مورد استفاده در واحدهای فست فود شهر نورآباد می‌پردازد. مواد و روش ها: با استفاده از فرمول کوکران 27 واحد انتخاب شد. نمونه‌برداری از واحدهای انتخاب شده در دو مرحله به صورت دوره‌ای در روزهای غیرتعطیل صورت گرفت. نمونه های گرفته شده به آزمایشگاه انتقال داده شده و مطابق استاندارد 4179 موسسه استاندارد وتحقیقات صنعتی ایران آنالیز شدند. داده های جمع آوری شده با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS و آزمون های ANOA و پس آزمون توکی آنالیز شدند.   یافته ها: در مرحله اول نمونه برداری 7/40 درصد و در مرحله دوم 6/29درصد از نمونه ها  داری ترکیبات قطبی بالاتر از حد مجاز بودند. بین میزان تولید ترکیبات قطبی، دما، زمان و نوع ظرف مورد استفاده ارتباط معنا داری وجود دارد (p<0.05). با افزایش زمان استفاده از روغن به بیشتر از 20 دقیقه مقدار ترکیبات قطبی افزایش یافته است. ظرف  چدنی بیشترین تاثیر را در افزایش مقدار ترکیبات قطبی به نسبت ظروف مسی و روی داشته است. همچنین بین میزان تولید پراکسید و نوع ظرف، زمان و برند مورد استفاده  تفاوت معنا داری مشاهده شد (p<0.05). ظرف چدنی کمترین تاثیر را در میزان تولید پراکسید داشته است.   نتیجه گیری: مدت زمان استفاده از روغن، نوع ظرف، و برند مورد استفاده تأثیر مهمی بر کیفیت روغن‌های مورد استفاده در فست فودها دارند. این اطلاعات می‌توانند به بهبود فرآیندها و استانداردهای بهداشتی در این واحدها کمک کنند و در نهایت، سلامت مصرف‌کنندگان را تضمین نمایند. 2 Background: With the expansion of the restaurant industry and the increased consumption of fast food, the hygiene of food ingredients and the quality of oils used in the frying process have gained significant importance. This article explores the levels of peroxides and polar compounds in edible oils used in fast food establishments in Noorabad city. Methods: Twenty-seven units were selected using the Cochran formula. Sampling from the selected units was conducted in two stages periodically on non-holiday days. The collected samples were transferred to the laboratory and analyzed according to the Iranian Industrial Standards and Research Institute Standard 4179. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software, ANOVA, and post-hoc tests. Results: In the first sampling stage, 40.7% of the samples, and in the second stage, 29.6% exceeded the permissible limits for polar compounds. Significant correlations were found between the production of polar compounds, temperature, time, and the type of container used (p < 0.05). The amount of polar compounds increased with the use of oil for more than 20 minutes, with cast iron containers having the most significant impact compared to copper and aluminum containers. Additionally, significant differences were observed in peroxide production based on the type of container, time, and brand used (p < 0.05), with cast iron having the least impact Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the duration of oil usage, the type of container, and the brand used significantly affect the quality of oils used in fast food establishments. This information can contribute to improving processes and hygiene standards in these units, ultimately ensuring consumer health. 216 227 2024/02/262024/04/232024/02/182024/02/22024/02/202023/12/19 1402/9/28 2024/04/72024/04/292024/04/162024/04/82024/04/72024/04/7 1403/1/19 فرامرز عظیمی Faramarz Azimi مرکر تحقیقات بهداشت محیط، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی لرستان، خرم آباد ،ایران ایران وحید محمدی Vahid Mohammadi مرکر تحقیقات بهداشت محیط، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی لرستان، خرم آباد ،ایران ایران الهه عسکری Elaheh Askari مرکز تحقیقات بهداشت تغذیه، دانشکده بهداشت و تغذیه، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی لرستان، خرم آباد، ایران ایران محمدامین کرمی Mohammad Amin Karami مرکر تحقیقات بهداشت محیط، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی لرستان، خرم آباد ،ایران ایران Fast Food Polar Compounds Peroxide Noorabad فست فود ترکیبات قطبی پراکسید نور آباد Abadi Arani Ahmad SM, Jadi Arani Taibeh Sadat, Gilasi Hamid Reza, Jahed Khaniki Gholamreza. A Study of the Awareness and Attitudes of Healthcare Workers in Kashan Health Centers Regarding Food Hygiene and Safety in the Year. Nasim-e Tandorosti Quarterly 2014;3(3): 7-1.