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پیش‌بینی کیفیت پساب یکی از تصفیه‌خانه های فاضلاب شهری شهر تهران با استفاده از الگوریتم های یادگیری ماشین Effluent quality prediction of one of the municipal wastewater treatment plants using machine learning algorithms 1 1 زمینه و هدف: برای کاهش هزینه‌های مدیریت سیستم‌های تصفیه فاضلاب، می‌توان از شبیه‌سازهای ریاضی و آماری استفاده نمود. این پژوهش باهدف پیش‌بینی کیفیت پساب یکی از تصفیه‌خانه‌های فاضلاب شهری شهر تهران با استفاده از الگوریتم‌های یادگیری ماشین طی سال‌های ۱۳۹۶ تا ۱۴۰۰ انجام گردید. مواد و روش ها: این مطالعه یک پژوهش توصیفی - تحلیلی است که در آن اطلاعات سیستم‌های پایش ورودی و خروجی تصفیه‌خانه فاضلاب دریافت و پاک‌سازی داده‌ها انجام گرفت. در مرحله دوم تبدیل داده‌ها به‌منظور آماده‌سازی ورود آن‌ها به الگوریتم‌های داده‌کاوی از طرق پالایش، پردازش و ایجاد متغیر ساختگی (Dummy) انجام شد. سپس، الگوریتم شبکه عصبی مصنوعی (ANN) و مدل درختی M5 به‌منظور یافتن بهترین مدل جهت پیش‌بینی غلظت COD در خروجی تصفیه‌خانه مورد بررسی قرار گرفت؛ در این راستا ٧۰ درصد داده‌ها جهت یادگیری ماشین و ۳۰ درصد به‌منظور اعتبارسنجی در نرم‌افزار پایتون مورداستفاده قرار گرفت. درنهایت با مدل رگرسیونی و مقایسه شاخص‌های R2  و RMSE به انتخاب بهترین مدل پرداخته شد. یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد که ANN با ضریب تعیین ۰/۷۲ عملکرد بهتری نسبت به مدل M5 با ضریب ۰/۶۸ در پیش‌بینی غلظت COD خروجی به‌عنوان شاخص کارایی تصفیه‌خانه دارد. همچنین بر اساس نتایج تحلیل رگرسیون از بین متغیرهای مستقل BOD5 و TSSe بیشترین همبستگی را با CODout داشتند. نتیجه گیری: در پژوهش حاضر، نتایج مدل ANN و M5 بر اساس شاخص‌های آماری در محدوده قابل‌قبولی قرار گرفتند و می‌توان با موفقیت برای تخمین داده‌ها در تصفیه‌خانه‌های فاضلاب استفاده کرد. 2 Background: Mathematical and statistical simulators can significantly reduce the management costs of wastewater treatment systems. This research aimed to predict the effluent quality of an urban wastewater treatment plant in Tehran using machine learning algorithms from 2017 to 2021. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study utilized monitoring data from the influent and effluent of the wastewater treatment plant, which were prepared for analysis. In the second stage, the data were refined, processed, and converted into dummy variables to facilitate entry into data mining algorithms. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) algorithm and the M5 tree model were then evaluated to identify the best model for predicting the concentration of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) in the effluent. In this process, 70% of the data were allocated for training and 30% for validation using Python software. The best model was selected based on regression analysis, comparing the R² and RMSE indices. Results: The findings indicated that the ANN model, with a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.72, outperformed the M5 model, which had an R² of 0.68, in predicting the output COD concentration—an indicator of the treatment plant's efficiency. Additionally, regression analysis revealed that BOD₅ and TSS exhibited the highest correlation with COD_out. Conclusion: The results of the ANN and M5 models were within an acceptable range based on statistical indicators, demonstrating their potential for effectively estimating data in wastewater treatment plants 380 393 2024/04/17 1403/1/29 2024/06/11 1403/3/22 امین باقری Amin Bagheri استادیارگروه سلامت، ایمنی و محیط زیست، دانشکده بهداشت و ایمنی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی، تهران،ایران ایران محسن سعدانی Mohsen Sadani استادیار گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت و ایمنی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی، تهران،ایران ایران محمدرضا کریمی Mohammadreza karimi دانشجوی گروه MPH، دانشکده بهداشت و ایمنی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی، تهران،ایران ایران reza575261@gmail.com Machine learning algorithms artificial neural network M5 model tree regression chemical oxygen demand الگوریتم های یادگیری ماشین شبکه عصبی مصنوعی درخت مدل M5 رگرسیون اکسیژن خواهی شیمیایی Torabian A, Motalebi M. Management plan for reuses of treated wastewater (case study: ekbatan treatment plant). 2004.##Yel E, Yalpir S. Prediction of primary treatment effluent parameters by Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) approach. procedia computer science. 2011;3:659-65.##Fresner J. Cleaner production as a means for effective environmental management. Journal of cleaner production. 1998;6(3-4):171-9.##Türkmenler H, Pala M. Performance assessment of advanced biological wastewater treatment plants using artificial neural networks. International Journal of Engineering Technologies IJET. 2017;3(3):151-6.##Shirvani H, Ganjidoust H, Hemmati M, Zarasvand Asadi R. Investigation of oil refinery wastewater treatment using a submerged membrane bioreactor. Journal of Petroleum Research. 2013;22(70):43-55.##Mjalli FS, Al-Asheh S, Alfadala H. Use of artificial neural network black-box modeling for the prediction of wastewater treatment plants performance. Journal of environmental management. 2007;83(3):329-38.##Ward J, Ward P, Saint C, Mantzioris E. The urban agriculture revolution. Water: Journal of the Australian Water Association. 2014;41(1):69-74.##Mehrdadi N, Ghasemi M. Modeling of Tehran South Water Treatment Plant Using Neural Network and Fuzzy Logic Considering Effluent and Sludge Parameters. Numerical Methods in Civil Engineering. 2021;6(1):63-76.##Ramírez Y, Kraslawski A, Cisternas LA. Decision-support framework for the environmental assessment of water treatment systems. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019;225:599-609.##Khosravi K, Mao L, Kisi O, Yaseen ZM, Shahid S. Quantifying hourly suspended sediment load using data mining models: case study of a glacierized Andean catchment in Chile. Journal of Hydrology. 2018;567:165-79.##Najafzadeh M, Zeinolabedini M. Prognostication of waste water treatment plant performance using efficient soft computing models: an environmental evaluation. Measurement. 2019;138:690-701.##Hamada M, Adel Zaqoot H, Abu Jreiban A. Application of artificial neural networks for the prediction of Gaza wastewater treatment plant performance-Gaza strip. Journal of Applied Research in Water and Wastewater. 2018;5(1):399-406.##Wong J. Pollution prevention/waste minimization in california petroleum refineries. OCEESA J. 2002;19(1):306.##Singh DN, Murugamani C, Kshirsagar PR, Tirth V, Islam S, Qaiyum S, et al. IOT based smart wastewater treatment model for industry 4.0 using artificial intelligence. Scientific Programming. 2022;2022:1-15.##Asami H, Golabi M, Albaji M. Simulation of the biochemical and chemical oxygen demand and total suspended solids in wastewater treatment plants: data-mining approach. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021;296:126533.##Sharghi E, Nourani V, AliAshrafi A, Gökçekuş H. Monitoring effluent quality of wastewater treatment plant by clustering based artificial neural network method. Desalination and Water Treatment. 2019;164:86-97.##Aalami MT, Hejabi N, Nourani V, SAGHEBIAN S. Investigation of artificial intelligence approaches capability in predicting the wastewater treatment plant performance (Case study: Tabriz wastewater treatment plant). Amirkabir Journal of Civil Engineering. 2021;53(3):1033-48.##Ahnert M, Marx C, Krebs P, Kuehn V. A black-box model for generation of site-specific WWTP influent quality data based on plant routine data. Water Science and Technology. 2016;74(12):2978-86.##Gholizadeh M, Saeedi R, Bagheri A, Paeezi M. Machine learning-based prediction of effluent total suspended solids in a wastewater treatment plant using different feature selection approaches: A comparative study. Environmental Research. 2024;246:118146.##BAKİ1a OT, Egemen A. Estimation of BOD in wastewater treatment plant by using different ANN algorithms. 2018.##Torabian A, Motalebi M. Management plan for reuses of treated wastewater (case study: ekbatan treatment plant). 2004.##Yel E, Yalpir S. Prediction of primary treatment effluent parameters by Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) approach. procedia computer science. 2011;3:659-65.##Fresner J. Cleaner production as a means for effective environmental management. Journal of cleaner production. 1998;6(3-4):171-9.##Türkmenler H, Pala M. Performance assessment of advanced biological wastewater treatment plants using artificial neural networks. International Journal of Engineering Technologies IJET. 2017;3(3):151-6.##Shirvani H, Ganjidoust H, Hemmati M, Zarasvand Asadi R. Investigation of oil refinery wastewater treatment using a submerged membrane bioreactor. Journal of Petroleum Research. 2013;22(70):43-55.##Mjalli FS, Al-Asheh S, Alfadala H. Use of artificial neural network black-box modeling for the prediction of wastewater treatment plants performance. Journal of environmental management. 2007;83(3):329-38.##Ward J, Ward P, Saint C, Mantzioris E. The urban agriculture revolution. Water: Journal of the Australian Water Association. 2014;41(1):69-74.##Mehrdadi N, Ghasemi M. Modeling of Tehran South Water Treatment Plant Using Neural Network and Fuzzy Logic Considering Effluent and Sludge Parameters. Numerical Methods in Civil Engineering. 2021;6(1):63-76.##Ramírez Y, Kraslawski A, Cisternas LA. Decision-support framework for the environmental assessment of water treatment systems. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019;225:599-609.##Khosravi K, Mao L, Kisi O, Yaseen ZM, Shahid S. Quantifying hourly suspended sediment load using data mining models: case study of a glacierized Andean catchment in Chile. Journal of Hydrology. 2018;567:165-79.##Najafzadeh M, Zeinolabedini M. Prognostication of waste water treatment plant performance using efficient soft computing models: an environmental evaluation. Measurement. 2019;138:690-701.##Hamada M, Adel Zaqoot H, Abu Jreiban A. Application of artificial neural networks for the prediction of Gaza wastewater treatment plant performance-Gaza strip. Journal of Applied Research in Water and Wastewater. 2018;5(1):399-406.##Wong J. Pollution prevention/waste minimization in california petroleum refineries. OCEESA J. 2002;19(1):306.##Singh DN, Murugamani C, Kshirsagar PR, Tirth V, Islam S, Qaiyum S, et al. IOT based smart wastewater treatment model for industry 4.0 using artificial intelligence. Scientific Programming. 2022;2022:1-15.##Asami H, Golabi M, Albaji M. Simulation of the biochemical and chemical oxygen demand and total suspended solids in wastewater treatment plants: data-mining approach. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021;296:126533.##Sharghi E, Nourani V, AliAshrafi A, Gökçekuş H. Monitoring effluent quality of wastewater treatment plant by clustering based artificial neural network method. Desalination and Water Treatment. 2019;164:86-97.##Aalami MT, Hejabi N, Nourani V, SAGHEBIAN S. Investigation of artificial intelligence approaches capability in predicting the wastewater treatment plant performance (Case study: Tabriz wastewater treatment plant). Amirkabir Journal of Civil Engineering. 2021;53(3):1033-48.##Ahnert M, Marx C, Krebs P, Kuehn V. A black-box model for generation of site-specific WWTP influent quality data based on plant routine data. Water Science and Technology. 2016;74(12):2978-86.##Gholizadeh M, Saeedi R, Bagheri A, Paeezi M. Machine learning-based prediction of effluent total suspended solids in a wastewater treatment plant using different feature selection approaches: A comparative study. Environmental Research. 2024;246:118146.##BAKİ1a OT, Egemen A. Estimation of BOD in wastewater treatment plant by using different ANN algorithms. 2018. ##

