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گرافن اکساید مغناطیسی اصلاح شده با گوگرد به منظور حذف گزینش‌پذیر جیوه از نمونه‌های آب و پساب و اندازه‌گیری به روش FI-CV-AAS Magnetic Graphene Oxide Modified with Sulfur for Selective Removal of Mercury from Water and Wastewater Samples followed by FI-CV-AAS 1 1 زمینه و هدف: با توجه به توسعه سریع صنعتی و ورود جیوه به عنوان یک فلز با سمیت بالا، شناسایی و حذف این آلاینده، به ویژه در منابع آبی، اهمیت زیادی دارد. این مطالعه به تهیه یک نانوجاذب مغناطیسی مبتنی بر گرافن اکساید و گروه‌های عاملی گوگرد دار می‌پردازد تا گزینش‌پذیری جذب و کارایی حذف جیوه را افزایش دهد. مواد و روش‌ها: جاذب S@MGO برای حذف جیوه در نمونه‌های آب و پساب تهیه شد. به منظور اندازه‌گیری جیوه از دستگاه طیف‌سنجی جذب اتمی بخار سرد استفاده شد. مشخصه‌یابی جاذب با استفاده از SEM، EDX، و FT-IR انجام شد. بهینه‌سازی پارامترهای موثر بر حذف جیوه با استفاده از طراحی آزمایش انجام شد. همدماهای جذب، ظرفیت جذب، پایداری و قابلیت استفاده مجدد، اثر یون‌های مزاحم و کارایی حذف جیوه در نمونه‌های آب و پساب مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. یافته‌ها: مقادیر بهینه پارامترهای جذب برای جاذب تهیه شده شامل pH محلول ۶/۸، زمان جذب ۲۹ دقیقه و مقدار جاذب mg ۵۳/۰ تعیین شد. نتایج همدماهای جذب نشان دادند که انطباق بهتری با مدل لانگمویر دارند (۰/۹۹۹۸ = R²). این جاذب ظرفیت جذب بالایی معادل mg/g ۴۰۱/۰ دارد که نزدیک به بیشینه محاسبه‌شده با مدل لانگمویر (mg/g ۴۷۶/۱۹) است. همچنین، اصلاح سطح با گروه‌های گوگرد دار باعث افزایش گزینش‌پذیری برای یون جیوه در حضور سایر کاتیون‌ها شده است. جاذب از پایداری و قابلیت استفاده مجدد خوبی برخوردار است و کارایی حذف بالای ۹۰٪ را پس از ۱۰ مرحله جذب و واجذب حفظ می‌کند. در نهایت، کارایی حذف جیوه در نمونه‌های آب و پساب مختلف بیش از ۹۹٪ با RSD% کمتر از ۴/۱٪ حاصل شد. نتیجه‌گیری: خاصیت مغناطیسی جاذب، امکان جمع‌آوری سریع آن را پس از انجام فرایند حذف میسر می‌سازد. به دلیل اصلاح سطح جاذب با گروه‌های عاملی گوگرد دار، انتخاب‌پذیری آن برای جیوه نسبت به یون‌های فلزی دیگر در محیط‌های آبی افزایش یافت. ظرفیت جذب بالا، راندمان حذف بالا و زمان حذف کوتاه از دیگر مزایای جاذب سنتز شده است. 2 Background: The swift pace of industrial development and the widespread introduction of mercury as a toxic heavy metal made the identification and removal of this pollutant, particularly from water resources, critically important. This study focuses on the development of a magnetic nanosorbent composed of graphene oxide and sulfur-containing functional groups, designed to enhance both the adsorption selectivity and removal efficiency of mercury. Methods: S@MGO adsorbent was prepared for the removal of mercury from both water and wastewater samples. Mercury concentrations were determined using cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry. The adsorbent w:as char:acterized using SEM, EDX, and FT-IR. An experimental design approach was employed to optimize parameters influencing mercury removal. The study investigated adsorption isotherms, adsorption capacity, stability and reusability, the effect of interfering ions, and mercury removal efficiency in various water and wastewater samples. Results: The optimal adsorption parameters for the prepared adsorbent were determined to be a solution pH of 6.8, an adsorption time of 29 minutes, and an adsorbent dosage of 53.0 mg. Adsorption isotherm data exhibited a strong correlation with the Langmuir model (R² = 0.9998). The adsorbent demonstrated a high adsorption capacity of 401 mg/g, closely approaching the maximum capacity predicted by the Langmuir model (476.19 mg/g). Furthermore, surface modification with sulfur groups enhanced the adsorbent’s selectivity for mercury ions in the presence of competing cations. The S@MGO adsorbent exhibited good stability and reusability, maintaining a removal efficiency exceding 90% after 10 adsorption-desorption cycles. Finally, the mercury removal efficiency in various water samples exceeded 99%, with RSDs% below 4.1%. Conclusion: The magnetic properties of the S@MGO adsorbent facilitate its rapid collection following the removal process. Surface modification with sulfur-containing functional groups enhances its selectivity for mercury over other metal ions in aqueous solutions. The synthesized adsorbent offers several advantages, including high adsorption capacity, high removal efficiency, and a short removal time, making it a promising material for mercury remediation. 1 19 2025/01/29 1403/11/10 2025/03/17 1403/12/27 شهرام صیدی Shahram Seidi گروه شیمی تجزیه، دانشکده شیمی، دانشگاه صنعتی خواجه نصیرالدین طوسی، تهران، ایران ایران s.seidi@kntu.ac.ir مریم عزیزی Maryam Azizi گروه شیمی تجزیه، دانشکده شیمی، دانشگاه صنعتی خواجه نصیرالدین طوسی، تهران، ایران ایران Magnetic adsorbent Graphene oxide Adsorption method Mercury Wastewater جاذب مغناطیسی گرافن اکساید روش جذبی جیوه پساب Kakalejčíková S, Bazel Y, Fizer M. Extraction-less green spectrofluorimetric method for determination of mercury using an Astra Phloxine fluorophore: Comprehensive experimental and theoretical studies. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc; 310. Epub ahead of print 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.123946.##Zare AH, Khajeh M, Oveisi AR, et al. A New Porphyrin-Porous Organic Polymer for Effective Adsorption of Mercury Ions. J Polym Environ. Epub ahead of print 2024. DOI: 10.1007/s10924-024-03312-7.##Li GP, Zhang K, Zhang PF, et al. Thiol-Functionalized Pores via Post-Synthesis Modification in a Metal-Organic Framework with Selective Removal of Hg(II) in Water. Inorg Chem; 58. Epub ahead of print 2019. DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b03505.##Gao X, Liu B, Zhao X. Thiol-decorated defective metal-organic framework for effective removal of mercury(II) ion. Chemosphere; 317. Epub ahead of print 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137891.##Yang Z. Voltammetry for quantitative determination of trace mercury ions in water via acetylene black modified carbon paste electrode. Alex Eng J; 87. Epub ahead of print 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.aej.2023.12.007.##Anoop Krishnan K, Anirudhan TS. Removal of mercury(II) from aqueous solutions and chlor-alkali industry effluent by steam activated and sulphurised activated carbons prepared from bagasse pith: Kinetics and equilibrium studies. J Hazard Mater; 92. Epub ahead of print 2002. DOI: 10.1016/S0304-3894(02)00014-6.##Zhao X, Gao X, Zhang YN, et al. Construction of dual sulfur sites in metal–organic framework for enhanced mercury(II) removal. J Colloid Interface Sci; 631. Epub ahead of print 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.10.153.##Aguila B, Sun Q, Perman JA, et al. Efficient Mercury Capture Using Functionalized Porous Organic Polymer. Adv Mater; 29. Epub ahead of print 2017. DOI: 10.1002/adma.201700665.##Döker S, Boşgelmez II. Rapid extraction and reverse phase-liquid chromatographic separation of mercury(II) and methylmercury in fish samples with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection applying oxygen addition into plasma. Food Chem; 184. Epub ahead of print 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.03.067.