##Mahdieh RA. The effect of heat processing on the nutritional quality of food materials. The third International Congress and the twenty-sixth National Congress of Food Science and Technology in Iran; Tehran2019.##Farazmand H, Hallafi H. The demand for away from home food in Iranian households: An application of box-cox double hurdle model. Economic Modelling 2016;9(32): 65-85.##KHOUSHTINAT K, Kavousi P, Zandi P. Determination of Fry-life of two formulated frying oils produced in pilot scale. IJFST 2005;2(3).##Moulodi F, Qajarbeigi P, Rahmani K, et al. Effect of Fatty Acid Composition on Thermal Stability of Extra Virgin Olive Oil. Journal of Food Quality & Hazards Control 2015;2(2).##Relation of Fatty Acids Composition with Stability of Sunflower and Canola Oil Blends. Journal of food science and technology(Iran) 2007;4(13): 67-76.##Jahed Khaniki G, Safaei P, Barik Gugjlu R, Mohajer A. Determination of peroxide value of edible oils used in sandwich and falafel shops in Tehran. Iranian Journal of Health and Environment 2018;10(4): 501-10.##Kharghani M, Kariminezhad F, Afzal Aghaee Naeein M, et al. Investigation of cooking oil quality at fast food restaurants in Mashhad City. International Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2019;8(November): 1-6.##Shariatzadeh MA, Goodarzi M. Stereological study on the protective effect of royal jelly on kidney tissue following silver nanoparticles-induced toxicity in the NMRI mouse. Journal of Animal Research (Iranian Journal of Biology) 2021;34(3): 166-80.##ISIRI. Oils and fat of animal and herbaceous, peroxide measurement. Tehran: Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran; 2008.##Sajjadi SA, Moteallemi A, Bargard ZR, et al. Investigation of cooking oil quality at fast food restaurants in Mashhad City. International Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2019;8(1): 6.##Kaviani M, Niazmand R, Shahidi Noghabi M. Discarding time evaluation of canola oil based on oxidation indexes during potato deep frying. Research and Innovation in Food Science and Technology 2013;2(1): 37-50.##RahimzadehBarzoki H, Beirami S, Mansourian M, et al. Determination of Peroxide Value of Edible Oils Used in Confectionary, Restaurants and Sandwich Shops in Gorgan in 2011. Tolooebehdasht 2014;13(1): 40-7.##Delavar M, Navabi A, Abdollahi A, et al. Investigation of peroxide, acidity, and thermal stability of oils used to Make Falafel in Arak, Iran in 2018. Journal of health research in community 2020;6(2): 61-8.##Bolourian S, Movahhed GG, Afshari M, et al. Evaluation of Heat Stability and Performance of Palm Olein and Colza Oils Blends in Frying of Potato Chips. 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بررسی مدیریت آب و فاضلاب در مشاغل کوچک شهر قم با نگرش خشکسالی و تهدید‌های زیست محیطی ناشی از کمبود آب Investigation of water and wastewater management in small businesses in Qom city with a focus on drought and environmental threats caused by water scarcity 1 1 زمینه و هدف: در حال حاضر به منظور سازگاری با بحران آب موجود در کشور و مدیریت پایدار تامین و توزیع آب، اعمال شیوه‌های مدیریتی صحیح مبتنی بر اصول پایداری یکی از اساسی‌ترین نیاز‌ها است. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی مدیریت آب و فاضلاب در مشاغل کوچک شهر قم با نگرش خشکسالی و تهدید‌های زیست محیطی ناشی از کمبود آب در سال 1400 انجام شد . مواد و روش ها: پژوهش حاضر یک مطالعه توصیفی – مقطعی است که پس از پیمایش میدانی و آمار اخذ شده از اداره آب و فاضلاب بر روی 223 صنف مرتبط با 67 اتحادیه اصناف شهر قم به انجام رسید و میزان مصارف آب و تولید فاضلاب و نحوه مدیریت آب و فاضلاب مشاغل با نگرش خشکسالی و تهدید‌های زیست محیطی ناشی از کمبود آب مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت و نتایج حاصله بصورت توصیفی گزارش شد. یافته ها: با توجه به میزان مصارف آب مشاغل به چهار درجه طبقه‌بندی شدند و مشخص شد که مشاغل درجه یک، 96/82 درصد مشاغل و با میانگین مصرف 246/2±574/2، مشاغل درجه دو 174/7 درصد و با میانگین 6142/3 ± 2823/19، مشاغل درجه سه 036/4 درصد و با میانگین 121/2 ± 5/40 و مشاغل درجه چهار 83/5 درصد مشاغل و با میانگین مصرف آب 821/215 ± 28/355 مترمکعب در ماه می‌باشند از نظر وضعیت صرفه‌جویی به ترتیب در مشاغل درجه یک تا چهار، 08/61، 25/56، 33/33 و 46/38 درصد مشاغل فاقد برنامه مشخص برای صرفه جویی در آب بودند. نتیجه گیری: نتایج نشان داد نحوه مدیریت آب و فاضلاب در مشاغل شهر قم شرایط مطلوبی ندارد با توجه به کاهش نزولات جوی و خشکسالی به نظر می‌رسد مسئله تامین آب بزرگ‌ترین چالش پیش روی در این شهر باشد. اکثر مشاغل مورد مطالعه فاقد برنامه مشخص برای صرفه‌جویی آب هستند، که بایستی مدیران منابع آب ضمن برآورد و ارزیابی دقیق منابع و مصارف آب، تصمیم‌های در زمینه جبران کمبود کمی و تخریب کیفی آب اخذ نمایند. 