بررسی شاخص‌های خوردگی و رسوب‌گذاری آب آشامیدنی در روستاهای شرق کاخک Investigating the indicators of corrosiveness and sedimentation of drinking water in the villages of East Kakhk 1 1 زمینه و هدف: این مطالعه با هدف ارزیابی شاخص‌های خوردگی و رسوب‌گذاری آب آشامیدنی در روستاهای شرق کاخک، واقع در جنوب استان خراسان رضوی، انجام شد. خوردگی و رسوب‌گذاری از مشکلات اساسی در سیستم‌های توزیع آب هستند که می‌توانند باعث تخریب لوله‌ها و تأسیسات آبی و کاهش کیفیت آب شوند. مواد و روش ها: در این پژوهش، از ۱۶ منطقه شامل یک شهر و ۱۵ منطقه روستایی، ۳۲ نمونه آب از منابع مختلف مانند چشمه‌ها، قنوات و سیستم توزیع جمع‌آوری شد. پارامترهای فیزیکی و شیمیایی نظیر pH، هدایت الکتریکی، غلظت کلسیم و منیزیم اندازه‌گیری شدند و شاخص‌های مختلف خوردگی و رسوب‌گذاری محاسبه گردید. آنالیزها مطابق با استانداردهای APHA انجام شدند. یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد که تمامی نمونه‌ها طبق شاخص لانژلیه تمایل به رسوب‌گذاری داشتند، در حالی که شاخص رایزنر بیانگر آن است که ۶۸/۷۵ درصد نمونه‌ها دارای خاصیت خوردگی بودند. شاخص‌های لارسون اسکولد و شاخص تهاجم نیز حاکی از آن بودند که بیش از ۸۰ درصد نمونه‌ها ویژگی‌های خوردگی داشتند، در حالی که شاخص پوکوریوس نشان داد که ۶۲/۵ درصد نمونه‌ها در وضعیت تعادل بودند. نتیجه گیری: یافته‌ها بر اهمیت نظارت مستمر بر کیفیت آب و اعمال اقدامات اصلاحی مناسب جهت کنترل خوردگی و رسوب‌گذاری تأکید می‌کنند. این مطالعه به مهندسان و تصمیم‌گیران در حوزه آب و فاضلاب کمک می‌کند تا راهکارهای مؤثری برای بهبود کیفیت آب آشامیدنی ارائه دهند. 2 Background: This study investigated the corrosive and scaling potential of drinking water in the rural areas of eastern Kakhk, southern Khorasan Razavi, Iran. Corrosion and scaling are critical issues that lead to the deterioration of water distribution infrastructure and decreased water quality. The analysis was conducted using indices such as the Langelier Saturation Index (LSI), Ryznar Stability Index (RSI), Puckorius Scaling Index (PSI), Larson-Skold Index (LS), and the Aggressiveness Index (AI). Materials and Methods: A total of 32 water samples were collected from 16 locations, including one city and 15 rural regions. Samples were drawn from springs, qanats, and distribution systems. Key physicochemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, and concentrations of calcium and magnesium were measured. Each sample was analyzed twice in accordance with APHA standards, and corrosion and scaling indices were calculated. Results: The LSI revealed that 100% of the samples had a tendency to form scale, while the RSI indicated that 68.75% were corrosive. Over 80% of the samples were confirmed to be corrosive by the Larson-Skold and Aggressiveness indices. However, the Puckorius Index showed that 62.5% of the samples were in a balanced state, without a strong inclination towards either corrosion or scaling. Conclusion: These results emphasize the need for continuous monitoring of water quality and the adoption of preventive measures to mitigate corrosion and scaling in rural water systems. The findings provide important insights for decision-makers to develop strategies aimed at preserving water infrastructure and ensuring long-term sustainability. 394 405 2024/04/172024/05/1 1403/2/12 2024/06/112024/06/10 1403/3/21 حجت ندیمی Hojjat Nadimi گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی سبزوار، سبزوار، ایران ایران احمد اله آبادی Ahmad Alahabadi گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی سبزوار، سبزوار، ایران ایران ahmad_health@yahoo.com احمد زارعی Ahmad Zarei گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، مرکز تحقیقات بیماری‌های عفونی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی گناباد، گناباد، ایران ایران فروغ ریاحی منش Forough Riahimanesh گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی سبزوار، سبزوار، ایران ایران مهدی سالاری Mehdi Salari گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی سبزوار، سبزوار، ایران ایران msalari_22@yahoo.com water corrosion water scaling Langelier Saturation Index rural drinking water groundwater quality خورندگی آب رسوب‌گذاری آب شاخص لانژلیه آب آشامیدنی روستایی کیفیت آب زیرزمینی Adimalla N, Qian H. Groundwater quality evaluation using water quality index (WQI) for drinking purposes and human health risk (HHR) assessment in an agricultural region of Nanganur, south India. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety 2019;176: 153-61.##Allaoua N, Hafid H, Chenchouni H. Exploring groundwater quality in semi-arid areas of Algeria: Impacts on potable water supply and agricultural sustainability. Journal of Arid Land 2024;16(2): 147-67.##Gholizadeh A, Mokhtari M, Naimi N, et al. Assessment of corrosion and scaling potential in groundwater resources; a case study of Yazd-Ardakan Plain, Iran. Groundwater for Sustainable Development 2017;5: 59-65.##Arkoç O. Assessment of scaling properties of groundwater with elevated sulfate concentration: a case study from Ergene Basin, Turkey. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 2013;6: 4377-85.##Tyagi S, Sarma K. Qualitative assessment, geochemical characterization and corrosion-scaling potential of groundwater resources in Ghaziabad district of Uttar Pradesh, India. Groundwater for sustainable development 2020;10: 100370.##Rezaei Kalantari R, Yari AR, Ahmadi E, et al. Survey of corrosion and scaling potential in drinking water resources of the villages in Qom province by use of four stability indexes (With Quantitative and qualitative analysis. Archives of Hygiene Sciences 2013;2(4): 127-34.##Pietrucha-Urbanik K, Skowrońska D, Papciak D. Assessment of corrosion properties of selected mineral waters. Coatings 2020;10(6): 571.##Dargahi A, Amirian F, Naderi M, et al. Assessment of Scale Formation and Corrosion of Drinking Water Supplies in Dehloran (Iran) in 2014. Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2017;4(2): 93-103 [In Persian ].##Malakootian M, Mobini M, Sharife I, Haghighi fard A. Evaluation of Corrosion and Scaling Potential of Wells Drinking Water and Aqueducts in Rural Areas Adjacent to Rafsanjan Fault in During October to December 2013. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences 2014;13(3): 293-304 [In Persian ].##Qasemi M, Darvishian M, Nadimi H, et al. Characteristics, water quality index and human health risk from nitrate and fluoride in Kakhk city and its rural areas, Iran. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 2023;115: 104870.##Rice EW, Bridgewater L, Association APH. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater: American public health association Washington, DC; 2012.##Mirzabeygi M, Naji M, Yousefi N, et al. Evaluation of corrosion and scaling tendency indices in water distribution system: a case study of Torbat Heydariye, Iran. Desalination and Water Treatment 2016;57(54): 25918-26.##Davoudi M, Skandari Torbaghan A, Barjasteh Askar Fi, et al. The investigation of chemical quality and stability indices of drinking water in rural areas of Taybad City in 2015-16. Journal of Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences 2016;4(2): 4-13 [In Persian ].##Mirzabeygi M, Yousefi N, Abbasnia A, et al. Evaluation of groundwater quality and assessment of scaling potential and corrosiveness of water supply networks, Iran. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-AQUA 2017;66(6): 416-25.##Din IU, Muhammad S, ur Rehman I. Groundwater quality assessment for drinking and irrigation purposes in the Hangu District, Pakistan. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 2023;115: 104919.##Fayydh AM, Zaidan TA, Al-Heety EA. Evaluation of groundwater quality in al-waffa and kubaysa areas using multivariate statistical analysis, Al-anbar, Western Iraq. The Iraqi Geological Journal 2020: 107-27.##Aydin H, Ustaoğlu F, Tepe Y, Soylu EN. Assessment of water quality of streams in northeast Turkey by water quality index and multiple statistical methods. Environmental forensics 2021;22(1-2): 270-87.##Porsan ZP, Zarei A, Alimohammadi M. Evaluation of corrosion and scaling potential of drinking groundwater in Gonbad-e Kavus. Desalination and Water Treatment 2020;195: 19-25.##Bolaji T, Olumayede E, Ojo A. Evaluation of corrosion and scaling potentials of oilfield waters in an offshore producing facility, Niger Delta. Water Science and Technology 2022;85(12): 3493-509.##Kumar S, Singh R, Maurya N. Assessment of corrosion potential based on water quality index in the distribution network of urban Patna, Bihar, India. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 2022;21(5): 2117-27.##Mankikar TY. Comparison of indices for scaling and corrosion tendency of groundwater: Case study of unconfined aquifer from Mahoba District, UP State. Applied Water Science 2021;11(6): 94.##Ravindiran G, Janardhan G, Rajamanickam S, et al. Study on hydrogeochemical assessment, groundwater quality index for drinking, seawater mixing index and human health risk assessment of nitrate and fluoride. Groundwater for Sustainable Development 2024;25: 101161.##Shams M, Mohamadi A, Sajadi SA. Evaluation of corrosion and scaling potential of water in rural water supply distribution networks of Tabas, Iran. World Appl Sci J 2012;17(11): 1484-89.##Rukavishnikov VS, Efimova NV, Savchenkov MF, et al. Quality of drinking water and risk to the health of the population of the south Baikal region (Russia). Emerging Contaminants 2024;10(2): 100300.##Adimalla N, Qian H. Groundwater quality evaluation using water quality index (WQI) for drinking purposes and human health risk (HHR) assessment in an agricultural region of Nanganur, south India. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety 2019;176: 153-61.##Allaoua N, Hafid H, Chenchouni H. Exploring groundwater quality in semi-arid areas of Algeria: Impacts on potable water supply and agricultural sustainability. Journal of Arid Land 2024;16(2): 147-67.##Gholizadeh A, Mokhtari M, Naimi N, et al. Assessment of corrosion and scaling potential in groundwater resources; a case study of Yazd-Ardakan Plain, Iran. Groundwater for Sustainable Development 2017;5: 59-65.##Arkoç O. Assessment of scaling properties of groundwater with elevated sulfate concentration: a case study from Ergene Basin, Turkey. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 2013;6: 4377-85.##Tyagi S, Sarma K. Qualitative assessment, geochemical characterization and corrosion-scaling potential of groundwater resources in Ghaziabad district of Uttar Pradesh, India. Groundwater for sustainable development 2020;10: 100370.##Rezaei Kalantari R, Yari AR, Ahmadi E, et al. Survey of corrosion and scaling potential in drinking water resources of the villages in Qom province by use of four stability indexes (With Quantitative and qualitative analysis. Archives of Hygiene Sciences 2013;2(4): 127-34.##Pietrucha-Urbanik K, Skowrońska D, Papciak D. Assessment of corrosion properties of selected mineral waters. Coatings 2020;10(6): 571.##Dargahi A, Amirian F, Naderi M, et al. Assessment of Scale Formation and Corrosion of Drinking Water Supplies in Dehloran (Iran) in 2014. Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2017;4(2): 93-103 [In Persian ].##Malakootian M, Mobini M, Sharife I, Haghighi fard A. Evaluation of Corrosion and Scaling Potential of Wells Drinking Water and Aqueducts in Rural Areas Adjacent to Rafsanjan Fault in During October to December 2013. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences 2014;13(3): 293-304 [In Persian ].##Qasemi M, Darvishian M, Nadimi H, et al. Characteristics, water quality index and human health risk from nitrate and fluoride in Kakhk city and its rural areas, Iran. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 2023;115: 104870.##Rice EW, Bridgewater L, Association APH. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater: American public health association Washington, DC; 2012.##Mirzabeygi M, Naji M, Yousefi N, et al. Evaluation of corrosion and scaling tendency indices in water distribution system: a case study of Torbat Heydariye, Iran. Desalination and Water Treatment 2016;57(54): 25918-26.##Davoudi M, Skandari Torbaghan A, Barjasteh Askar Fi, et al. The investigation of chemical quality and stability indices of drinking water in rural areas of Taybad City in 2015-16. Journal of Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences 2016;4(2): 4-13 [In Persian ].##Mirzabeygi M, Yousefi N, Abbasnia A, et al. 