##Skubal LR, Meshkov NK. Reduction and removal of mercury from water using arginine-modified TiO2. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem; 148. Epub ahead of print 2002. DOI: 10.1016/S1010-6030(02)00045-X.##Bessbousse H, Rhlalou T, Verchère JF, et al. Sorption and filtration of Hg(II) ions from aqueous solutions with a membrane containing poly(ethyleneimine) as a complexing polymer. J Memb Sci; 325. Epub ahead of print 2008. DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2008.09.035.##Fu K, Liu X, Lv C, et al. Superselective Hg(II) Removal from Water Using a Thiol-Laced MOF-Based Sponge Monolith: Performance and Mechanism. Environ Sci Technol; 56. Epub ahead of print 2022. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07480.##Duan L, Hu X, Sun D, et al. Rapid removal of low concentrations of mercury from wastewater using coal gasification slag. Korean J Chem Eng; 37. Epub ahead of print 2020. DOI: 10.1007/s11814-020-0546-x.##Marinho OR, Kamogawa MY, Ferreira JR, et al. Automated liquid–liquid extraction procedure for the photometric determination of nanogram levels of Hg(II) in soil and sediment extracts. Microchemical Journal; 156. Epub ahead of print 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104978.##Monier M, Abdel-Latif DA. Preparation of cross-linked magnetic chitosan-phenylthiourea resin for adsorption of Hg(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II) ions from aqueous solutions. J Hazard Mater; 209–210. Epub ahead of print 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.01.015.##Angaru GKR, Lingamdinne LP, Choi YL, et al. Encapsulated zerovalent iron/nickel-fly ash zeolite foam for treating industrial wastewater contaminated by heavy metals. Mater Today Chem; 22. Epub ahead of print 2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.mtchem.2021.100577.##Liang R, Zou H. Removal of aqueous Hg(ii) by thiol-functionalized nonporous silica microspheres prepared by one-step sol-gel method. RSC Adv; 10. Epub ahead of print 2020. DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02759f.##Reddy KSK, Shoaibi A Al, Srinivasakannan C. Mercury removal using metal sulfide porous carbon complex. Process Saf Environ Prot; 114. Epub ahead of print 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2017.12.022.##Marcano DC, Kosynkin D V., Berlin JM, et al. Improved synthesis of graphene oxide. ACS Nano; 4806–4814. Epub ahead of print 2010. DOI: 10.1021/nn1006368.##Bourlinos AB, Gournis D, Petridis D, et al. Graphite oxide: Chemical reduction to graphite and surface modification with primary aliphatic amines and amino acids. Langmuir; 19. Epub ahead of print 2003. DOI: 10.1021/la026525h.##McAllister MJ, Li JL, Adamson DH, et al. Single sheet functionalized graphene by oxidation and thermal expansion of graphite. Chem Mater; 19. Epub ahead of print 2007. DOI: 10.1021/cm0630800.##Niyogi S, Bekyarova E, Itkis ME, et al. Solution properties of graphite and graphene. J Am Chem Soc; 128. Epub ahead of print 2006. DOI: 10.1021/ja060680r.##Bai H, Xu Y, Zhao L, et al. Non-covalent functionalization of graphene sheets by sulfonated polyaniline. Chem Commun; 1667-1669. Epub ahead of print 2009. DOI: 10.1039/b821805f.##Guo Y, Deng J, Zhu J, et al. Removal of mercury(II) and methylene blue from a wastewater environment with magnetic graphene oxide: Adsorption kinetics, isotherms and mechanism. RSC Adv; 6. Epub ahead of print 2016. DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14651a.##Hummers WS, Offeman RE. Preparation of Graphitic Oxide. J Am Chem Soc; 80. Epub ahead of print 1958. DOI: 10.1021/ja01539a017.##Kazemi E, Dadfarnia S, Haji Shabani AM. Dispersive solid phase microextraction with magnetic graphene oxide as the sorbent for separation and preconcentration of ultra-trace amounts of gold ions. Talanta; 141. Epub ahead of print 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.04.024.##Choi M, Kim J, Oh Y, et al. Surface Modification of Sulfur-Assisted Reduced Graphene Oxide with Poly(phenylene sulfide) for Multifunctional Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel); 14. Epub ahead of print 2022. DOI: 10.3390/polym14040732.##A.O D. Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich Isotherms Studies of Equilibrium Sorption of Zn2+ Unto Phosphoric Acid Modified Rice Husk. IOSR J Appl Chem; 3. Epub ahead of print 2012. DOI: 10.9790/5736-0313845.##Mercier L, Pinnavaia TJ. Heavy metal ion adsorbents formed by the grafting of a thiol functionality to mesoporous silica molecular sieves: Factors affecting Hg(II) uptake. Environ Sci Technol; 32. Epub ahead of print 1998. DOI: 10.1021/es970622t.##Pérez-Quintanilla D, Sánchez A, del Hierro I, et al. Preparation, characterization, and Zn2+ adsorption behavior of chemically modified MCM-41 with 5-mercapto-1-methyltetrazole. J Colloid Interface Sci; 313. Epub ahead of print 2007. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2007.04.063.##Parham H, Zargar B, Shiralipour R. Fast and efficient removal of mercury from water samples using magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles modified with 2-mercaptobenzothiazole. J Hazard Mater; 205–206. Epub ahead of print 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.12.026.##Soleimani M, Mahmodi MS, Morsali A, et al. Using a new ligand for solid phase extraction of mercury. J Hazard Mater; 189. Epub ahead of print 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.02.047.##Kim BC, Lee J, Um W, et al. Magnetic mesoporous materials for removal of environmental wastes. J Hazard Mater; 192. Epub ahead of print 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.06.022.##Bibby A, Mercier L. Mercury(II) ion adsorption behavior in thiol-functionalized mesoporous silica microspheres. Chem Mater; 14. Epub ahead of print 2002. DOI: 10.1021/cm0112082.##Kakalejčíková S, Bazel Y, Fizer M. Extraction-less green spectrofluorimetric method for determination of mercury using an Astra Phloxine fluorophore: Comprehensive experimental and theoretical studies. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc; 310. Epub ahead of print 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.123946.##Zare AH, Khajeh M, Oveisi AR, et al. A New Porphyrin-Porous Organic Polymer for Effective Adsorption of Mercury Ions. J Polym Environ. Epub ahead of print 2024. DOI: 10.1007/s10924-024-03312-7.##Li GP, Zhang K, Zhang PF, et al. Thiol-Functionalized Pores via Post-Synthesis Modification in a Metal-Organic Framework with Selective Removal of Hg(II) in Water. Inorg Chem; 58. Epub ahead of print 2019. DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b03505.##Gao X, Liu B, Zhao X. Thiol-decorated defective metal-organic framework for effective removal of mercury(II) ion. Chemosphere; 317. Epub ahead of print 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137891.##Yang Z. Voltammetry for quantitative determination of trace mercury ions in water via acetylene black modified carbon paste electrode. Alex Eng J; 87. Epub ahead of print 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.aej.2023.12.007.