2 Background: Currently, in order to adapt to the existing water crisis in the country and ensure sustainable water supply and distribution management, the implementation of proper management methods based on sustainability principles is one of the most fundamental needs. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating water and wastewater management in small businesses in Qom city with the perspective of drought and environmental threats caused by water shortage in 2021. Methods: The present research is a descriptive-cross-sectional study that was conducted after field survey and statistics obtained from the Water and Wastewater Department on 223 trades related to 67 guilds in the city of Qom. The amount of water consumption, wastewater production, and the management of water and wastewater in businesses were studied with a focus on drought and environmental threats resulting from water scarcity, and the results were reported descriptively. Results: Considering the amount of water consumption, businesses were classified into four categories. It was determined that businesses in category one, 96.82% of businesses with an average consumption of 246.2 ± 574.2, category two businesses, 17.47% with an average of 6142.3 ± 2823.19, category three businesses, 36.4% with an average of 121.2 ± 5.40, and category four businesses, 83.5% with an average water consumption of 821.215 ± 28.355 cubic meters per month, were in terms of efficiency, respectively, in businesses from one to four, 08.61, 25.56, 33.33, and 46.38% of businesses lacked a specific plan for water conservation Conclusion: The results show that the management of water and wastewater in businesses in the city of Qom does not have favorable conditions. Considering the decrease in rainfall and drought, it seems that the issue of water supply may be the biggest challenge in this city. Most of the businesses under study lack a specific plan for water conservation, and water resource managers should make decisions regarding compensating for water scarcity and preventing water quality degradation while accurately estimating and evaluating water resources and consumption. 228 238 2024/02/262024/04/232024/02/182024/02/22024/02/202023/12/192024/04/24 1403/2/5 2024/04/72024/04/292024/04/162024/04/82024/04/72024/04/72024/05/8 1403/2/19 اکبر اسکندری Akbar Eskandari گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، کمیته تحقیقات دانشجویی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز، تبریز، ایران ایران scandari!12@YAHOO.COM محمد درویش متولی Mohammad Darvishmotevalli مرکز تحقیقات بهداشت، ایمنی و محیط، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج، ایران-گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز ، کرج، ایران ایران mohamad.darvish68@gmail.com سمیرا بهرامی واله Samira Bahrami Vale کارشناس بهداشت عمومی، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی قزوین، قزوین، ایران ایران samira1989bahrami@gmail.com محمد فهیمی نیا Mohammad Fahiminia گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی قم، قم، ایران ایران fahiminia.m@gmail.com Water and Wastewater Management Drought Small Businesses Qom City مدیریت آب و فاضلاب خشکسالی مشاغل کوچک شهر قم 1. 