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مسئولیت مدنی دولت در قبال ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ و سلامت شهروندان (مطالعه موردی؛ ریزگردههای استان خوزستان) The Civil Liability of the Government Regarding Public Health and Citizen Well-being (Case Study: Dust Storms in Khuzestan Province) 1 1 زمینه و هدف: ریزگردها در استان خوزستان و تهدید سلامت شهروندان، موضوع مسئولیت مدنی دولت در نظام حقوقی ما را به صورت جدی مطرح نمود. مبانی متعددی برای مسئول تلقی نمودن دولت مطرح است که از آن جمله می توان به تقصیر و تسبیب اشاره نمود. هدف، معرفی نظریه قابلیت استناد، به عنوان مبنای مسئولیت دولت در این زمینه می باشد. مواد و روش ها: روش تحقیق در این مقاله، روش توصیفی- تحلیلی و مبتنی بر تحلیل مقررات فقهی و حقوقی می باشد. یافته ها: ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻧـﺸﺎن داده اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ آلودگی ناشی از ریزگردها علاوه بر ﻣﺨـﺎﻃﺮات ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ، منجر به بیماری هایی نظیر: ﺳﻴﻨﻮزﻳﺖ، ﺑﺮوﻧﺸﻴﺖ، آﺳﻢ و آﻟﺮژی، و ایجاد اﻓﺴﺮدﮔﻲ ﻣﻲ ﮔـﺮدد. یافته ها نشان داد که نظریات مطرح شده در مبانی مسئولیت مدنی در فقه امامیه(اتلاف، تسبیب) و حقوق موضوعه(قانون اساسی، قانون مسئولیت مدنی)، قاعده تسبیب، و نظریه تقصیر در نظام حقوقی، به خوبی می تواند مبنای مسئولیت مدنی دولت در قبال خسارت های ناشی از ریزگردهای استان خوزستان مورد استناد قرار گیرد. نتیجه گیری: دولت در قبال ریزگردها با مدیریت صحیح قبل از حادثه مانند؛ مدیریت کانون های بحرانی ریزگرد، تقویت پوشش گیاهی و مالچ(Mulch) پاشی کانون‌های ریزگرد، استفاده صحیح از منابع آبی، آموزش و ... و بعد از حادثه(مدیریت بحران) می تواند میزان خسارات را تقلیل دهد، بنابراین دولت مسئولیت مدنی دارد؛ چرا که طبق قانون اساسی دولت ملزم به تأمین بهداشت و سلامت برای مردم بوده و اگر برای دولت مسئولیتی قائل نشویم وضعیت بهداشت عمومی و سلامت شهروندان به مخاطره، و تبعات سوئی به همراه خواهد داشت. 2 Background: Dust storms in Khuzestan province and the threat they pose to the health of citizens have raised the issue of the government's civil liability in our legal system. Various grounds for holding the government accountable are discussed, including fault and causation. The aim of this paper is to introduce the theory of attribution as a basis for the government's liability in this regard. Materials and Methods: The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical, based on the analysis of legal and jurisprudential regulations. Results: Scientific research has shown that dust pollution, in addition to posing public health risks, leads to diseases such as sinusitis, bronchitis, asthma, allergies, and causes depression. The findings indicate that the theories proposed in the foundations of civil liability in Imami jurisprudence (destruction, causation) and statutory law (the Constitution, Civil Liability Law), the rule of causation, and the fault theory in the legal system, can well serve as the basis for the government's civil liability for damages caused by dust storms in Khuzestan province. Conclusion: The government can reduce damages related to dust storms through proper pre-incident management, such as managing critical dust storm hotspots, enhancing vegetation cover, applying mulch to dust storm-prone areas, utilizing water resources effectively, education, and post-incident crisis management. Therefore, the government bears civil liability, as the Constitution obligates it to ensure public health and safety. If no responsibility is imposed on the government, public health and citizens' well-being will be at risk, leading to adverse consequences. 406 421 2024/04/172024/05/12024/01/28 1402/11/8 2024/06/112024/06/102024/04/16 1403/1/28 محمد آبید Mohammad Abid گروه حقوق و فقه، پژوهشکده تحقیق و توسعه علوم انسانی، سازمان مطالعه و تدوین کتب علوم انسانی(سمت)، تهران، ایران ایران abidabid015@gmail.com نظام آرمند Nezam Armand دانشیار زیست شناسی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج، ایران ایران armandnezam@yahoo.com محمد اجتهادی Mohammad Ejtehadi دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد حقوق خصوصی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران ایران عبدالحمید پورجعفر Abdolhamid Pourjafar کارشناس ارشد حقوق خصوصی، قاضی بازنشسته محاکم دادگاه های تجدید نظر، تبریز، ایران ایران Key words: respiratory diseases environmental health Imami jurisprudence subject law بیماری های تنفسی بهداشت محیط فقه امامیه حقوق موضوعه Javid, Ehsan, The Right to Health in International Human Rights, [Thesis Master], University of Allameh Tabatabai. 2009; p. 24-45-65. 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Tehran: Shahid Bahonar University. 2015; [Farsi]##Speeding, D.J., Air Pollution, Translated by Mansour Kianpour Rad, Tehran First Printing, Academic Publishing Center. 1992; pp. 22-24-23. [Persian]..##Karimi, Mohsen and his colleagues, Environmental effects of suspended particles and airborne soil in air, Tehran, Fourth Iranian Geophysical Conference. 2010; p. 223. [Persian]..##Hosni, Masoud and colleagues, Operational aspects of the massive stabilization project for sand gravel, mulching and wood working, Second Conference on Environmental Management and Planning. 2012; p. 1. [Persian]...##Pour Ali, Mileah", "Takizadeh. Indalcrime, study of causes and sources of dust in Khuzestan province, Journal of Geography Education Growth, (No. 94), Spring 2011; Pages 4 and 5. [Persian]..##Seif, Abdullah, Environmental and geomorphological changes of the northern coasts of the Persian Gulf in the Quaternary, Twenty-fifth round of geological sciences, Geological Survey of the country. 2005; P. 22. [Persian].##Nadafi, Kazem et al., Effects of storms on dust and water on the environment, Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Winter 2010; Volume 2, (Issue 4), p. 47. [Persian]..##Moradi, Parvin, Alamizadeh, Hiva, Study of the effects of dust and dust on the climate and environment with emphasis on Khuzestan province, National Conference on Flow and Air Pollution, 2012; p. 8. [Persian]...##Colles J, Air Pollution, Taylor , Francis, Inc, Lamdon and New York 2003.##Nadafi, Kazemi et al., Effects of dust storms on health and environment, Winter, Volume 2, No. 4. 2010; p. 53. [Persian].##Dodgar, H. "Evaluation of the trend of environmental concerns during the two five-year plans of the country".Iranian J District and University Quarterly(2008), No. 24 and 25, pp. 223-246) [in Persian].##Molaei, Y. The Third Generation of Human Rights and the Right to the Environment, Iranian J of the Faculty of Law and Political Science 2006, No. 4. [in Persian].##Habibi M. Environment Law. Translated by Tehran University, 2002: p. 321[in Persian].##Habibi, M . The right to a healthy environment as the human right. Iranian J of Faculty of Law and Political Science 2003: No. 60, pp. 156-160[in Persian].##the Information Base of the Supreme Leader .Environment General Policies . Available from: URL: https://farsi.khamenei.ir/news-content?id=31422 August2024[In Persian].##Jahangard, E. Environment in Development Plans in Iran. Iranian J of Environmental Economics and Natural Resources1959, First Year, No. 2, p. 124. [in Persian].##Aslipour ,H. Examining the lack of integration of upstream documents in the field of environment in Iran. Shahid Beheshti School of Governance. 2019Available from: URL: https://governanceschool.ir/fa/news 2024 june[In Persian].##Anjam Shua ,R. Allocation of 15% of the rulings of the 7th plan to the environment. deputy of the development of legal management and affairs of the Parliament of the Environment Organization. 2019Available from: URL: https://dolat.ir/detail/2024 june[In Persian].##Gohar Dost, Azam and colleagues, Study of Air Pollution Caused by Airborne Hurricanes in the Air, First Regional Conference on the Environment and Natural Resources. 2011; p. 1. [Persian]...##Bootkin, Daniel, Environmental Recognition, First Edition, Translation by Abdul Hassan Vahabzadeh, Einstate of Jihad University of Mashhad. 2003; p. 458. [Persian]...##Chowna, Bridge, Air Pollution, First Q, Translation by Karim Kousha, Organization for the Publishing and Teaching of the Islamic Revolution. 1990; pp. 31-95. [Persian]...##Khan Verdi, Umm Al-Benin, The Health of the World in the Siege of the Fountains, (p. 154) Special Issue Jam Jam. 2010; p. 103. [Persian]....##United Nations Environment Programm, Environmental News Emergencies, Available from: URL: http//:www unep org/depi/programmes/emergencies html, Accessed: 2005).).##Griffin DW, Atmospheric Movement of Microorganisms in Clouds of Desert Dust and Implications for Human Health, Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2007; 20(3): 459-577..##Al-Hurban AE, Al-Ostad AN, Textural characteristics of dust fallout and potential effect on public health in Kuwait City and suburbs, Environmental geology 2010; 60(1): 169-181##Firoozian S, Mohammadi S, Saeed. investigation of the social effects and harms of fine dust (case study of Sistan city). Iranian J 4th International Research Conference on Science and Technology Engineering2015[in Persian].##Mohammadi H, Khosh Akhlaq F, Roshan Gh, Zareati M. the relationship between climate elements and air pollutants in Tehran with mortality due to heart diseases. Iranian J Engineering Conference on Planning and Management of Environmental Systems in Tehran, University of Tehran, Faculty of Environment2006 (1) 64-66) [in Persian].##Meng, ZQ.; B .Lu, T .Wang Dust events as a risk factor for daily hospitalization for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in Minqin, China. Atmospheric Environment. (2007):41:7048-58. )##Qolizadeh M, Rajabzadeh M, Darande M. the relationship between air pollution and human mortality in Tehran. Iranian J Hakim Research Journal2013 12 (2) 65-71) [in Persian].##Najafi, Mohammad Hassan, Jahar Allaham, Al-taba'a al-Raba'ta, Dar al-Kabul al-Islamiyya, Tehran. 1994; p. 60. [Persian].##Researcher of the bridegroom, Mostafa, The Code of Civil Criticism, Fifth Edition, Tehran, Islamic Center Publishing House. 2009; p. 111. [Persian].##Katouzian, Nasser, General Contracts, Volume 4, Tehran, Branna Publications. 2001, pp. 158-159-318. [Persian].##Fumiye Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Ali, al-Mashbah al-Mounir, Qom, publishing Dahljajra. 1405; p. 262. [Persian].##Amali, Zayn al-Din al-Bin Ali, (Shahid Sani), Al-Razah Al-Bebaie, The Encyclopaedia of Islam. 1413; AH, 172-173. [Persian]..##Amid-Zanjani, Abbas Ali, Paying Foreclosure, Tehran, Publishing Volume. 1382; p. 127[Persian].##Abul Hamad A. Administrative Law of Iran. Tous Publications,1991: p. 545[in Persian].and Tabatabai Motamani M. Administrative Law. Tehran University Publications,1965: vol. 2, p. 138 [In Persian].##Abolhmad, Abdolhamid, Administrative Law, Tehran, Tehran University. 1353; p. 54. [Persian].##Tabatabai Motamani M. Administrative Law. Tehran University Publications,1965: vol. 2, p. 138-139 [In Persian].##Abul Hamad A. Administrative Law of Iran. Tous Publications,1991: p. 545[in Persian].##Mohammad Khazaeli, Employer Civic Responsibility Caused by Labor Act, Tehran, Mousavi Publication., 1960, p. 3. [Persian].##Jafari Langroudi, Mohammad Jafar, Terminology of Law, Tehran, Ganj Danesh Publishing. 1999; 645. [Persian].##Katouzin, Nasser, Legal Events, Tehran,publisher of Justice. 2000, p.246-5. [Persian]..51-##Bojnourdi, Mousavi, Investigating the Civil Liability of Governments Based on the Laws of the Islamic Law, Arman Newspaper, Sunday, June 4, 2014/2478, http://www.armandaily.ir/1393/03/04/Files/PDF/13930304-2478-38-7 .pdf, 2014, p. 7, date of visit to site, 2/3/97. [Persian]..##Tabatabaei Motamani, Manouchehr, Administrative Law, Volume 2, Tehran, Ganj Danesh. 1999; p. 401. [Persian].##Ghamami, Majid, Civil liability of the government, Tehran, Judge. 1997, pp. 32-40-43. 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شناسایی و رتبه‌بندی عوامل حیاتی مؤثر بر ایمنی آتش‌سوزی در ساختمان‌های بلندمرتبه شهر کرج با استفاده از تلفیق روش‌های ANP-DEMATEL Identifying and Ranking of Critical Factors Affecting Fire Safety in High-Rise Buildings in the City of Karaj using the ANP-DEMATEL Integrated Approach 1 1 زمینه و هدف: از آن‌جا که اطفای حریق در ساختمان­های بلندمرتبه به تجهیزات و تخصص ویژه‌ای نیاز دارد و با ریسک­‌های فراوانی برای ساکنان و امدادرسانان همراه است؛ لذا، این عملیات به یکی از معضلات ایمنی در کلان‌شهرها تبدیل شده است. از این‌رو، این پژوهش با هدف شناسایی و رتبه‌بندی عوامل حیاتی مؤثر بر ایمنی آتش‌سوزی در ساختمان‌های بلندمرتبه­ شهر کرج انجام شد. مواد و روش ها: در اجرای این پژوهش توصیفی-کاربردی، پس از تعیین معیارهای اصلی تحقیق شامل: "مقررات آتش‌نشانی"، "آموزش ایمنی حریق"، "سیاست‌ها و مدیریت تجهیزات"، "بررسی حوادث پیشین"، "نگرش پیمانکاران در طراحی و ساخت" و همچنین "سرعت عملیات نجات"، نسبت به طراحی پرسش‌نامه و توزیع آن بین ۱۰ نفر از آتش‌نشانان با سابقه شهر کرج در حوزه ایمنی حریق و ساختمان اقدام، و اولویت‌بندی و وزن‌دهی نهایی معیارها با استفاده از تلفیق روش‌های ANP-DEMATEL در نرم‌افزار سوپر دسیژین انجام شد. یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد که معیار "سرعت عملیات نجات" با وزن نهائی برابر با ۰/۲۲۲ اولویت اول را به‌خود اختصاص داده است. از طرفی، معیار "سیاست­ها و مدیریت تجهیزات" به‌عنوان تأثیرگذارترین معیار، از بیش‌ترین تعامل با سایر معیارها برخوردار بود. همچنین، معیار "نگرش پیمانکاران در طراحی و ساخت" به‌عنوان تأثیرپذیرترین معیار شناخته شد. این در حالی است که زیرمعیار "عدم استفاده از مصالح بی‌کیفیت و ارزان با هدف سوددهی بیش‌تر" با وزن نهائی برابر با ۰/۰۶۱ از اولویت اول در بین زیرمعیارها برخوردار بود. نتیجه گیری: به‌منظور بالارفتن سرعت عملیات اطفای حریق بهتر است ایستگاه‌های آتش­نشانی به تعداد کافی در بخش‌های مختلف شهر مستقر باشند و در عین حال مسیرهای ویژه­ای برای تردد در مراکز شلوغ شهری برای ماشین­آلات آتش­نشانی درنظر گرفته شود. ضمن آن‌که لازم است تجهیزات و فناوری­های به‌روز دنیا در خصوص اطفای حریق ساختمان­های بلندمرتبه مورد استفاده قرار گیرند و سرمایه­گذاری کافی در این خصوص انجام پذیرد. در عین حال باید نظارت کافی در مراحل ساخت­و­ساز اعم از طراحی و استفاده از مصالح مقاوم در برابر حریق اعمال شود. 2 Background: Since firefighting in high-rise buildings requires special equipment and expertise and is associated with many risks for residents and rescuers, the firefighting of these buildings has become one of the safety problems in megacities. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify and rank critical factors affecting fire safety in high-rise buildings in the city of Karaj using the ANP-DEMATEL integrated approach. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, six criteria including: 'firefighting regulations', 'fire safety training', 'policies and equipment management', 'review of previous incidents', 'attitudes of contractors in design and construction', as well as the 'speed of rescue operations' and 32 sub-criteria were identified from similar studies and screened using the Delphi technique. Then the criteria and sub-criteria of each criterion were subjected to pairwise comparisons and weighting. The internal relationships between the criteria were determined using the DEMATEL technique; also, the final prioritization and weighting of the results were done using ANP and DEMATEL via the Super Decisions software. In so doing, 10 experts from the Karaj Fire Protection Organization were selected in a non-probabilistic way to respond. Results: Based on the results obtained, the 'speed of rescue operations' criterion with a final weight of 0.222 was assigned the first priority among the others. On the other hand, the 'policies and equipment management' criterion, as the most influential criterion, had the most interaction with other criteria. Also, the 'attitudes of contractors in design and construction' criterion was recognized as the most effective criterion. This is despite the fact that the 'not using low-quality and cheap materials with the aim of more profit' sub-criterion, with a final weight of 0.061, had the first priority among the sub-criteria. Conclusion: In conclusion, it can be acknowledged that in order to increase the speed of operations, it is better to have enough fire stations in different parts of the city, and at the same time, special routes for traffic in crowded city centers should be considered for fire engines. At the same time, it is necessary to use the latest equipment and technologies in the world regarding the fire extinguishing of high-rise buildings and make sufficient investments in this regard. At the same time, there should be sufficient supervision in the construction stages, including the design and use of fire-resistant materials. 422 442 2024/04/172024/05/12024/01/282024/05/6 1403/2/17 2024/06/112024/06/102024/04/162024/06/19 1403/3/30 سیدحسین موسوی Seyed Hossein Mousavi کارشناس ارشد مهندسی ایمنی، بهداشت و محیط‌ زیست، گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده علوم پایه و فن‌آوری‌های نوین، واحد الکترونیکی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران ایران سهیل سبحان اردکانی Soheil Sobhanardakani دکترای تخصصی علوم محیط‌ زیست، استاد گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده علوم پایه، واحد همدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، همدان، ایران ایران s_sobhan@iauh.ac.ir سیدعلی جوزی Seyed Ali Jozi دکترای تخصصی علوم محیط‌ زیست، استاد گروه محیط‌زیست، دانشکده علوم و فنون دریایی، واحد تهران شمال، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران ایران Fire safety High-rise buildings Speed of rescue operations MCDM approach Iran ایمنی حریق ساختمان‌ بلندمرتبه سرعت عملیات نجات تصمیم‌گیری چندمعیاره ایران Khakkar S, Ranjbarian M, Khodakarim S, et al. Evaluation of fire risk in commercial complexes of district 12 of Tehran and its relationship with their structural and usage characteristics. J Health Saf Work 2020; 10(3): 273-89 (In Persian).##Shakir I, Jasim MA, Weli SS. High rise buildings: Design, analysis, and safety: An overview. Int J Archit Eng Technol 2021; 8: 1-13.##Hosseini S, Davarzani M. Survey the rules and fire safety in the design of high-rise residential buildings based on topic 3 of the national building regulations. Fifth International Conference and Exhibition of Fire and Urban Safety, Sharif University of Technology 2022; 9 p (In Persian).##Kodur V, Kumar P, Rafi MM. Fire hazard in buildings: Review, assessment and strategies for improving fire safety. PSU Research Review, 2020; 4(1): 1-23.##Adelizadeh M, Shobeiri SM. Identifying fire risks for high-rise buildings: A factor analysis approach. J Saf City 2019; 2(6): 6-11 (In Persian).##Hosseini M, Mirakbari SF. The role of fire alarm and fire extinguisher systems in high-rise buildings in reducing fires. Third National Conference on Urban Fire Service & Safety, Tehran Municipality 2019; 16 p (In Persian).##Rostami F, Dastgheibi SM, Jokar S, et al. Fire safety of high-rise buildings with emphasis on the performance of stairs and elevators, a case study: a concrete building in city of Bushehr. 4th Comperhensive Conference on Disaster Management & HSE, 2018; 13 p (In Persian).##Bahrami V, Etessam I, Shacheragi A. A Review of the factors influencing the design of mmergency evacuation routes for high-rise buildings against fire based on MICMAC structural equation method and ANP analysis. J Sustain Archit Urban Des 2021; 8(2): 67-80 (In Persian).##Sadjadimehr SS. Fire in high-rise buildings, prevent; identification and extinguishment. The First International Conference on Architecture, Civil Engineering, Earth Sciences and Healthy Environment. 2023; 20 p (In Persian).##Glauberman G, Fire safety behaviors among residential high-rise building occupants in Hawai 'i: A qualitative study. Hawai'i J Health Soc Welfare, 2020; 79(8): 249.##Perera L, Allis C. Fire Safety Performance of High-rise buildings in Sri Lanka. The SLIIT International Conference on Engineering and Technology, 2022; PP. 69-78.##Omar M, Mahmoud A, Abdul Aziz SAB. Critical factors affecting fire safety in high-rise buildings in the Emirate of Sharjah, UAE. Fire 2023; 6(2): 68.##Moradi A. The effect of education and public participation in the management of urban incidents (Fire in a high-rise building). J New Res Approach Manage Account 2023; 6(87): 1718-30 (In Persian).##Mehrifar Y, Abasi M, Samimi K, et al. Determination of key safety performance indicators using Delphi Method: A case study on Electricity Distribution Company in Alborz Province. J Health Saf Work 2023; 13(2): 289-308 (In Persian).##Valizadeh H, Sobhanardakani S, Kargari N. Prioritization of the effectiveness factors on the safety education for employees of the Fardis Fire Protection Organization using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Model. J Environ Health Eng 2024; 11(3): 268-86 (In Persian).##Jahanshahi Javaran M, Panahi B. Identifying and ranking the risks involved in the construction projects of high-rise buildings of Mashhad. J Eng Constract Manage 2019; 3(4): 43-52 (In Persian).##Barney G. Vertical transportation in tall buildings. Elevator World 2003; 51(5): 66-75.##Lay S. Alternative evacuation design solutions for high- rise buildings. Struct Des Tall Spec Buildings 2007; 16(4): 487-500.##Liao YJ, Liao GX, Lo SM. Influencing factor analysis of ultra-tall building elevator evacuation. Procedia Eng 2014; 71: 583-590.##Fallahi A, Hafezi MR, Omidkhah A. The effect of evacuation time on fire safety management planning in two high-rise residential buildings. 2019; 11(25): 125-36 (In Persian).##Ghuge HG, Kulkarni RA, Kulkarni UR, et al. Fire rescue system for high rise building. In 2019 5th International Conference on Computing, Communication, Control and Automation, IEEE 2019; pp. 1-5.##Liu X, Zhang H, Zhu Q. Factor analysis of high-rise building fires reasons and fire protection measures. Procedia Eng 2012; 45: 643-648.##Song LZ, Zhu J, Liu ST, et al. Recent fire safety design of high-rise buildings. J Urban Dev Manage 2022; 1(1): 50-7.##Kumar A, Khar, R, Sankat S, et al. Fire safety assessment for older adults in high-rise residential buildings in India: a comprehensive study. Int J Build Pathol Adapt 2023; 41(3): 625-46.##Vu M, Lin S-Y. Empirical assessment of fire safety in high-rise residential buildings in Vietnam and residents' knowledge and awareness regarding fire safety. Fire Safety J 2024; 146: 104162.##Khakkar S, Ranjbarian M, Khodakarim S, et al. Evaluation of fire risk in commercial complexes of district 12 of Tehran and its relationship with their structural and usage characteristics. J Health Saf Work 2020; 10(3): 273-89 (In Persian).##Shakir I, Jasim MA, Weli SS. High rise buildings: Design, analysis, and safety: An overview. Int J Archit Eng Technol 2021; 8: 1-13.##Hosseini S, Davarzani M. Survey the rules and fire safety in the design of high-rise residential buildings based on topic 3 of the national building regulations. Fifth International Conference and Exhibition of Fire and Urban Safety, Sharif University of Technology 2022; 9 p (In Persian).##Kodur V, Kumar P, Rafi MM. Fire hazard in buildings: Review, assessment and strategies for improving fire safety. PSU Research Review, 2020; 4(1): 1-23.##Adelizadeh M, Shobeiri SM. Identifying fire risks for high-rise buildings: A factor analysis approach. J Saf City 2019; 2(6): 6-11 (In Persian).##Hosseini M, Mirakbari SF. The role of fire alarm and fire extinguisher systems in high-rise buildings in reducing fires. Third National Conference on Urban Fire Service & Safety, Tehran Municipality 2019; 16 p (In Persian).##Rostami F, Dastgheibi SM, Jokar S, et al. Fire safety of high-rise buildings with emphasis on the performance of stairs and elevators, a case study: a concrete building in city of Bushehr. 4th Comperhensive Conference on Disaster Management & HSE, 2018; 13 p (In Persian).##Bahrami V, Etessam I, Shacheragi A. A Review of the factors influencing the design of mmergency evacuation routes for high-rise buildings against fire based on MICMAC structural equation method and ANP analysis. J Sustain Archit Urban Des 2021; 8(2): 67-80 (In Persian).##Sadjadimehr SS. Fire in high-rise buildings, prevent; identification and extinguishment. The First International Conference on Architecture, Civil Engineering, Earth Sciences and Healthy Environment. 2023; 20 p (In Persian).##Glauberman G, Fire safety behaviors among residential high-rise building occupants in Hawai 'i: A qualitative study. Hawai'i J Health Soc Welfare, 2020; 79(8): 249.##Perera L, Allis C. Fire Safety Performance of High-rise buildings in Sri Lanka. The SLIIT International Conference on Engineering and Technology, 2022; PP. 69-78.##Omar M, Mahmoud A, Abdul Aziz SAB. Critical factors affecting fire safety in high-rise buildings in the Emirate of Sharjah, UAE. Fire 2023; 6(2): 68.##Moradi A. The effect of education and public participation in the management of urban incidents (Fire in a high-rise building). J New Res Approach Manage Account 2023; 6(87): 1718-30 (In Persian).##Mehrifar Y, Abasi M, Samimi K, et al. Determination of key safety performance indicators using Delphi Method: A case study on Electricity Distribution Company in Alborz Province. J Health Saf Work 2023; 13(2): 289-308 (In Persian).##Valizadeh H, Sobhanardakani S, Kargari N. Prioritization of the effectiveness factors on the safety education for employees of the Fardis Fire Protection Organization using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Model. J Environ Health Eng 2024; 11(3): 268-86 (In Persian).##Jahanshahi Javaran M, Panahi B. Identifying and ranking the risks involved in the construction projects of high-rise buildings of Mashhad. J Eng Constract Manage 2019; 3(4): 43-52 (In Persian).##Barney G. Vertical transportation in tall buildings. Elevator World 2003; 51(5): 66-75.##Lay S. Alternative evacuation design solutions for high- rise buildings. Struct Des Tall Spec Buildings 2007; 16(4): 487-500.##Liao YJ, Liao GX, Lo SM. Influencing factor analysis of ultra-tall building elevator evacuation. Procedia Eng 2014; 71: 583-590.##Fallahi A, Hafezi MR, Omidkhah A. The effect of evacuation time on fire safety management planning in two high-rise residential buildings. 2019; 11(25): 125-36 (In Persian).##Ghuge HG, Kulkarni RA, Kulkarni UR, et al. Fire rescue system for high rise building. In 2019 5th International Conference on Computing, Communication, Control and Automation, IEEE 2019; pp. 1-5.##Liu X, Zhang H, Zhu Q. Factor analysis of high-rise building fires reasons and fire protection measures. Procedia Eng 2012; 45: 643-648.##Song LZ, Zhu J, Liu ST, et al. Recent fire safety design of high-rise buildings. J Urban Dev Manage 2022; 1(1): 50-7.##Kumar A, Khar, R, Sankat S, et al. Fire safety assessment for older adults in high-rise residential buildings in India: a comprehensive study. Int J Build Pathol Adapt 2023; 41(3): 625-46.##Vu M, Lin S-Y. Empirical assessment of fire safety in high-rise residential buildings in Vietnam and residents' knowledge and awareness regarding fire safety. Fire Safety J 2024; 146: 104162. ##