##Anoop Krishnan K, Anirudhan TS. Removal of mercury(II) from aqueous solutions and chlor-alkali industry effluent by steam activated and sulphurised activated carbons prepared from bagasse pith: Kinetics and equilibrium studies. J Hazard Mater; 92. Epub ahead of print 2002. DOI: 10.1016/S0304-3894(02)00014-6.##Zhao X, Gao X, Zhang YN, et al. Construction of dual sulfur sites in metal–organic framework for enhanced mercury(II) removal. J Colloid Interface Sci; 631. Epub ahead of print 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.10.153.##Aguila B, Sun Q, Perman JA, et al. Efficient Mercury Capture Using Functionalized Porous Organic Polymer. Adv Mater; 29. Epub ahead of print 2017. DOI: 10.1002/adma.201700665.##Döker S, Boşgelmez II. Rapid extraction and reverse phase-liquid chromatographic separation of mercury(II) and methylmercury in fish samples with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection applying oxygen addition into plasma. Food Chem; 184. Epub ahead of print 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.03.067.##Skubal LR, Meshkov NK. Reduction and removal of mercury from water using arginine-modified TiO2. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem; 148. Epub ahead of print 2002. DOI: 10.1016/S1010-6030(02)00045-X.##Bessbousse H, Rhlalou T, Verchère JF, et al. Sorption and filtration of Hg(II) ions from aqueous solutions with a membrane containing poly(ethyleneimine) as a complexing polymer. J Memb Sci; 325. Epub ahead of print 2008. DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2008.09.035.##Fu K, Liu X, Lv C, et al. Superselective Hg(II) Removal from Water Using a Thiol-Laced MOF-Based Sponge Monolith: Performance and Mechanism. Environ Sci Technol; 56. Epub ahead of print 2022. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07480.##Duan L, Hu X, Sun D, et al. Rapid removal of low concentrations of mercury from wastewater using coal gasification slag. Korean J Chem Eng; 37. Epub ahead of print 2020. DOI: 10.1007/s11814-020-0546-x.##Marinho OR, Kamogawa MY, Ferreira JR, et al. Automated liquid–liquid extraction procedure for the photometric determination of nanogram levels of Hg(II) in soil and sediment extracts. Microchemical Journal; 156. Epub ahead of print 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104978.##Monier M, Abdel-Latif DA. Preparation of cross-linked magnetic chitosan-phenylthiourea resin for adsorption of Hg(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II) ions from aqueous solutions. J Hazard Mater; 209–210. Epub ahead of print 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.01.015.##Angaru GKR, Lingamdinne LP, Choi YL, et al. Encapsulated zerovalent iron/nickel-fly ash zeolite foam for treating industrial wastewater contaminated by heavy metals. Mater Today Chem; 22. Epub ahead of print 2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.mtchem.2021.100577.##Liang R, Zou H. Removal of aqueous Hg(ii) by thiol-functionalized nonporous silica microspheres prepared by one-step sol-gel method. RSC Adv; 10. Epub ahead of print 2020. DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02759f.##Reddy KSK, Shoaibi A Al, Srinivasakannan C. Mercury removal using metal sulfide porous carbon complex. Process Saf Environ Prot; 114. Epub ahead of print 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.psep.2017.12.022.##Marcano DC, Kosynkin D V., Berlin JM, et al. Improved synthesis of graphene oxide. ACS Nano; 4806–4814. Epub ahead of print 2010. DOI: 10.1021/nn1006368.##Bourlinos AB, Gournis D, Petridis D, et al. Graphite oxide: Chemical reduction to graphite and surface modification with primary aliphatic amines and amino acids. Langmuir; 19. Epub ahead of print 2003. DOI: 10.1021/la026525h.##McAllister MJ, Li JL, Adamson DH, et al. Single sheet functionalized graphene by oxidation and thermal expansion of graphite. Chem Mater; 19. Epub ahead of print 2007. DOI: 10.1021/cm0630800.##Niyogi S, Bekyarova E, Itkis ME, et al. Solution properties of graphite and graphene. J Am Chem Soc; 128. Epub ahead of print 2006. DOI: 10.1021/ja060680r.##Bai H, Xu Y, Zhao L, et al. Non-covalent functionalization of graphene sheets by sulfonated polyaniline. Chem Commun; 1667-1669. Epub ahead of print 2009. DOI: 10.1039/b821805f.##Guo Y, Deng J, Zhu J, et al. Removal of mercury(II) and methylene blue from a wastewater environment with magnetic graphene oxide: Adsorption kinetics, isotherms and mechanism. RSC Adv; 6. Epub ahead of print 2016. DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14651a.##Hummers WS, Offeman RE. Preparation of Graphitic Oxide. J Am Chem Soc; 80. Epub ahead of print 1958. DOI: 10.1021/ja01539a017.##Kazemi E, Dadfarnia S, Haji Shabani AM. Dispersive solid phase microextraction with magnetic graphene oxide as the sorbent for separation and preconcentration of ultra-trace amounts of gold ions. Talanta; 141. Epub ahead of print 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.04.024.##Choi M, Kim J, Oh Y, et al. Surface Modification of Sulfur-Assisted Reduced Graphene Oxide with Poly(phenylene sulfide) for Multifunctional Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel); 14. Epub ahead of print 2022. DOI: 10.3390/polym14040732.##A.O D. Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich Isotherms Studies of Equilibrium Sorption of Zn2+ Unto Phosphoric Acid Modified Rice Husk. IOSR J Appl Chem; 3. Epub ahead of print 2012. DOI: 10.9790/5736-0313845.##Mercier L, Pinnavaia TJ. Heavy metal ion adsorbents formed by the grafting of a thiol functionality to mesoporous silica molecular sieves: Factors affecting Hg(II) uptake. Environ Sci Technol; 32. Epub ahead of print 1998. DOI: 10.1021/es970622t.##Pérez-Quintanilla D, Sánchez A, del Hierro I, et al. Preparation, characterization, and Zn2+ adsorption behavior of chemically modified MCM-41 with 5-mercapto-1-methyltetrazole. J Colloid Interface Sci; 313. Epub ahead of print 2007. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2007.04.063.##Parham H, Zargar B, Shiralipour R. Fast and efficient removal of mercury from water samples using magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles modified with 2-mercaptobenzothiazole. J Hazard Mater; 205–206. Epub ahead of print 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.12.026.##Soleimani M, Mahmodi MS, Morsali A, et al. Using a new ligand for solid phase extraction of mercury. J Hazard Mater; 189. Epub ahead of print 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.02.047.##Kim BC, Lee J, Um W, et al. Magnetic mesoporous materials for removal of environmental wastes. J Hazard Mater; 192. Epub ahead of print 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.06.022.##Bibby A, Mercier L. Mercury(II) ion adsorption behavior in thiol-functionalized mesoporous silica microspheres. Chem Mater; 14. Epub ahead of print 2002. DOI: 10.1021/cm0112082. ##