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بهینه سازی فرایند اکسیداسیون پیشرفته سونوالکتروشیمیایی با الکترود گرافن-گرافن در ارتقا کیفیت پساب خروجی تصفیه خانه شهر پرند Optimization of advanced sonoelectrochemical oxidation process with graphene-graphene electrode in improving the quality of Parand city wastewater treatment plant 1 1 زمینه و هدف: حضور آلاینده­های نوظهور در فاضلاب، فرایندهای تصفیه­ بیولوژیکی را با مشکل مواجهه کرده است. فرایندهای اکسیداسیون پیشرفته، فرایندهایی امیدوارکننده­ای در ارتقای کیفیت پساب هستند. هدف از این مطالعه بهینه­سازی فرایند سونوالکتروشیمیایی در ارتقا کیفیت پساب خروجی تصفیه­خانه شهر پرند بود. مواد و روش ها: پایلوت مطالعه شامل یک راکتور سونوالکتروشیمیایی به حجم 500 میلی لیتر مجهز به  مولد جریان برق مستقیم، التراسونیک و الکترودهای گرافن بود. متغیرهای pH (4-8)، جریان الکتریکی مستقیم (50-100 میلی آمپر)، زمان واکنش (60-120 دقیقه) و فرکانس (30-50 کیلوهرتز) توسط طراحی ترکیبی مرکزی بهینه­سازی شدند. همچنین سینتیک فرایند، بهره­وری انرژی، تغییرات خصوصیات فیزیکوشیمیایی پساب و اثر هم افزایی مکانیزم­ها مورد سنجش قرار گرفتند. اندازه­گیری پارامترهای تصفیه ای بر اساس روش­های ارائه شده در مرجع آزمایشات آب و فاضلاب انجام شد. یافته ها: بر اساس شاخص­های P-value و F-value، مدل انتخابی معنادار بود. شرایط بهینه فرایند عبارت است از pH برابر 5/6، شدت جریان الکتریکی برابر 8/82 میلی آمپر، زمان واکنش برابر 113 دقیقه و فرکانس 35 کیلوهرتز. پارامترهای COD، TOC، BOD5، نیتروژن و فسفر به ترتیب 81، 69، 2/93، 96 و 7/94 درصد حذف شدند. سینتیک فرایند از سینتیک درجه اول تبعیت می­کند و ضریب اثر هم­افزایی برابر 62/1 است. میزان بهره­وری انرژی 07/98 میلی­گرم بر لیتر به ازای هرکیلووات ساعت تعیین شد. نتیجه گیری: فرایند سونوالکتروشیمیایی، قابلیت بکار گیری به­‌عنوان یک فرایند تصفیه پیشرفته را دارد. پیشنهاد می‌شود کارایی فرایند در نمونه پساب واقعی خام نیز، مورد مطالعه و بررسی قرار گیرد. 2 Background: The presence of emerging-resistant contaminants in wastewater poses challenges to the efficacy of the biological treatment process. Advanced oxidation processes show great potential for enhancing the quality of wastewater. The aim of this study was to enhance the efficacy of the effluent from the Parand City treatment plant through the optimization of the sonoelectrochemical process. Methods: Pilot used 500 cc sonoelectrochemical reactor with direct current generator, ultrasonic, and graphene electrodes. To determine pH (4–8), direct electric current (50–100 mA), reaction time (60–120 min), and frequency (30–50 kHz), the central composite design was used. We looked at the process pace, energy utilization, waste physical and chemical qualities, and overall impact. The purification parameters were obtained using water and wastewater testing methods. Results: The P-value and F-value indicate the selected model was significant. The best process conditions to use are a pH of 6.5, an electric current intensity of 82.8 mA, a reaction time of 113 min, and a frequency of 35 kHz. Under these conditions, the removal of COD, TOC, BOD5, nitrogen, and phosphorus was 81%, 69%, 93.2%, 96%, and 94.7%, respectively. The kinetics of the process follow first-order kinetics, and the synergistic effect coefficient was 1.62. The energy efficiency was determined to be 98.07 mg/kWh. Conclusion: The utilization of the sonoelectrochemical process can be employed as a sophisticated method for treatment. However, it is imperative to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the process's efficacy by utilizing raw wastewater samples. 239 255 2024/02/262024/04/232024/02/182024/02/22024/02/202023/12/192024/04/242023/11/30 1402/9/9 2024/04/72024/04/292024/04/162024/04/82024/04/72024/04/72024/05/82024/04/7 1403/1/19 پرویز عبدی Parviz Abdi دانشجوی دکتری مهندسی محیط زیست، دانشکده هنر و معماری، واحد تهران غرب، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران ایران p.abdi21@yahoo.com کبری وریج کاظمی Kobra Vardijkazemi عضو هیات علمی گروه فنی مهندسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تنکابن، تنکابن، ایران ایران Vardijkazemi@gmail.com آرزو نجایی Arezo Nejaei دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تبریز، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، گروه محیط زیست، تبریز، ایران ایران Arezo.N@yahoo.com افشین تکدستان Afshin Takdastan مرکز تحقیقات فناوری های زیست محیطی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی جندی شاپور اهواز، اهواز ،ایران ایران Afshin_ir@yahoo.com Sonoelectrochemical process Chemical Oxygen Demand Biochemical Oxygen Demand Total Organic Carbon Wastewater Treatment فرایند سونوالکتروشیمیایی اکسیژن خواهی شیمیایی اکسیژن خواهی بیوشیمیایی کل کربن آلی تصفیه فاضلاب 1. 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