بررسی تجمع زیستی سرب، کادمیوم و نیکل در خاک و محصولات چغندر (Beta vulgaris) و هویج (Daucus Carota) مزارع کشاورزی شهرستان شوش Investigating the bioaccumulation of lead, cadmium and nickel in Soil and Beta vulgaris and Daucus Carota in the agricultural fields of Shush City 1 1 زمینه و هدف: سرب، نیکل و کادمیوم جزء فلزات سمی  هستند که می­توانند آثار خطرناک و جبران­ناپذیری برای انسان داشته باشند. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی میزان تجمع زیستی فلزات سنگین کادمیوم، سرب و نیکل در خاک و گیاه چغندر و هویج زمین­ های کشاورزی شهرستان شوش انجام شد. مواد و روش ها: در این تحقیق توصیفی ـ مقطعی، بطور تصادفی ۴ مزرعه کشاورزی چغندر و 4 مزرعه کشاورزی هویج سطح کشت شهرستان شوش انتخاب شد. از هر مزرعه چغندر و هویج ۶۰ نمونه و همچنین ۴۰ نمونه مرکب از خاک تهیه شد. نمونه­برداری در زمستان سال ۱۳۹۸ و بهار سال ۱۳۹۹ صورت گرفت. برای هضم نمونه­­ های خاک از روش EPA3050 استفاده گردید و میزان سرب، کادمیوم و نیکل موجود در نمونه­ ها توسط دستگاه طیف­سنجی پلاسمای جفت شده القایی سنجش شدند. یافته ها: میزان غلظت کادمیوم، سرب و نیکل در گیاه چغندر ۲/۰۶، ۳۵/۸۷ و ۹۶/۶۸ میلی­گرم بر کیلوگرم و در گیاه هویج به ترتیب ۱/۷۲، ۱۴/۸۲ و ٣۹/۵۲ میلی­گرم بر کیلوگرم به ­دست آمد. در خاک مزارع تحت کشت چغندر و هویج مقادیر کادمیوم، سرب و نیکل به ترتیب ۲/۹، ۶۳/۶۲ و ۳۱۵۰/۶۵ و ۱۴/۴، ۲۲۵/۲۷ و ۳۳۴۸/۸۲ میلی­گرم بر کیلوگرم بود. میانگین غلظت فلزات سنگین چغندر و هویج و خاک مزارع کشت دو گیاه مورد مطالعه با یکدیگر اختلاف معنی­دار داشتند (۰/۰۵>P). بالاترین ضریب تجمع زیستی در گیاه چغندر و هویج مربوط به فلز کادمیوم به ترتیب ۰/۷۴ و ۰/۱۲۵ و کمترین مربوط به فلز نیکل به ترتیب ۰/۰۳ و ۰/۰۱۲ بود. نتیجه گیری: ضریب تجمع زیستی فلز سرب، نیکل و کادمیوم در گیاه چغندر و هویج پایین تر 1 محاسبه شد. غلظت کادمیوم، سرب و نیکل در خاک و گیاه چغندر و هویچ بالاتر از حد مجاز استاندارد سازمان بهداشت جهانی و FAO (سرب و کادمیوم به ترتیب ۰/۳ و ۰/۲ میلی­گرم بر کیلوگرم) بود. با توجه به مصرف بالای سبزیجات و خطرات بالقوه تجمع فلزات سنگین پایش منظم محصولات عرضه شده توصیه می‌شود. 2 Background: Pb, Cd and Ni are toxic metals that can have dangerous and irreparable effects on humans. This study was conducted aim of investigation amount of bioaccumulation of Pb, Cd and Ni in the soil, Beta vulgaris and Daucus Carota of Shush city. Materials and Methods: In this research of descriptive-sectional, 4 farms of Beta vulgaris and 4 farms of Daucus Carota were randomly selected in Shush city. 60 samples were prepared from each farms of Beta vulgaris and Daucus Carota, as well as 40 soil composite samples. Sampling was done in the winter of 2019 and spring of 2020. EPA 3050 method was used to digest soil samples and the amount of Pb, Cd and Ni in the samples measured by ICP Plasma. Results: Concentration of Cd, Pb and Ni of Beta vulgaris was 2.06, 35.87 and 96.68 mg Kg-1 and of the Daucus Carota was 1.72, 14.82 and 39.52 mg Kg-1, respectively. Concentration of Cd, Pb and Ni in the soil of Beta vulgaris and Daucus Carota farms were 2.9, 63.62 and 3150.65 mg Kg-1 and 14.4, 225.27 and 3348.82 mg Kg-1, respectively. The mean of concentration of heavy metals in Beta vulgaris and Daucus Carota and the soil of the two studied plants were significantly different (P<0.05). The highest bioaccumulation index in Beta vulgaris and Daucus Carota was related to Cd, 0.74 and 0.125 and the lowest was related to Ni, 0.30 and 0.012, respectively. Conclusion: The bioaccumulation coefficient of Pb, Cd and Ni in Beta vulgaris and Daucus Carota was calculated to be lower than 1. The concentration of Pb, Cd and Ni in the soil and Beta vulgaris and Daucus Carota was higher than the standard limit of the WHO and FAO (Pb and Cd was 0.3 and 0.2 mg/kg, respectively). Considering the high consumption of vegetables and the potential risks of heavy metal accumulation, regular monitoring of the supplied products is recommended. 443 455 2024/04/172024/05/12024/01/282024/05/62024/04/20 1403/2/1 2024/06/112024/06/102024/04/162024/06/192024/06/2 1403/3/13 صادق ظهیری فر Sadegh Zeheyrifar گروه محیط زیست، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران ایران مریم محمدی روزبهانی Maryam Mohammadi Rozbahani گروه محیط زیست، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران ایران Mmohammadiroozbahani@yahoo.com heavy metals bioaccumulation beetroot carrot agricultural fields of Shush فلزات سنگین تجمع زیستی چغندر هویج مزارع کشاورزی شوش Asrade B, Ketema G. Determination of the selected heavy metal content and its associated health risks in selected vegetables marketed in Bahir Dar town, Northwest Ethiopia. Journal of Food Quality. 2023;2023(1):7370171.##Leblebici Z, Kar M. Heavy metals accumulation in vegetables ırrigated with different water sources and their human daily intake in Nevsehir. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology. 2018;20:401-415.##Chopra AK, Pathak C. Accumulation of heavy metals in the vegetables grown in wastewater irrigated areas of Dehradun, India with reference to human health risk. Environmental monitoring and assessment. 2015;187:1-8.##Gupta S, Satpati S, Nayek S, Garai D. Effect of wastewater irrigation on vegetables in relation to bioaccumulation of heavy metals and biochemical changes. Environmental monitoring and assessment. 2010;165:169-77.##Seyedifar R, Asefi N, Maghsoudlou Y. Effect of ultrasound waves pretreatment on quantity and antioxidant capacity of extracted beta-carotene from carrot residue. Food Hygiene. 2014; (2): 63-75. [In Persian].##Singh BK, Koley TK, Maurya A, Singh PM, Singh B. Phytochemical and antioxidative potential of orange, red, yellow, rainbow and black coloured tropical carrots (Daucus carota subsp. sativus Schubl. & Martens). Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants. 2018;24:899-907.##Sharma KD, Karki S, Thakur NS, Attri S. Chemical composition, functional properties and processing of carrot—a review. Journal of food science and technology. 2012;49(1):22-32.##Mirmiran P, Houshialsadat Z, Gaeini Z, Bahadoran Z, Azizi F. Functional properties of beetroot (Beta vulgaris) in management of cardio-metabolic diseases. Nutrition & metabolism. 2020;17:1-15.##Clifford T, Howatson G, West DJ, Stevenson EJ. The potential benefits of red beetroot supplementation in health and disease. Nutrients. 2015;7(4):2801-22.##Kumar S, Brooks MS. Use of red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) for antimicrobial applications—a critical review. Food and bioprocess technology. 2018;11:17-42. ##Solgi E, Bahonar Z. Risk assessment of heavy metals via consumption of house sparrow by Dezful natives. Food Hygiene. 2021;11(41):87-97. [In Persian].##Ghasemian Yadeghari R, Karamibonari AR, Movassagh MH. Determination of lead and cadmium contents in autumn and spring honey in Delfan, Lorestan. Food Hygiene. 2023;13(49):47-52. [In Persian].##Karimi Shushtari A, Mohammadi Roozbahani M. Investigating the concentration of heavy metals (Ni / Pb / Cd) in spinach (Spinacia oleraceae) with the effect of atmospheric dry precipitation (case study: upstream and downstream of Ramin Ahvaz power plant). Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2022;24(1):39-52. [In Persian].##Fouladi M, Mohammadi Rouzbahani M, Attar Roshan S, Sabz Alipour S. Health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in common cultivated rice (Oryza sativa) emphasis on environmental pollution. Toxin Reviews. 2021;40(4):1019-34.##Naser HM, Sultana S, Mahmud NU, Gomes R, Noor S. Heavy metal levels in vegetables with growth stage and plant species variations. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research. 2011;36(4):563-74.##Zor M, Kocaoba S. Determination of metal contents in some green leafy vegetables in Marmara region of Turkey. SN Applied Sciences. 2023;5(6):154.##Ghanavati M, Mohammadi Roozbahani M, Payandeh Kh. Investigation of Concentration of Heavy Metals in Lead, Nickel, Arsenic and Cadmium in Soil, Parsley Vegetables and Downstream of Karun River. Journal of Innovation in Food Science and Technology. 2021;13:147-157. [In Persian].##Pazalja M, Sulejmanovic J, Begic S, Salihovic M. Heavy metals content and health risk assessment of selected leafy plants consumed in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Plant, Soil & Environment. 2023;69(4).##Mugivhisa LL, Ramaano T, Oladeji OM, Olowoyo JO. Heavy metals levels in Spinacia oleracea and Daucus carota harvested from soil treated with different amounts of sewage sludge in Pretoria, South Africa. DOI:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3550933/v1.##Bahemuka TE, Mubofu EB. Heavy metals in edible green vegetables grown along the sites of the Sinza and Msimbazi rivers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Food Chemistry. 1999;66(1):63-66.##Johnson CM, Ulrich A. Analytical Methods for Use in Plant Analysis. Bulletin 766. University of California Agricultural Experiment Station, Berkeley, C A. 1959.##Kimbrough DE, Wakakuwa JR. Acid digestion for sediments, sludges, soils, and solid wastes. A proposed alternative to EPA SW 846 Method 3050. Environmental Science & Technology. 1989;23(7):898-900.##Latif A, Bilal M, Asghar W, Azeem M, Ahmad MI, Abbas A, Ahmad MZ, Shahzad T. Heavy metal accumulation in vegetables and assessment of their potential health risk. Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. 2018;5(234):2380-2391.##Tasrina RC, Rowshon AA, Mustafizur AM, Rafiqul I, Ali MP. Heavy metals contamination in vegetables and its growing soil. Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. 2015;2(142):2.##Garba I, Jimoh W. Evaluation of heavy metal and macro-elements in irrigated vegetables from challawa-yandanko and kano river basin project, in Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Studies. 2015;2:35-41.##Chen Y, Wu P, Shao Y, Ying Y. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in vegetables grown around battery production area. Scientia agricola. 2014;71:126-32.##Janssens TK, Roelofs D, Van Straalen NM. Molecular mechanisms of heavy metal tolerance and evolution in invertebrates. Insect Science. 2009;16(1):3-18.##Bzhwen MA, RAHIM B, Ahmed Z, Neima HA, Fattah N. Determination of Heavy Metal Uptake and Transfer Factors in Swiss-Chard (Beta vulgaris) Irrigated with Different Water Sources. ProEnvironment Promediu. 2022;15(50).##Wang QR, Cui YS, Liu XM, Dong YT, Christie P. Soil contamination and plant uptake of heavy metals at polluted sites inS China. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A. 2003;38(5):823-38.##Adeyeye EI. Trace metals in soils and plants from Fadama farms in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia. 2005;19(1):23-34.##Luo C, Liu C, Wang Y, Liu X, Li F, Zhang G, Li X. Heavy metal contamination in soils and vegetables near an e-waste processing site, south China. Journal of hazardous materials. 2011;186(1):481-90.##Lasat MM. Phytoextraction of toxic metals: a review of biological mechanisms. Journal of environmental quality. 2002;31(1):109-20.##Marvin HJ, Kleter GA, Noordam MY, Franz E, Willems DJ, Boxall A. Proactive systems for early warning of potential impacts of natural disasters on food safety: Climate-change-induced extreme events as case in point. Food Control. 2013;34(2):444-56.##Faiz Y, Tufail M, Javed MT, Chaudhry MM. Road dust pollution of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn along islamabad expressway, Pakistan. Microchemical Journal. 2009;92(2):186-92.##Nawaz AL, Khurshid KA, Arif MS, Ranjha AM. Accumulation of heavy metals in soil and rice plant (Oryza sativa L.) irrigated with industrial effluents. International Journal of Agriculture Biology. 2006;8:391-3.