بررسی و ارزیابی ریسک فلزات سنگین در گردوی تولید شده در شهرستان تویسرکان Investigation and risk assessment of heavy metals in walnuts produced in Toyserkan County, Hamedan, Iran 1 1 زمینه و هدف : گردو پر توزیع‌ترین آجیل درختی در سراسر جهان است و سال‌هاست که به عنوان یک غذای غنی از مواد مغذی مصرف می‌شود. هدف از این پژوهش بررسی غلظت و ارزیابی­ ریسک فلزات­ سنگین در گردوی تولید شده در شهرستان تویسرکان در استان همدان بود. مواد و روش­‌ها : ۴۵ نمونه گردو از ۳ شهر و ۱۵ روستای شهرستان تویسرکان به روش سیستماتیک­-­تصادفی جمع­آوری گردید. پس از آماده‌­سازی و هضم نمونه­ ها به روش اسیدی، غلطت فلزات­سنگین توسط دستگاه جذب اتمی اندازه­ گیری شد. جهت ارزیابی ­ریسک از شاخص‌های EDI، HQ و HI  استفاده شد. یافته‌­ها: میانگین غلظت فلزات­ سنگین مس، روی، آهن، منگنز به ترتیب برابر با ۱۶/۱۲، ۴۷/۴۳، ۸۸/۵۳ ، ۴۴/۲۵ و سدیم و پتاسیم ۲۸۰/۹ و ۱۸۲/۶ میلی­ گرم بر کیلوگرم بود. نتایج آزمون کروسکال­-­والیس و من­-­ویتنی نشان داد که اختلاف بین میانگین غلظت آهن، منگنز، سدیم و پتاسیم با تغییر مکان معنی ­دار بود. آزمون همبستگی اسپیرمن نیز نشان داد که همبستگی معنی­دار بین فلزات­ سنگین و عناصر معدنی وجود دارد. شاخص EDI و HQ برای هر یک از فلزات­ سنگین مورد مطالعه و  شاخص HI برای مجموع فلزات­ سنگین برای هر دو رده سنی، کمتر از ۱ و در حد مجاز بود. ­نتیجه­‌گیری: میانگین غلظت مس و منگنز بالاتر و روی و آهن کمتر از مقدار توصیه شده توسط فائو و سازمان بهداشت جهانی بود. در مقایسه با کشورهای مختلف جهان، غلظت آهن، روی، منگنز و سدیم بالاتر و پتاسیم پایین تر بود. فلزات سنگین مورد بررسی بدون ریسک اثرات غیرسرطان زایی برای دو رده سنی بزرگسال و کودکان بودند و خطر قابل ملاحظه‌ای برای اثرات نامطلوب سلامتی نداشتند. توجه ویژه به آلودگی خاک و محصولات کشاورزی به ویژه آلودگی گردو به فلزات سنگین و کنترل و کاهش ورود این آلاینده­ها از طریق منابع انسانی مانند کود شیمیایی و آفت­کش در شهرستان تویسرکان ضروری است. 2 Background: Walnut is the most widely distributed tree nut worldwide and has been consumed as a nutrient-rich food for many years. The aim of this study was to investigate the concentration and risk assessment of heavy metals in walnuts produced in Toyserkan County, Hamedan Province. Materials and Methods: 45 walnut samples were collected from 3 cities and 15 villages of Toyserkan county by systematic-random method. After preparation and digestion of the samples by acid method, the concentration of heavy metals was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. EDI, HQ and HI indices were used for risk assessment. Results: The average concentrations of heavy metals Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Na and K were 16.12, 47.43, 88.53, 44.25, 280.9, and 182.6 mg/kg, respectively. The results of the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests showed that the difference between the mean concentrations of iron, manganese, sodium, and potassium was significant with the change in location. Spearman correlation test also showed that there is a significant correlation between heavy metals and mineral elements. The EDI and HQ index for each of the studied heavy metals and the HI index for the total of heavy metals in both age groups were less than 1 and within the permissible limit. Conclusion: The average concentration of copper and manganese was higher and zinc was lower than the amount recommended by FAO and World Health Organization. Compared to other different countries in the world, the concentration of iron, zinc, manganese and sodium was higher and potassium was lower. The heavy metals studied were considered to be non-carcinogenic for both adults and children and did not pose a significant risk of adverse health effects. Special attention to the contamination of soil and agricultural products, especially walnuts, with heavy metals and the control and reduction of the entry of these pollutants through human sources such as chemical fertilizers and pesticides in Toyserkan County is necessary. 20 35 2025/01/292024/12/18 1403/9/28 2025/03/172025/03/11 1403/12/21 عیسی سلگی Eisa Solgi استاد گروه علوم و مهندسی محیط زیست ، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه ملایر، ایران ایران e.solgi@yahoo.com حمید عباسی تبار Hamid Abbasitabar دانشجوی دکتری علوم و مهندسی محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه ملایر، ایران ایران زینت فضلعلی Zinat Fazlali دانش آموخته کارشناسی علوم و مهندسی محیط زیست ، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه ملایر، ایران ایران Walnut Heavy Metals Risk Assessment Toysercan گردو فلزات سنگین ارزیابی ریسک تویسرکان Gao Y, Hu J, Su X, et al. Extraction, chemical components, bioactive functions and adulteration identification of walnut oils: A review. Grain & Oil Science and Technology. 2020; 7: 30–41. ##Taghizadeh SF, Rezaee R, Badibostan H, Karimi, Gh. Probabilistic carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessment of heavy metal ingestion through consumption of different walnut cultivars: An Iranian study. Environ Monit Assess. 2020; 192:599. ##Mo R, Zheng Y, Ni Zh, Shen D, Liu Y. The phytochemical components of walnuts and their application for geographical origin based on chemical. J of Food Quality and Safety. 2022; 6: 1-9. ##Kalogiouri NP, Manousi N, Zachariadis GA. Determination of the Toxic and Nutrient Element Content of Almonds, Walnuts, Hazelnuts and Pistachios by ICP-AES. 2021; 8-28. ##Taghizadeh SF, Rezaee R, Badibostan H, Karimi GH. Aflatoxin B1 in walnuts: a probabilistic cancer risk assessment for Iranians. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry. 2020; 102(9): 506-519. ##Han Y, Ni Zh, Li Sh, Qu M, Tang F, Mo R, Ye C, Liu Y. Distribution, relationship, and risk assessment of toxic heavy metals in walnuts and growth soil. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2018; 25: 17434-17443. DOI : 10.1007/s11356-018-1896-3##Pourmoghadas H, Zafarzadeh A. Effect of Applying Chemical Fertilizers on Concentration of Cd, Pb and Zn in Agricultural Soils. J Environmental Health Engineering. 2017; 4(2): 126-138##Bielecka J, Pu´scion-Jakubik A, Markiewicz R, et al. Assessment of the Safe Consumption of Nuts in Terms of the Content of Toxic Elements with Chemometric Analysis. J Nutrients. 2021; 13: 3606.##Angelica CT, Luz OL. Evaluation of Arsenic, Cadmium and Chromium in walnut (Carya illinoinensis) in an Agricultural Area of Chihuahua Mexico: Carcinogenic Risk Assessment. J Agriculture Research &Technology Open Access J. 2023; 27. ##Bašić M, Beganović L, Huremović J, Žero S. Assessment of metals and their estimated daily intakes in various nuts. Agriculture and Forestry. 2020; 66 (3): 211-219. ##Cindric IJ, Zeiner M, Hlebec D. Mineral Composition of Elements in Walnuts and Walnut Oils. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15: 2674. ##Liang YL, Qing T, Zhang ShX, et al. Determination of Trace Elements in Edible Nuts in the Beijing Market by ICP-MS. Biomed Environ Sci. 2015; 28(6): 449-454.##Taghizadeh SF, Badibostan H, Wallace Hayes A, et al. Residues levels of pesticides in walnuts of Iran and associated health risks. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment. 2019; 1080-7039. ##Davarkhah Z, Hosseinifarahi M, Radi M, Ghoilpour S. The Reaction of Some Qualitative Changes in the kernel of Different Walnut Genotypes in the Storage Period. Sustainable Agricultural Science Research. 2024; 68-85.##https://irannewspaper.ir/8294/1/69978##Nadalipoor Z, Roozrokh V. Investigating the local communitys attitude towards the social and cultural effects of tourism, a case study of Tuiserkan city. J Tourism and Leisure Time. 2017; 4(8): 68-87.##Kazazi Darani S, Akbari Eslami A, Jabbari M, Asefi H. Parking Lot Site Selection Using a Fuzzy AHP-TOPSIS Framework in Tuyserkan, Iran. J of Urban Planning and Development. 2018;144(3): 04018022.##FAO (2020). Crop statistics are recorded for 173 products. Food and Agriculture Organization.##Syeda Noor UlA, Arshad M, Huma A, et al. Assessment of arsenic in Mangifera Indica (Mango) contaminated by artificial ripening agent: Target hazard quotient (THQ), health risk index (HRI) and estimated daily intake (EDI). Food Chemistry Advances. 2023; 3:100468.##FAO/WHO. Codex Alimentarius; General Standard For Contaminants And Toxins in Food And Feed. CXS 193-1995##Canada.ca, Health Canada, Food and nutrition, Nutrition and Healthy Eating, Dietary reference intakes, Dietary reference intakes tables: Reference values for elements, 2023.##https://healthsupplementsnutritionalguide.com/recommended-daily-allowances/##Karcik H, Tasan M. Determination of heavy metal contents in som organic certified dried nuts. Jurnal of Tecirdag Agricultural Faculy. 2018; 15(2): 101-111.##Ćwieląg-Drabek M, Nieć-Leśniak J, Białek-Dratwa A et al. Evaluation of Cadmium, Lead, Chromium, and Nickel Content in Various Types of Nuts: Almonds, Cashews, Hazelnuts, Peanuts, and Walnuts – Health Risk of Polish Consumers. Biol Trace Elem Res, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-024-04438-4##Don-lawson C, Okah R. Study of some heavy metals and the pH assay in walnuts found in four different locations Port-Harcourt, Nigeria. GSJ. 2020; 8(3):2320-9186.##Shutian Wu, Danyu Sh, Ruohui Wa et al. Evaluation of risk levels of trace elements in walnuts from China and their influence factors: Planting area and cultivar. Ecotoxic and Environ Safety 2020; 203(15) 110996.##Gülsoy E, Pehluvan M, Şimşek U et al. Heavy Metal Levels and Risk Assessment of Walnut Genotypes (Juglans regia L.) Grown in Aras Basin of Türkiye Mitteilungen Klosterneuburg, 2024; 74: 145-155.##Mousavi E, Soffianian A R, Mirghafari N, Khodakarami L. Investigation of Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in Surface Soil of Hamadan Province. Journal of Soil Research, 2012; 25 ( 4) : 323-336 (In persian)##Barzin M, Kheirabadi H, Afyuni M. An Investigation into Pollution of Selected Heavy Metals of Surface Soils in Hamadan Province Using Pollution Index. jwss 2015; 19 (72) :69-80 (In persian)##Yin LL, Qing T, Zhang SX, Yin KX, Qin JIQ. Determination of Trace Elements in Edible Nuts in the Beijing Market by ICP-MS. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 2015; 28: 449–454. DOI: 10.3967/bes2015.063.##Ossai EK. Comparative Study on Essential and Trace Metals in Plant Nuts Consumed in Nigeria. Pakistan J. Nutr. 2015; 14: 84–87. ##Cosmulescu S, Baciu A, Achim G, Botu M, Ttandafir I. Mineral Composition of Fruits in Different Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Cultivars. Horti Agrobot. 2009; 37: 156–160.##Cabrera C, Lloris F, Gimenez R, Olalla M, Lopez MC. Mineral content in legumes and nuts: Contribution to the Spanish dietary intake. Sci. Total Environ. 2003; 308: 1–14. ##Moreda–Piñeiro J, Herbello–Hermelo P, Domínguez-González R, Bermejo-Barrera P, Moreda-Piñeiro A. Bioavailability Assessment of Essential and Toxic Metals in Edible Nuts and Seeds. Food Chem. 2016; 205:146–154. ##Arpadjan-Ganeva S, Momchilova S, Blagoeva E, Nikolova M. Investigation of the bioavailability of Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn in walnut and hazelnut kernels using enzymolysis approach. In Proceedings of the 4th International IUPAC Symposium for Trace Elements in Food (TEF-4), Aberdeen, UK, 19–22 June 2011.##Lavedrine F, Ravel A, Villet A, Ducros V, Alary J. Mineral composition of two walnut cultivars originating in France and California. Food Chem. 2000; 68: 347–351. ##Özcan MM. Some Nutritional Characteristics of Fruit and Oil of Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Growing in Turkey. Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng. 2009; 28: 58–69.##Rodushkin I, Engstrom E, Sorlin D, Baxter D. Levels of inorganic constituents in raw nuts and seeds on the Swedish market. Science of The Total Environmental. 2008; 392(2-3): 290-304. ##Liščáková P, Nawaz A, Molnárová M. Reciprocal effects of copper and zinc in plants. Inter J of Environ Sci and Techno, 2022 ; 19: 9297-9312##Kalogiouri NP, Manousi N, Zachariadis GA. Determination of the Toxic and Nutrient Element Content of Almonds, Walnuts, Hazelnuts and Pistachios by ICP-AES. 2021; 8-28. ##Solgi E, Khodadadi T. Evaluation of Carcinogenic and Non-Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of Some Heavy Metals Due to Consumption of Produced Raisin in Malayer City. Hakim Health Sys Res. 2019; 22(3): 199-211.##Xei X, Wu W, Wang P, Zhang G. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in nuts and seeds in Gansu Province, China. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2024; 135: 106676.##Gao Y, Hu J, Su X, et al. Extraction, chemical components, bioactive functions and adulteration identification of walnut oils: A review. Grain & Oil Science and Technology. 2020; 7: 30–41. ##Taghizadeh SF, Rezaee R, Badibostan H, Karimi, Gh. Probabilistic carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessment of heavy metal ingestion through consumption of different walnut cultivars: An Iranian study. Environ Monit Assess. 2020; 192:599. ##Mo R, Zheng Y, Ni Zh, Shen D, Liu Y. The phytochemical components of walnuts and their application for geographical origin based on chemical. J of Food Quality and Safety. 2022; 6: 1-9. ##Kalogiouri NP, Manousi N, Zachariadis GA. Determination of the Toxic and Nutrient Element Content of Almonds, Walnuts, Hazelnuts and Pistachios by ICP-AES. 2021; 8-28. ##Taghizadeh SF, Rezaee R, Badibostan H, Karimi GH. Aflatoxin B1 in walnuts: a probabilistic cancer risk assessment for Iranians. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry. 2020; 102(9): 506-519. ##Han Y, Ni Zh, Li Sh, Qu M, Tang F, Mo R, Ye C, Liu Y. Distribution, relationship, and risk assessment of toxic heavy metals in walnuts and growth soil. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2018; 25: 17434-17443. DOI : 10.1007/s11356-018-1896-3##Pourmoghadas H, Zafarzadeh A. Effect of Applying Chemical Fertilizers on Concentration of Cd, Pb and Zn in Agricultural Soils. J Environmental Health Engineering. 2017; 4(2): 126-138##Bielecka J, Pu´scion-Jakubik A, Markiewicz R, et al. Assessment of the Safe Consumption of Nuts in Terms of the Content of Toxic Elements with Chemometric Analysis. J Nutrients. 2021; 13: 3606.##Angelica CT, Luz OL. Evaluation of Arsenic, Cadmium and Chromium in walnut (Carya illinoinensis) in an Agricultural Area of Chihuahua Mexico: Carcinogenic Risk Assessment. J Agriculture Research &Technology Open Access J. 2023; 27. ##Bašić M, Beganović L, Huremović J, Žero S. Assessment of metals and their estimated daily intakes in various nuts. Agriculture and Forestry. 