##Jin Y, O'Connor D, Ok YS, Tsang DC, Liu A, Hou D. Assessment of sources of heavy metals in soil and dust at children's playgrounds in Beijing using GIS and multivariate statistical analysis. Environment international. 2019;124:320-8.##Reimann C, De Caritat P. Chemical elements in the environment: factsheets for the geochemist and environmental scientist. Springer Science & Business Media; 2012.##Krishna AK, Govil PK. Heavy metal distribution and contamination in soils of Thane–Belapur industrial development area, Mumbai, Western India. Environmental Geology. 2005;47:1054-1061.##Asrade B, Ketema G. Determination of the selected heavy metal content and its associated health risks in selected vegetables marketed in Bahir Dar town, Northwest Ethiopia. Journal of Food Quality. 2023;2023(1):7370171.##Leblebici Z, Kar M. Heavy metals accumulation in vegetables ırrigated with different water sources and their human daily intake in Nevsehir. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology. 2018;20:401-415.##Chopra AK, Pathak C. Accumulation of heavy metals in the vegetables grown in wastewater irrigated areas of Dehradun, India with reference to human health risk. Environmental monitoring and assessment. 2015;187:1-8.##Gupta S, Satpati S, Nayek S, Garai D. Effect of wastewater irrigation on vegetables in relation to bioaccumulation of heavy metals and biochemical changes. Environmental monitoring and assessment. 2010;165:169-77.##Seyedifar R, Asefi N, Maghsoudlou Y. Effect of ultrasound waves pretreatment on quantity and antioxidant capacity of extracted beta-carotene from carrot residue. Food Hygiene. 2014; (2): 63-75. [In Persian].##Singh BK, Koley TK, Maurya A, Singh PM, Singh B. Phytochemical and antioxidative potential of orange, red, yellow, rainbow and black coloured tropical carrots (Daucus carota subsp. sativus Schubl. & Martens). Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants. 2018;24:899-907.##Sharma KD, Karki S, Thakur NS, Attri S. Chemical composition, functional properties and processing of carrot—a review. Journal of food science and technology. 2012;49(1):22-32.##Mirmiran P, Houshialsadat Z, Gaeini Z, Bahadoran Z, Azizi F. Functional properties of beetroot (Beta vulgaris) in management of cardio-metabolic diseases. Nutrition & metabolism. 2020;17:1-15.##Clifford T, Howatson G, West DJ, Stevenson EJ. The potential benefits of red beetroot supplementation in health and disease. Nutrients. 2015;7(4):2801-22.##Kumar S, Brooks MS. Use of red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) for antimicrobial applications—a critical review. Food and bioprocess technology. 2018;11:17-42. ##Solgi E, Bahonar Z. Risk assessment of heavy metals via consumption of house sparrow by Dezful natives. Food Hygiene. 2021;11(41):87-97. [In Persian].##Ghasemian Yadeghari R, Karamibonari AR, Movassagh MH. Determination of lead and cadmium contents in autumn and spring honey in Delfan, Lorestan. Food Hygiene. 2023;13(49):47-52. [In Persian].##Karimi Shushtari A, Mohammadi Roozbahani M. Investigating the concentration of heavy metals (Ni / Pb / Cd) in spinach (Spinacia oleraceae) with the effect of atmospheric dry precipitation (case study: upstream and downstream of Ramin Ahvaz power plant). Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2022;24(1):39-52. [In Persian].##Fouladi M, Mohammadi Rouzbahani M, Attar Roshan S, Sabz Alipour S. Health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in common cultivated rice (Oryza sativa) emphasis on environmental pollution. Toxin Reviews. 2021;40(4):1019-34.##Naser HM, Sultana S, Mahmud NU, Gomes R, Noor S. Heavy metal levels in vegetables with growth stage and plant species variations. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research. 2011;36(4):563-74.##Zor M, Kocaoba S. Determination of metal contents in some green leafy vegetables in Marmara region of Turkey. SN Applied Sciences. 2023;5(6):154.##Ghanavati M, Mohammadi Roozbahani M, Payandeh Kh. Investigation of Concentration of Heavy Metals in Lead, Nickel, Arsenic and Cadmium in Soil, Parsley Vegetables and Downstream of Karun River. Journal of Innovation in Food Science and Technology. 2021;13:147-157. [In Persian].##Pazalja M, Sulejmanovic J, Begic S, Salihovic M. Heavy metals content and health risk assessment of selected leafy plants consumed in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Plant, Soil & Environment. 2023;69(4).##Mugivhisa LL, Ramaano T, Oladeji OM, Olowoyo JO. Heavy metals levels in Spinacia oleracea and Daucus carota harvested from soil treated with different amounts of sewage sludge in Pretoria, South Africa. DOI:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3550933/v1.##Bahemuka TE, Mubofu EB. Heavy metals in edible green vegetables grown along the sites of the Sinza and Msimbazi rivers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Food Chemistry. 1999;66(1):63-66.##Johnson CM, Ulrich A. Analytical Methods for Use in Plant Analysis. Bulletin 766. University of California Agricultural Experiment Station, Berkeley, C A. 1959.##Kimbrough DE, Wakakuwa JR. Acid digestion for sediments, sludges, soils, and solid wastes. A proposed alternative to EPA SW 846 Method 3050. Environmental Science & Technology. 1989;23(7):898-900.##Latif A, Bilal M, Asghar W, Azeem M, Ahmad MI, Abbas A, Ahmad MZ, Shahzad T. Heavy metal accumulation in vegetables and assessment of their potential health risk. Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. 2018;5(234):2380-2391.##Tasrina RC, Rowshon AA, Mustafizur AM, Rafiqul I, Ali MP. Heavy metals contamination in vegetables and its growing soil. Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. 2015;2(142):2.##Garba I, Jimoh W. Evaluation of heavy metal and macro-elements in irrigated vegetables from challawa-yandanko and kano river basin project, in Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Studies. 2015;2:35-41.##Chen Y, Wu P, Shao Y, Ying Y. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in vegetables grown around battery production area. Scientia agricola. 2014;71:126-32.##Janssens TK, Roelofs D, Van Straalen NM. Molecular mechanisms of heavy metal tolerance and evolution in invertebrates. Insect Science. 2009;16(1):3-18.##Bzhwen MA, RAHIM B, Ahmed Z, Neima HA, Fattah N. Determination of Heavy Metal Uptake and Transfer Factors in Swiss-Chard (Beta vulgaris) Irrigated with Different Water Sources. ProEnvironment Promediu. 2022;15(50).##Wang QR, Cui YS, Liu XM, Dong YT, Christie P. Soil contamination and plant uptake of heavy metals at polluted sites inS China. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A. 2003;38(5):823-38.##Adeyeye EI. Trace metals in soils and plants from Fadama farms in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia. 2005;19(1):23-34.##Luo C, Liu C, Wang Y, Liu X, Li F, Zhang G, Li X. Heavy metal contamination in soils and vegetables near an e-waste processing site, south China. Journal of hazardous materials. 2011;186(1):481-90.##Lasat MM. Phytoextraction of toxic metals: a review of biological mechanisms. Journal of environmental quality. 2002;31(1):109-20.##Marvin HJ, Kleter GA, Noordam MY, Franz E, Willems DJ, Boxall A. Proactive systems for early warning of potential impacts of natural disasters on food safety: Climate-change-induced extreme events as case in point. Food Control. 2013;34(2):444-56.##Faiz Y, Tufail M, Javed MT, Chaudhry MM. Road dust pollution of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn along islamabad expressway, Pakistan. Microchemical Journal. 2009;92(2):186-92.##Nawaz AL, Khurshid KA, Arif MS, Ranjha AM. Accumulation of heavy metals in soil and rice plant (Oryza sativa L.) irrigated with industrial effluents. International Journal of Agriculture Biology. 2006;8:391-3.##Jin Y, O'Connor D, Ok YS, Tsang DC, Liu A, Hou D. Assessment of sources of heavy metals in soil and dust at children's playgrounds in Beijing using GIS and multivariate statistical analysis. Environment international. 2019;124:320-8.##Reimann C, De Caritat P. Chemical elements in the environment: factsheets for the geochemist and environmental scientist. Springer Science & Business Media; 2012.##Krishna AK, Govil PK. Heavy metal distribution and contamination in soils of Thane–Belapur industrial development area, Mumbai, Western India. Environmental Geology. 2005;47:1054-1061. ##

ارزیابی شاخص‌های تاب‌آوری در مقابله با آتش‌سوزی ناشی از زلزله در شهر تهران با استفاده از تکنیک تحلیل شبکه Evaluation of Resilience Criteria to Deal with Post-Earthquake Fire in City of Tehran Using Network Analysis Process 1 1 زمینه و هدف: تجارب به‌دست آمده از رخداد زلزله در کشورهای مختلف جهان نشان می­دهد که وقوع این پدیده می­تواند با آتش­ سوزی همراه باشد و در این شرایط، معضلات مدیریت بحران افزایش خواهد یافت. لذا، این پژوهش با هدف ارزیابی شاخص­های تاب‌آوری در مقابله با آتش‌سوزی ناشی از زلزله در شهر تهران با استفاده از تکنیک تحلیل ­شبکه انجام شد. مواد و روش ها: در این پژوهش توصیفی، برای سنجش ارتباط بین متغیرهای تحقیق، پرسش‌نامه محقق‌ساخته شامل سه معیار اصلی و ۲۱ زیرمعیار بین ۱۰ نفر از کارشناسان مدیریت ­شهری، و آتش‌نشان‌های با سابقه­ شهر تهران توزیع شد. برای شناسایی معیار­های پژوهش، اولویت‌بندی زیرمعیار­ها و ارزیابی نحوه تاثیرگذاری و تاثیرپذیری معیار­ها به‌ترتیب از تکنیک دلفی، روش ANP و تکنیک DEMATEL استفاده شد. همچنین، برای اولویت‌بندی و وزن‌دهی نهایی معیارها از نرم‌افزار سوپردسیژن استفاده شد. یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد که شاخص "مدیریت و منابع" با وزن نهائی ۰/۴۷۵ مهم‌ترین و مؤثرترین معیار بوده که از بیش‌ترین تعامل با سایر معیارها برخوردار بوده است. از طرفی، معیار "عملکرد زیرساخت‌های شهری" به‌عنوان تأثیرپذیرترین معیار شناخته شد. همچنین، زیرشاخص "طراحی ساختمان‌های ضد­زلزله و ضد­حریق" با وزن نهائی ۰/۰۹۵ اولویت اول را به‌خود اختصاص داد. نتیجه گیری: به‌طور کلی، می‌توان اذعان داشت که به‌منظور اعمال مدیریت مناسب و تخصیص منابع مورد نیاز، با تشکیل ستاد مدیریت بحران می‌توان نسبت به پیش­بینی شرایط ایجاد شده پس از زلزله اقدام و بهترین راهکار برای هر سناریوی محتمل را پیشنهاد داد. همچنین، توصیه می­شود همه­ این راهبردها با انجام مانورهایی تمرین شوند و تجهیزات و منابع لازم در نقاط مختلف شهر تدارک دیده شوند. ضمن آن‌که باید در روند ساخت‌و‌سازها در مناطق مختلف به نقشه گسل­های تهران توجه و در این خصوص از فناوری­های نوین مقاوم­سازی در برابر زلزله استفاده ­شود. 2 Background: The experiences gained from the occurrence of earthquakes in different countries of the world show that this phenomenon can be accompanied by fire, and in this situation, the resulting crisis management problems will increase. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate resilience criteria to deal with post-earthquake fires in the city of Tehran using an analytic network process. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, three criteria including 'management and resource', 'design and financial support' and the 'function of urban infrastructure' and 21 sub-criteria were identified from similar studies and screened using the Delphi technique. Then the criteria and sub-criteria of each criterion were subjected to pairwise comparisons and weighting. The internal relationships between the criteria were determined using DEMATEL technique; also, the final prioritization and weighting of the results were done using ANP and DEMATEL via the Super Decisions software. In so doing, 10 experts from the Tehran Fire Protection Organization were selected in a non-probabilistic way to respond. Results: Based on the results obtained, the 'management and resource' criterion with a final weight of 0.475 had the first priority among the other criteria and also had the most effectiveness and highest level of influence and interaction. Meanwhile, the 'design of earthquake-resistant and fireproof buildings' sub-criterion with a final weight of 0.095 had the first priority among the others. Conclusion: In conclusion, it can be argued that the formation of the disaster management headquarters will be necessary for proper management and allocating required resources for predicting new situations after the earthquake and proposing the best solution for each possible scenario. Also, we can say that all of these strategies should be practiced by maneuvers and necessary equipment and resources should be provided in different parts of the city. But there is a point here that we should be careful in constructing new buildings in different areas with regarding to the latest map of Tehran faults. And in this field, using novel technologies to strengthen buildings against earthquakes would be necessary. 456 471 2024/04/172024/05/12024/01/282024/05/62024/04/202024/04/9 1403/1/21 2024/06/112024/06/102024/04/162024/06/192024/06/22024/05/19 1403/2/30 حسین بهمنی Hossein Bahmani گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده علوم پایه و فن‌آوری‌های نوین، واحد الکترونیکی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران ایران سهیل سبحان اردکانی Soheil Sobhanardakani دکترای تخصصی علوم محیط‌ زیست، استاد گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده علوم پایه، واحد همدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، همدان، ایران ایران s_sobhan@iauh.ac.ir سحر رضایان Sahar Rezaian گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، واحد شاهرود، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شاهرود، ایران ایران Resilience Fire Earthquake Network analysis Dematel تاب‌آوری آتش‌سوزی زلزله تحلیل شبکه روش دیمتل Pakru N, Moosavi MS. 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بررسی مروری اثرات سلامتی و زیست محیطی میکروپلاستیک ها Review study of microplastics Health and environmental Effects 1 1 زمینه و هدف: میکروپلاستیک ها در سال های اخیر به عنوان یک مشکل زیست محیطی پیچیده ظاهر شده اند. میکرو پلاستیک ها به طور کلی به هر ذره جامد مصنوعی نامحلول در آب ، با شکل و اندازه منظم یا نامنظم  با قطر معادل یا کمتر از 5 میلی متر اطلاق می گردد. یکی از نگرانی های اصلی در مورد میکروپلاستیک ها اثرات و خطرات محتملی است که بر اکوسیستم ها و سلامت انسان می توانند داشته باشند و عدم قطعیت های زیادی در ارتباط با این اثرات وجود دارد. از این رو خود میکروپلاستیک ها می توانند با آسیب رساندن به بافت ها اثرات نامطلوبی از جمله مشکلات ذهنی و تولید مثلی، آسیب های روده‌ای، مشکلات ایمنی و سمیت عصبی را ایجاد کنند و مواد شیمیایی و میکروارگانیسم های همراه آنها نیز ممکن است اثرات ناشناخته ای بر سلامت انسان داشته باشند. مواد و روش ها: مطالعه حاضر یک مطالعه مروری جامع نگر با رویکرد زیست محیطی و سلامت انسان است. در این مطالعه تلاش گردید با استفاده از بررسی و مرور مطالعاتی که در بازه ی زمانی ۲۰ ساله از سال ۲۰۰۴ تا ۲۰۲۴ انجام شده بود  و در پایگاه اطلاعاتی مختلف نظیر Google Scholar ، Elsevier Scopus ،ResearchGate ،PubMed ،ProQuest ،ScienceDirect ،Springer ، منتشر شده بود، اهمیت، منشاء، مکانیسم و نوع اثرات میکرو پلاستیک ها بر بافت های مختلف بدن انسان و بخش های مختلف محیط زیست برای دانشجویان و محققان فعال و علاقمند در این حوزه مشخص و برجسته گردد. یافته ها: متوسط میزان جذب میکروپلاستیک توسط هر نفر در سال  بر اساس غذای مصرفی حدود ۳۹۰۰۰ تا ۵۲۰۰۰ ذره در سال تخمین زده می شود. میکروپلاستیک‌ها با رنگ‌ها و اندازه‌های مختلف از ۸۰۰ نانومتر تا ۵ میلیمتر در نمونه‌ های انسانی متعددی از جمله ریه‌، شیر مادر، کبد، طحال، جفت، خون، خلط، روده بزرگ، بزاق، منی ، ادرار و بیضه شناسایی شده‌اند. نتیجه گیری: با وجود تحقیقات زیادی که انجام شده شکاف‌های تحقیقاتی بسیاری در این زمینه وجود دارد که باید با مطالعات بهتر و دقیقتر پر شوند و اقدامات کنترلی که در حال حاضر برای کاهش میکروپلاستیک انجام می گردد نیز کافی نیستند و برای کاهش قابل توجهی سطح میکروپلاستیک ها نیاز است اقدامات جدی تری و کارآمدتری صورت بگیرد. 2 Background: Recently microplastics are environmentally concerned in the world. Basically, microplastics refer to any synthetic insoluble solid particles with an even or uneven shape and with a diameter equal to or less than 5 mm. The main concern about microplastics is the unknown possible effects and hazards they can have on ecosystems and human health, which several uncertainties are related to these effects. So microplastics can cause different adverse effects such as mental and reproductive problems, intestinal damage, immune and neurotoxicity disorders. Also, chemicals and microorganisms accompanying with microplastics could impose unpredictable effects on human health. Materials and Methods: The current study is a comprehensive review with an environmental and human health attitude. This study intended to recognize and highlight the importance, origin, mechanism and effects of microplastics on different tissues of the human body and different parts of the environment for interested students and researchers in this field by using the review of the studies carried out and published in the period of 2000 to 2024 and in the various database such as Google Scholar, Elsevier, Scopus, ResearchGate, PubMed, ProQuest, Science Direct and Springer. Results: Based on various studies, the average intake of microplastics in humans is estimated to be around 39,000 to 52,000 particles per year based on food consumption and microplastics with different colors and sizes from 800 nm to 5 mm have been detected in several human samples including lung, breast milk, liver, spleen, placenta, blood, sputum, large intestine, saliva, semen, urine and testis. Conclusion: Despite several research carried out about microplastics, significant data gaps still exist about microplastics which must be fulfilled with new innovative and scientific studies. The preventative measures that are currently carried out in order to reduce microplastics are not sufficient, and more remarkable and efficient actions must be taken to significantly reduce the level of microplastics in the world. 472 485 2024/04/172024/05/12024/01/282024/05/62024/04/202024/04/92024/04/6 1403/1/18 2024/06/112024/06/102024/04/162024/06/192024/06/22024/05/192024/05/18 1403/2/29 علی اکبر دهقان Aliakbar Dehghan استادیار گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مشهد، ایران ایران محمد درویش متولی Mohammad Darvishmotevalli مرکز تحقیقات بهداشت، ایمنی و محیط، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج، ایران ایران مصطفی کریمایی Mostafa Karimaei استادیار گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت دامغان، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی سمنان، ایران ایران mostafakarimaee@gmail.com : Microplastics Health Effects Toxicology Environmental Pollution میکروپلاستیک ها اثرات سلامتی سم شناسی آلودگی محیط زیست Thompson RC, Olsen Y, Mitchell RP, et al. Lost at sea: where is all the plastic? 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بررسی تاثیر اقدامات ایمنی سازمان بر عملکرد ایمنی و بهداشت سازمانی با تاکید بر نقش تعدیل‌گر انگیزش درونی و بیرونی و فرهنگ ایمنی در صنایع (مورد مطالعه: شرکت سازه‌های فلزی طاق‌بیست) Investigating the impact of organizational safety measures on health and safety performance of organization with emphasis on the role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations and safety culture in industries (Case study: TaghBist Steel Structures Company) 1 1 زمینه و هدف: امروزه ایمنی از مهم‌ترین مسائل سازمان‌ها است و بدون آن امکان فعالیت برای سازمان‌های صنعتی وجود ندارد. در این راستا، بهبود و تقویت عملکرد ایمنی و بهداشت از اهمیت زیادی برخوردار است. از این‌رو، این پژوهش با هدف بررسی تاثیر اقدامات ایمنی سازمان بر عملکرد ایمنی و بهداشت با تاکید بر نقش تعدیل‌گر انگیزش درونی و بیرونی و فرهنگ ایمنی در شرکت طاق‌بیست انجام شد. مواد و روش ها: در این پژوهش کاربردی، جامعه آماری شامل همه کارکنان شرکت طاق‌بیست با تعداد ۱۱۰ نفر بود. متغیرهای پژوهش شامل: "اقدامات ایمنی" توسط پرسش‌نامه ژانگ و همکاران؛ "فرهنگ ایمنی" توسط پرسش‌نامه بربروویچ و همکاران؛ "عملکرد ایمنی" توسط پرسش‌نامه لی و همکاران؛ "انگیزش درونی" توسط پرسش‌نامه باک (۲۰۱۱)، و "انگیزش بیرونی" توسط پرسش‌نامه فی (۲۰۰۵) مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. پردازش آماری داده‌ها نیز با استفاده از ویرایش ۲۰ نرم‌افزار SPSS و مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری نیز به‎روش حداقل مربعات جزئی و توسط نسخه 3 نرم‌افزار Smart-PLS انجام شد. یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد که متغیرهای "انگیزش بیرونی"، "انگیزش درونی" و "فرهنگ ایمنی" نقش تعدیل‌گر در رابطه با اقدامات ایمنی و عملکرد ایمنی و بهداشت شرکت طاق‌بیست نداشته و فقط متغیرهای "اقدامات ایمنی"، "انگیزش درونی" و "فرهنگ ایمنی" بر عملکرد ایمنی و بهداشت شرکت طاق‌بیست تاثیر مثبت داشته‌اند. همچنین، تأثیر "انگیزه بیرونی" بر عملکرد ایمنی و سلامت سازمان معنادار نبود. نتیجه گیری: به‌طور کلی، می‌توان اذعان داشت که عملکرد ایمنی و بهداشت در شرکت طاق‌بیست توسط اقدامات ایمنی سازمان، بهبود انگیزش درونی و فرهنگ ایمنی قابل بهبود است. 2 Background: Nowadays, safety is one of the most important organizational issues, and without it, industrial organizations can't operate. Health and safety performance is affected by various individual and managerial variables, the of which evaluation depends on the organization under investigation and could be influenced by the background variables of the organization. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the impact of organizational safety measures on organizational safety and health performance, emphasizing the moderator role of internal and external motivation and safety culture in TaghBist Company. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, 110 workers whom employees at TaghBist Company were selected. Also, the validity and reliability of the questionnaires were confirmed according to the methods described by Zhang et al. (2022), Brborović et al. (2022), Li et al. (2022), Buck (2011) and Fey (2005). Also, all statistical analyses of the obtained data were performed using SPSS and Smart PLS-3 software. Results: Based on the results obtained, 'extrinsic motivation', 'intrinsic motivation' and 'safety culture' did not have a moderating role on the relationship between the organization's safety measures and TaghBist organizational safety and health performance, but the organization's safety measures, 'intrinsic motivation' and 'safety culture' directly and positively affected on organizational health and safety performance in TaghBist Company. Also, the effect of 'extrinsic motivation' on organizational health and safety performance was not significant. Conclusion: In general, it can be acknowledged that in TaghBist Company, it is possible to directly improve the organizational health and safety performance through the organization's safety measures, intrinsic motivation and safety culture. 486 499 2024/04/172024/05/12024/01/282024/05/62024/04/202024/04/92024/04/62024/03/30 1403/1/11 2024/06/112024/06/102024/04/162024/06/192024/06/22024/05/192024/05/182024/05/18 1403/2/29 الهام علیدوست Elham Alidost کارشناس ارشد مهندسی ایمنی، بهداشت و محیط‌ زیست، گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده علوم پایه و فن‌آوری‌های نوین، واحد الکترونیکی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران ایران سهیل سبحان اردکانی Soheil Sobhanardakani دکترای تخصصی علوم محیط‌ زیست، استاد گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده علوم پایه، واحد همدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، همدان، ایران ایران s_sobhan@iauh.ac.ir سحر رضایان Sahar Rezaian دکترای تخصصی مدیریت محیط‌ زیست، دانشیار گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، واحد شاهرود، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شاهرود، ایران ایران Organizational safety measures Intrinsic motivation Extrinsic motivation Safety culture TaghBist Company اقدامات ایمنی سازمان انگیزش درونی انگیزش بیرونی فرهنگ ایمنی شرکت طاق‌بیست Nguyen NT. 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Dose safety motivation mediate the effect of psychological contract of safety on flight attendants' safety performance outcomes?: A social exchange perspective. Journal of Air Transport Management. 2021;90:101945.##Leu S-S, Chang C-M. Bayesian-network-based safety risk assessment for steel construction projects. Accident Analysis Prevention. 2013;54:122-33.##Roveny R, Kusumapradja R, Wekadigunawan CSP. Mediating role of work environment in the effect of occupational health, safety management system, and teamwork over patient safety climate according to nurses' perception. Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic. 2020;4(6):398-406.##Sarkheil H, Tahery B, Rayegani B, Ramezani J, Goshtasb H, Jahani A. Evaluating the current status of the national health, safety, and environment management system for integration, harmonization, and standardization of environmental protection. Health Risk Analysis. 2020;1:18-24.##Alimin AR, Syahidah SN, Sushandoyo D. The influence of safety slogan and safety program to safety culture: Case study at drilling and well intervention division one of Indonesia's Oil and Gas Company. European Journal of Business Management Research. 2023;8(1):64-70.##Bruhn ÅB, Lindahl C, Andersson M, Rosén G. Motivational factors for occupational safety and health improvements: A mixed-method study within the Swedish equine sector. Safety Science. 2023;159:106035.##Hajizadeh T, Alikhani, A., Allahogholizadeh-Azeri, B. Identification and ranking of safety risk in construction workshops in Tehran with the Turkish approach of fmea and electreh model. Work and Society. 2017;23(28):65-75.