2020; 66 (3): 211-219. ##Cindric IJ, Zeiner M, Hlebec D. Mineral Composition of Elements in Walnuts and Walnut Oils. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15: 2674. ##Liang YL, Qing T, Zhang ShX, et al. Determination of Trace Elements in Edible Nuts in the Beijing Market by ICP-MS. Biomed Environ Sci. 2015; 28(6): 449-454.##Taghizadeh SF, Badibostan H, Wallace Hayes A, et al. Residues levels of pesticides in walnuts of Iran and associated health risks. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment. 2019; 1080-7039. ##Davarkhah Z, Hosseinifarahi M, Radi M, Ghoilpour S. The Reaction of Some Qualitative Changes in the kernel of Different Walnut Genotypes in the Storage Period. Sustainable Agricultural Science Research. 2024; 68-85.##https://irannewspaper.ir/8294/1/69978##Nadalipoor Z, Roozrokh V. Investigating the local communitys attitude towards the social and cultural effects of tourism, a case study of Tuiserkan city. J Tourism and Leisure Time. 2017; 4(8): 68-87.##Kazazi Darani S, Akbari Eslami A, Jabbari M, Asefi H. Parking Lot Site Selection Using a Fuzzy AHP-TOPSIS Framework in Tuyserkan, Iran. J of Urban Planning and Development. 2018;144(3): 04018022.##FAO (2020). Crop statistics are recorded for 173 products. Food and Agriculture Organization.##Syeda Noor UlA, Arshad M, Huma A, et al. Assessment of arsenic in Mangifera Indica (Mango) contaminated by artificial ripening agent: Target hazard quotient (THQ), health risk index (HRI) and estimated daily intake (EDI). Food Chemistry Advances. 2023; 3:100468.##FAO/WHO. Codex Alimentarius; General Standard For Contaminants And Toxins in Food And Feed. CXS 193-1995##Canada.ca, Health Canada, Food and nutrition, Nutrition and Healthy Eating, Dietary reference intakes, Dietary reference intakes tables: Reference values for elements, 2023.##https://healthsupplementsnutritionalguide.com/recommended-daily-allowances/##Karcik H, Tasan M. Determination of heavy metal contents in som organic certified dried nuts. Jurnal of Tecirdag Agricultural Faculy. 2018; 15(2): 101-111.##Ćwieląg-Drabek M, Nieć-Leśniak J, Białek-Dratwa A et al. Evaluation of Cadmium, Lead, Chromium, and Nickel Content in Various Types of Nuts: Almonds, Cashews, Hazelnuts, Peanuts, and Walnuts – Health Risk of Polish Consumers. Biol Trace Elem Res, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-024-04438-4##Don-lawson C, Okah R. Study of some heavy metals and the pH assay in walnuts found in four different locations Port-Harcourt, Nigeria. GSJ. 2020; 8(3):2320-9186.##Shutian Wu, Danyu Sh, Ruohui Wa et al. Evaluation of risk levels of trace elements in walnuts from China and their influence factors: Planting area and cultivar. Ecotoxic and Environ Safety 2020; 203(15) 110996.##Gülsoy E, Pehluvan M, Şimşek U et al. Heavy Metal Levels and Risk Assessment of Walnut Genotypes (Juglans regia L.) Grown in Aras Basin of Türkiye Mitteilungen Klosterneuburg, 2024; 74: 145-155.##Mousavi E, Soffianian A R, Mirghafari N, Khodakarami L. Investigation of Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in Surface Soil of Hamadan Province. Journal of Soil Research, 2012; 25 ( 4) : 323-336 (In persian)##Barzin M, Kheirabadi H, Afyuni M. An Investigation into Pollution of Selected Heavy Metals of Surface Soils in Hamadan Province Using Pollution Index. jwss 2015; 19 (72) :69-80 (In persian)##Yin LL, Qing T, Zhang SX, Yin KX, Qin JIQ. Determination of Trace Elements in Edible Nuts in the Beijing Market by ICP-MS. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 2015; 28: 449–454. DOI: 10.3967/bes2015.063.##Ossai EK. Comparative Study on Essential and Trace Metals in Plant Nuts Consumed in Nigeria. Pakistan J. Nutr. 2015; 14: 84–87. ##Cosmulescu S, Baciu A, Achim G, Botu M, Ttandafir I. Mineral Composition of Fruits in Different Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Cultivars. Horti Agrobot. 2009; 37: 156–160.##Cabrera C, Lloris F, Gimenez R, Olalla M, Lopez MC. Mineral content in legumes and nuts: Contribution to the Spanish dietary intake. Sci. Total Environ. 2003; 308: 1–14. ##Moreda–Piñeiro J, Herbello–Hermelo P, Domínguez-González R, Bermejo-Barrera P, Moreda-Piñeiro A. Bioavailability Assessment of Essential and Toxic Metals in Edible Nuts and Seeds. Food Chem. 2016; 205:146–154. ##Arpadjan-Ganeva S, Momchilova S, Blagoeva E, Nikolova M. Investigation of the bioavailability of Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn in walnut and hazelnut kernels using enzymolysis approach. In Proceedings of the 4th International IUPAC Symposium for Trace Elements in Food (TEF-4), Aberdeen, UK, 19–22 June 2011.##Lavedrine F, Ravel A, Villet A, Ducros V, Alary J. Mineral composition of two walnut cultivars originating in France and California. Food Chem. 2000; 68: 347–351. ##Özcan MM. Some Nutritional Characteristics of Fruit and Oil of Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Growing in Turkey. Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng. 2009; 28: 58–69.##Rodushkin I, Engstrom E, Sorlin D, Baxter D. Levels of inorganic constituents in raw nuts and seeds on the Swedish market. Science of The Total Environmental. 2008; 392(2-3): 290-304. ##Liščáková P, Nawaz A, Molnárová M. Reciprocal effects of copper and zinc in plants. Inter J of Environ Sci and Techno, 2022 ; 19: 9297-9312##Kalogiouri NP, Manousi N, Zachariadis GA. Determination of the Toxic and Nutrient Element Content of Almonds, Walnuts, Hazelnuts and Pistachios by ICP-AES. 2021; 8-28. ##Solgi E, Khodadadi T. Evaluation of Carcinogenic and Non-Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of Some Heavy Metals Due to Consumption of Produced Raisin in Malayer City. Hakim Health Sys Res. 2019; 22(3): 199-211.##Xei X, Wu W, Wang P, Zhang G. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in nuts and seeds in Gansu Province, China. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2024; 135: 106676. ##

بررسی و ممیزی وضعیت ایمنی، بهداشت و جنبه های زیست محیطی استخرهای شهر خوی از سال 1401 تا 1403 Investigation and audit of the safety, health and environmental aspects of the swimming pools in Khoy City since 2022-2024 1 1 زمینه و هدف: معمولا به دلیل غیرکارشناس بودن متصدیان استخرهای شنا، استخرها ریسک بالایی برای انتقال برخی بیماری‌های واگیردار دارند لذا مطالعه و بهبود وضعیت بهداشت، ایمنی و زیست­ محیطی استخرها ضروری است. بنابراین این تحقیق به بررسی جامع استخرهای شهر خوی از این نظر ‌طی سالهای ۱۴۰۱ تا ۱۴۰۳ پرداخت. مواد و روش‌­ها: این مطالعه کاربردی روی هفت استخر فعال درشهرستان خوی انجام گرفت. برای ارزیابی بهداشتی و ایمنی استخرها از چک­لیست های پرشده و نتایج آزمایشات آب که توسط دانشکده علوم پزشکی خوی انجام شده بود، استفاده گردید. پارامترهای توصیفی بین ۰ تا ۱۰۰ نمره‌­دهی گردید. داده­‌ها توسط نرم­افزار SPSS جمع‌­آوری و تحلیل آماری گردید. به دلیل غیرنرمال بودن توزیع داده‌­ها از آزمون های غیرپارامتریک ویلکاکسون و اسپیرمن برای مقایسه با استانداردها و همبستگی پارامترها استفاده شد. یافته‌­ها: نمره میانگین مطابقت پارامترهای بهداشتی و ایمنی با استانداردهای مرتبط کشوری ۸۶ درصد بود. از نظر میانگین نمرات، استخر کبیری بالاترین تطابق با موازین بهداشتی و استخرهای آب­گرم کمترین تطابق را داشتند. میانگین تعداد کلیفرم گوارشی در همه آنها غیر از آب گرم­‌ها صفر بود. میانگین تعداد HPC در همه استخرها زیر ۲۰۰ و در آب گرم‌­ها بالاتر از 200 بود. از نظر کیفیت میکروبی آب، میانگین نمرات ۴۰ تا ۹۵ بود. مقدار کلر آزاد به طورمیانگین، برابر استاندارد بود و مقدار کلر آزاد با تعداد کلیفرم و HPC ارتباط معکوس معنی ­دار داشت. نتیجه گیری: به دلیل عدم تصفیه منظم، کدورت آب استخرهای خوی بالاتراز استاندارد بود، به همین خاطر کیفیت میکروبی آب با وجود کلر باقیمانده کافی، مطلوب نبود. مشخص شد متصدیان استخر فقط روی کلرزنی تمرکز کرده و از کیفیت آب غافل هستند لذا آموزش اصولی کارکنان و نظارت بیشتردر زمینه راهبری استخر پیشنهاد می‌شود 2 Background: Swimming pools, despite supervision by health centers, can be sources of the transmission of infectious diseases due to non-expert pool operators. This research aimed to evaluate the HSE of swimming pools in Khoy City from 2022 to 2024. Materials and Methods: We conducted this practical study on seven swimming pools in Khoy. We performed HSE assessments based on checklists and water test results from the Health Deputy of the Khoy Medical Sciences Faculty. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, due to the non-parametric nature of the data, Wilcoxon and Spearman tests were used for comparing the parameters with relevant standards. Results: The average score of compliance of HSE parameters with relevant national health standards was 86%. Kabiry pool and mineral hot water pools had the highest and lowest compliance with the standards, respectively. Fecal coliform was absent in all pools except the mineral hot water ones. The average heterotrophic plate count was below 200 in all pools except in mineral water pools, where it exceeded 200. Microbial water quality scores ranged from 40 to 95. The average amount of free chlorine met the standard and showed a significant inverse relationship with the numbers of coliforms and HPC. Conclusion: Due to inadequate regular purification, the water turbidity of the swimming pools exceeded the standard. Consequently, the water microbial quality was not favorable despite sufficient residual chlorine levels. This indicates that the pool attendants focused on chlorination and neglected water quality. So, we recommend that the pool staff receive proper training in pool operation. 36 49 2025/01/292024/12/182024/12/17 1403/9/27 2025/03/172025/03/112025/03/11 1403/12/21 محمد آقانژاد Mohammad Aqanaghad استادیار گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط،دانشکده علوم پزشکی خوی،خوی، ایران ایران aqanaghad.eh@gmail.com محمدامین سیفلو Mohammad Amin Saifloo دانشجوی کارشناسی مهندسی بهداشت محیط، کمیته تحقیقات دانشجویی، دانشکده علوم پزشکی خوی، خوی، ایران ایران Khoy city swimming pools Health and safety Water quality شهر خوی استخرهای شنا بهداشت و ایمنی کیفیت آب Amiri T, Tabrizi KG. Comparison of the Safety and Health of the Swimming Pools in Kerman with International Standards. HELIX 2017;7(2): 1422-5.##Hesami Arani M, Jaafarzadeh N, Khaleghi Dehabadi P, et al. Health and safety hazards identification and risk assessment in the swimming pools using combined HAZID and ALARP. Environmental Health Engineering and Management Journal 2020;7(3): 151-60.##Faller M, Richner P. Material selection of safety‐relevant components in indoor swimming pools. Materials and Corrosion 2003;54(5): 331-8.##Mustapha UF, Abobi SM, Quarcoo G. Physicochemical and bacteriological quality of public swimming pools in the Tamale Metropolis, Ghana. J 2020;3(2): 18.##nabugwu AE, Uchenna AP. Swimming pools quality risk assessment for heavy metal deposition and intake via oral and dermal exposure. Environmental Analysis, Health and Toxicology 2019;34.3##zadpanah M, Sarrafzadeh MH. Investigating the potential of swimming pools sullage reuse for landscape irrigation, case study: Tehran city. Journal of Water and Wastewater; Ab va Fazilab (in persian) 2020;31(1): 99-110.##Assadi A, Alizadeh A, Mohammad Fazl M, et al. Study of the status of physicochemical and bacterial indicators of water in swimming pools in Zanjan city. Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences 2019;25(6): 763-71. (in persian)##Tan S, Hon C-Y, Young I, Sekercioglu F. An analysis of health and safety audits of aquatic facilities in Ontario: 2002–2020. Environmental health review 2022;65(1): 11-6.##Nazemi FS, Agharabi A, Zare AM. Sustainable Energy Consumption Management Solutions for Swimming Pools. 2023. (in persian)##Nourmoradi H. Investigating the health indicators of public swimming pools in Ilam Province. Journal of Environmental Health Enginering 2022;10(1): 61-71. (in persian)##Zazouli M, Mahdavi Y, Moradi Golrokhi M, Balarak D. Investigation of water quality health indicators of the swimming pools in Urmia in 2013. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences 2015;13(11): 1033-48. (in persian)##Yedeme K, Legese MH, Gonfa A, Girma S. Assessment of physicochemical and microbiological quality of public swimming pools in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The open microbiology journal 2017;11: 98.##Ajadi F, Bakare M, Oyedeji O. Assessment of the physicochemical and microbiological qualities of swimming pools in selected hotels in Osogbo Metropolis, southwestern Nigeria. Ife Journal of Science 2016;18(4): 831-43.##Nikaeen M, Hatamzadeh M, Vahid Dastjerdi M, Hassanzadeh A. Predictive indicators of the safety of swimming pool waters. Water Science and Technology 2009;60(12): 3101-7.##Firouzi P, Aslani H, Aslhashemi A. Survey of environmental health status, physicochemical and microbiological quality of swimming pools in Tabriz, 2017. 2019. (in persian)##Nikaeen M, Hatamzadeh M, Vahid Dastjerdi M, et al. An investigation on physical, chemical and microbial quality of Isfahan swimming pool waters based on standard indicators. Journal of Isfahan Medical School 2010;28.108(in persian)##Rigas F, Mavridou A, Zacharopoulos A. Water quality of swimming pools in Athens area. International Journal of Environmental Health Research 1998;8(3): 253-60.##Rabi A, Khader Y, Alkafajei A, Aqoulah AA. Sanitary conditions of public swimming pools in Amman, Jordan. International journal of environmental research and public health 2008;5(3): 152.##Water S, Organization WH. Guidelines for safe recreational water environments. Volume 2, Swimming pools and similar environments: World Health Organization; 2006.##Ghaneian M, Ehrampoush M, Dad V, et al. An investigation on physicochemical and microbial water quality of swimming pools in Yazd. SSU_Journals 2012;20(3): 340-49. (in persian)##Beiki A, Yunesian M, Nabizadeh R, et al. Analytic assessment of microbial water quality in public swimming pools of Tehran in 2013. 2016. (in persian)##Tabatabaei Z, Rafiee A, Abbasi A, et al. Investigation of fungal contamination in indoor air and on surfaces of traditional public baths in a historical city. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering 2020;18: 925-32.##Ghaneian MT, Amrollahi M, Ehrampoush MH, Dehvari M. Investigation of the physical, chemical, and microbial quality of yazd warm water pools (jacuzzi) in 2011. 