##Brborović O, Brborović H, Hrain L. The COVID-19 pandemic crisis and patient safety culture: a mixed-method study. International Journal of Environmental Research Public Health. 2022;19(4):2237.##Zhang J, Xie C, Morrison AM, Huang R, Li Y, Wu G. The effects of hotel employee ternary safety behavior on negative safety outcomes: the moderation of job vigor and emotional exhaustion. Journal of Service Theory Practice. 2022;32(4):565-85.##Li H, Chen Y, Zheng J, Fang Y, Yang Y, Skitmore M, et al. The influence of the psychological contract on the safety of performance of construction workers in China. Engineering, Construction Architectural Management. 2022;31(5):1879-95.##Buck MA. Proactive personality and big five traits in supervisors and workgroup members: Effects on safety climate and safety motivation. Portland State University.: Portland State University; 2011.##Fey CF. Opening the black box of motivation: A cross-cultural comparison of Sweden and Russia. International Business Review. 2005;14(3):345-67.##Perera G. The impact of safety management practices on safety compliance: The mediating role of employees' safety knowledge in Sri Lankan large apparel firms. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts. 2021;9(1):4451-5.##Shi H, Nadeem MA. Effects of safety leadership and safety management practices on safety participation through a casual-chain mediators approach in the Chinese construction industry. International Journal of Occupational Safety Ergonomics. 2023;29(4):1383-94.##MD D, Mahesh G. A framework for enhancing construction safety through knowledge-based safety culture indicators. International Journal of Construction Management. 2023;23(12):2039-47.##Hosseinzadeh Janaqard M, Hosseini Asad, B., Khairandish, M., Moniri, M. Identifying and prioritizing effective factors on improving safety management productivity in Ardabil fire department using MAMD. 8th National Conference on Management and Economics Studies in Humanities, Tehran. 2023 (In Persian).##Alizadeh M. Analysis of organizational structure and safety culture on HSE health, safety and environmental management with regard to the mediating role of communication satisfaction in companies affiliated to Paydarsazan Institute. 9th International Conference on Management and Accounting Sciences, Tehran, 2023 (In Persian).##Ataullahi M, Giveh Chi, S. Investigating and analyzing the impact of management safety commitment factor on the safety performance of construction workshop personnel (Case study: Atlas Plaza multi-purpose workshop),. the 6th International Conference on Research in Science and Engineering and the 3rd Asian International Congress on Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Planning. 2021 (In Persian).##Asamani L. Promote safety culture and enhance safety performance through safety behaviour. European Journal of Business Management Research. 2020;5(4):1-11.##Scott H, Mohammed Al Hinai L, editors. Nudging HSE positive behaviors: A case study in workforce safety engagement. SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Health, Safety, Environment, and Sustainability?; 2020.##Asad M, Kashif M, Sheikh UA, Asif MU, George S, Khan GUH. Synergetic effect of safety culture and safety climate on safety performance in SMEs: does transformation leadership have a moderating role? International Journal of Occupational Safety Ergonomics. 2022;28(3):1858-64.##Al-Bayati AJ. Impact of construction safety culture and construction safety climate on safety behavior and safety motivation. Safety. 2021;7(2):41.##Xia N, Xie Q, Hu X, Wang X, Meng H. A dual perspective on risk perception and its effect on safety behavior: A moderated mediation model of safety motivation, and supervisor's and coworkers' safety climate. Accident Analysis Prevention. 2020;134:105350.##Maneechaeye P, & Potipiroon, W. The impact of fleet-level and organization-level safety climates on safety behavior among Thai civilian pilots: The role of safety motivation. Safety Science. 2022;147:105614.##Nguyen NT. How does adopting occupational health and safety management practices affect outcomes for employees? The case of Vietnamese SMEs. International Review of Economics Finance. 2023;83:629-40.##Hokmabadi R, Ebrahimian, H. Assessing the status of harmful factors in the work environment in small occupational. Health and Health Promotion Workshops. 2019;3(1):75-83.##Abas N, Yusuf N, Suhaini N, Kariya N, Mohammad H, Hasmori M, Factors affecting safety performance of construction projects: A literature review. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering; 2020;IOP Publishing.##Pistoia G, Liaw B. Behaviour of Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles: Battery Health, Performance, Safety, and Cost: Springer; 2018; 344 p.##Wang D, Wang X, Xia N. How safety-related stress affects workers' safety behavior: The moderating role of psychological capital. Safety Science. 2018;103:247-59.##Su W-J. The effects of safety management systems, attitude and commitment on safety behaviors and performance. International Journal for Applied Information Management. 2021;1(4):187-200.##Nordlöf H, Wiitavaara B, Högberg H, Westerling R. A cross-sectional study of factors influencing occupational health and safety management practices in companies. Safety Science. 2017;95:92-103.##Keffane S. Communication's role in safety management and performance of the road safety practices. International Journal of Transportation Science and Technology. 2014;3(1):79-94.##Oah S, Na R, Moon K. The influence of safety climate, safety leadership, workload, and accident experiences on risk perception: A study of Korean manufacturing workers. Safety Science. 2018;9(4):427-33.##Kalteh HO, Mortazavi SB, Mohammadi E, Salesi M. The relationship between safety culture and safety climate and safety performance: a systematic review. International Journal of Occupational Safety Ergonomics. 2021;27(1):206-16.##Morrow SL, Koves GK, Barnes VE. Exploring the relationship between safety culture and safety performance in US nuclear power operations. Safety Science. 2014;69:37-47.##Khan SB, Proverbs DG, Xiao H. The motivation of operatives in small construction firms towards health and safety-A conceptual framework. Engineering, Construction Architectural Management. 2022;29(1):245-61.##Shi H, Mohamed Zainal SR. Facilitating mindful safety practices among first-line workers in the Chinese petroleum industry through safety management practices and safety motivation. International Journal of Occupational Safety Ergonomics. 2022;28(3):1584-91.##Newaz MT, Davis P, Jefferies M, Pillay M. Examining the psychological contract as mediator between the safety behavior of supervisors and workers on construction sites. Journal of Construction Engineering Management. 2020;146(1):04019094.##Vatankhah S. Dose safety motivation mediate the effect of psychological contract of safety on flight attendants' safety performance outcomes?: A social exchange perspective. Journal of Air Transport Management. 2021;90:101945.##Leu S-S, Chang C-M. Bayesian-network-based safety risk assessment for steel construction projects. Accident Analysis Prevention. 2013;54:122-33.##Roveny R, Kusumapradja R, Wekadigunawan CSP. Mediating role of work environment in the effect of occupational health, safety management system, and teamwork over patient safety climate according to nurses' perception. Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic. 2020;4(6):398-406.##Sarkheil H, Tahery B, Rayegani B, Ramezani J, Goshtasb H, Jahani A. Evaluating the current status of the national health, safety, and environment management system for integration, harmonization, and standardization of environmental protection. Health Risk Analysis. 2020;1:18-24.##Alimin AR, Syahidah SN, Sushandoyo D. The influence of safety slogan and safety program to safety culture: Case study at drilling and well intervention division one of Indonesia's Oil and Gas Company. European Journal of Business Management Research. 2023;8(1):64-70.##Bruhn ÅB, Lindahl C, Andersson M, Rosén G. Motivational factors for occupational safety and health improvements: A mixed-method study within the Swedish equine sector. Safety Science. 2023;159:106035.##Hajizadeh T, Alikhani, A., Allahogholizadeh-Azeri, B. Identification and ranking of safety risk in construction workshops in Tehran with the Turkish approach of fmea and electreh model. Work and Society. 2017;23(28):65-75.##Brborović O, Brborović H, Hrain L. The COVID-19 pandemic crisis and patient safety culture: a mixed-method study. International Journal of Environmental Research Public Health. 2022;19(4):2237.##Zhang J, Xie C, Morrison AM, Huang R, Li Y, Wu G. The effects of hotel employee ternary safety behavior on negative safety outcomes: the moderation of job vigor and emotional exhaustion. Journal of Service Theory Practice. 2022;32(4):565-85.##Li H, Chen Y, Zheng J, Fang Y, Yang Y, Skitmore M, et al. The influence of the psychological contract on the safety of performance of construction workers in China. Engineering, Construction Architectural Management. 2022;31(5):1879-95.##Buck MA. Proactive personality and big five traits in supervisors and workgroup members: Effects on safety climate and safety motivation. Portland State University.: Portland State University; 2011.##Fey CF. Opening the black box of motivation: A cross-cultural comparison of Sweden and Russia. International Business Review. 2005;14(3):345-67.##Perera G. The impact of safety management practices on safety compliance: The mediating role of employees' safety knowledge in Sri Lankan large apparel firms. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts. 2021;9(1):4451-5.##Shi H, Nadeem MA. Effects of safety leadership and safety management practices on safety participation through a casual-chain mediators approach in the Chinese construction industry. International Journal of Occupational Safety Ergonomics. 2023;29(4):1383-94.##MD D, Mahesh G. A framework for enhancing construction safety through knowledge-based safety culture indicators. International Journal of Construction Management. 2023;23(12):2039-47.##Hosseinzadeh Janaqard M, Hosseini Asad, B., Khairandish, M., Moniri, M. Identifying and prioritizing effective factors on improving safety management productivity in Ardabil fire department using MAMD. 8th National Conference on Management and Economics Studies in Humanities, Tehran. 2023 (In Persian).##Alizadeh M. Analysis of organizational structure and safety culture on HSE health, safety and environmental management with regard to the mediating role of communication satisfaction in companies affiliated to Paydarsazan Institute. 9th International Conference on Management and Accounting Sciences, Tehran, 2023 (In Persian).##Ataullahi M, Giveh Chi, S. Investigating and analyzing the impact of management safety commitment factor on the safety performance of construction workshop personnel (Case study: Atlas Plaza multi-purpose workshop),. the 6th International Conference on Research in Science and Engineering and the 3rd Asian International Congress on Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Planning. 2021 (In Persian).##Asamani L. Promote safety culture and enhance safety performance through safety behaviour. European Journal of Business Management Research. 2020;5(4):1-11.##Scott H, Mohammed Al Hinai L, editors. Nudging HSE positive behaviors: A case study in workforce safety engagement. SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Health, Safety, Environment, and Sustainability?; 2020.##Asad M, Kashif M, Sheikh UA, Asif MU, George S, Khan GUH. Synergetic effect of safety culture and safety climate on safety performance in SMEs: does transformation leadership have a moderating role? International Journal of Occupational Safety Ergonomics. 2022;28(3):1858-64.##Al-Bayati AJ. Impact of construction safety culture and construction safety climate on safety behavior and safety motivation. Safety. 2021;7(2):41.##Xia N, Xie Q, Hu X, Wang X, Meng H. A dual perspective on risk perception and its effect on safety behavior: A moderated mediation model of safety motivation, and supervisor's and coworkers' safety climate. Accident Analysis Prevention. 2020;134:105350.##Maneechaeye P, & Potipiroon, W. The impact of fleet-level and organization-level safety climates on safety behavior among Thai civilian pilots: The role of safety motivation. Safety Science. 2022;147:105614. ##