2013. (in persian)##Kalantary RR, Oshidari Y, Amoohadi V, et al. Investigating the relationship between free chlorine concentration and heterotrophs in water of swimming pool in Iran. Heliyon 2024;10.17##Amiri T, Tabrizi KG. Comparison of the Safety and Health of the Swimming Pools in Kerman with International Standards. HELIX 2017;7(2): 1422-5.##Hesami Arani M, Jaafarzadeh N, Khaleghi Dehabadi P, et al. Health and safety hazards identification and risk assessment in the swimming pools using combined HAZID and ALARP. Environmental Health Engineering and Management Journal 2020;7(3): 151-60.##Faller M, Richner P. Material selection of safety‐relevant components in indoor swimming pools. Materials and Corrosion 2003;54(5): 331-8.##Mustapha UF, Abobi SM, Quarcoo G. Physicochemical and bacteriological quality of public swimming pools in the Tamale Metropolis, Ghana. J 2020;3(2): 18.##nabugwu AE, Uchenna AP. Swimming pools quality risk assessment for heavy metal deposition and intake via oral and dermal exposure. Environmental Analysis, Health and Toxicology 2019;34.3##zadpanah M, Sarrafzadeh MH. Investigating the potential of swimming pools sullage reuse for landscape irrigation, case study: Tehran city. Journal of Water and Wastewater; Ab va Fazilab (in persian) 2020;31(1): 99-110.##Assadi A, Alizadeh A, Mohammad Fazl M, et al. Study of the status of physicochemical and bacterial indicators of water in swimming pools in Zanjan city. Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences 2019;25(6): 763-71. (in persian)##Tan S, Hon C-Y, Young I, Sekercioglu F. An analysis of health and safety audits of aquatic facilities in Ontario: 2002–2020. Environmental health review 2022;65(1): 11-6.##Nazemi FS, Agharabi A, Zare AM. Sustainable Energy Consumption Management Solutions for Swimming Pools. 2023. (in persian)##Nourmoradi H. Investigating the health indicators of public swimming pools in Ilam Province. Journal of Environmental Health Enginering 2022;10(1): 61-71. (in persian)##Zazouli M, Mahdavi Y, Moradi Golrokhi M, Balarak D. Investigation of water quality health indicators of the swimming pools in Urmia in 2013. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences 2015;13(11): 1033-48. (in persian)##Yedeme K, Legese MH, Gonfa A, Girma S. Assessment of physicochemical and microbiological quality of public swimming pools in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The open microbiology journal 2017;11: 98.##Ajadi F, Bakare M, Oyedeji O. Assessment of the physicochemical and microbiological qualities of swimming pools in selected hotels in Osogbo Metropolis, southwestern Nigeria. Ife Journal of Science 2016;18(4): 831-43.##Nikaeen M, Hatamzadeh M, Vahid Dastjerdi M, Hassanzadeh A. Predictive indicators of the safety of swimming pool waters. Water Science and Technology 2009;60(12): 3101-7.##Firouzi P, Aslani H, Aslhashemi A. Survey of environmental health status, physicochemical and microbiological quality of swimming pools in Tabriz, 2017. 2019. (in persian)##Nikaeen M, Hatamzadeh M, Vahid Dastjerdi M, et al. An investigation on physical, chemical and microbial quality of Isfahan swimming pool waters based on standard indicators. Journal of Isfahan Medical School 2010;28.108(in persian)##Rigas F, Mavridou A, Zacharopoulos A. Water quality of swimming pools in Athens area. International Journal of Environmental Health Research 1998;8(3): 253-60.##Rabi A, Khader Y, Alkafajei A, Aqoulah AA. Sanitary conditions of public swimming pools in Amman, Jordan. International journal of environmental research and public health 2008;5(3): 152.##Water S, Organization WH. Guidelines for safe recreational water environments. Volume 2, Swimming pools and similar environments: World Health Organization; 2006.##Ghaneian M, Ehrampoush M, Dad V, et al. An investigation on physicochemical and microbial water quality of swimming pools in Yazd. SSU_Journals 2012;20(3): 340-49. (in persian)##Beiki A, Yunesian M, Nabizadeh R, et al. Analytic assessment of microbial water quality in public swimming pools of Tehran in 2013. 2016. (in persian)##Tabatabaei Z, Rafiee A, Abbasi A, et al. Investigation of fungal contamination in indoor air and on surfaces of traditional public baths in a historical city. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering 2020;18: 925-32.##Ghaneian MT, Amrollahi M, Ehrampoush MH, Dehvari M. Investigation of the physical, chemical, and microbial quality of yazd warm water pools (jacuzzi) in 2011. 2013. (in persian)##Kalantary RR, Oshidari Y, Amoohadi V, et al. Investigating the relationship between free chlorine concentration and heterotrophs in water of swimming pool in Iran. Heliyon 2024;10.17( ##

بررسی کارایی کامپوزیت بنتونیت@Fe3O4 در فعال سازی پراکسی مونوسولفات در تجزیه رنگ اسید بلو 113 از محلول های آبی Evaluation of the Efficiency of Bentonite@Fe3O4 Composite in Activating Peroxymonosulfate for the Degradation of Acid Blue 113 Dye from Aqueous Solutions 1 1 زمینه و هدف: حضور رنگ های سنتتیک به عنوان مواد غیرقابل تجزیه و سمی در آب های پذیرنده منجر به کاهش اکسیژن محلول، کدری آب و کاهش فتوسنتز گیاهان آبزی می گردد. از اینرو، هدف از این مطالعه تجزیه رنگ اسید بلو ۱۱۳ (AB113) از طریق تولید رادیکال های واکنش پذیر بوسیله فعال سازی پراکسی مونوسولفات (PMS) با کاتالیست بنتوینت@Fe3O4 بود.    مواد و روش ها: در این پژوهش، کاتالیست بنتونیت@ Fe3O4از طریق روش گرمایی- شیمیایی تهیه شد و ویژگی های آن از طریق آنالیزهای تشخیصی مشخص گردید. در فرآیند کاتالیتیک تاثیر پارامترهای مختلف همچون pH (۳-۱۱)، مقدار کاتالیست (۰-۴۰۰ میلی گرم بر لیتر)، مقدار PMS ( ۰-۱ میلی مولار) و زمان (۰-۱۲۰ دقیقه) مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. آزمایش شناسایی رادیکال های فعال و همچنین آزمون سمیت محلول تصفیه شده مورد امتحان قرار گرفت. یافته ها: سنتز موفقیت آمیز کاتالیست بنتونیت@ Fe3O4 از طریق آنالیزهای SEM، XRD و FTIR تایید شد. حذف کامل رنگ در یک شرایط اپراتوری شامل pH ۳، مقدار mg/L ۲۰۰ کاتالیست، مقدار ۰/۵ میلی مولار PMS و زمان واکنش ۱۰۰ دقیقه بدست آمد. رادیکال های سولفات (SO4•-)، هیدروکسیل (•OH) و سوپراکسید (O2•-) به عنوان گونه های فعال در تجزیه رنگ از محیط آبی شناسایی شدند. رشد ۱/۵۶ برابری گیاه نعناع در محلول تصفیه شده در مقابل محلول تصفیه نشده تاکید کرد که فرآیند حاضر کارایی مناسبی در کاهش سمیت محلول دارد.   نتیجه گیری: یافته های مطالعه نشان داد که با تصفیه کاتالیتیک محلول 113AB، میتوان پسابی مناسبی برای دفع بدست آورد. 2 Background: The presence of synthetic dyes that are toxic and non-biodegradable, in receiving waters leads to reduced dissolved oxygen, water turbidity, and decreased photosynthesis in aquatic plants. Therefore, the aim of this study was to degrade acid blue 113 (AB113) dye through the generation of reactive radicals by activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS) using a Bentonite@Fe3O4 catalyst. Materials and Methods: In this study, the Bentonite@Fe3O4 catalyst was synthesized using a hydrothermal-chemical method and characterized through diagnostic analyses. In the catalytic process, the effects of various parameters such as pH (3–11), catalyst dosage (0–400 mg/L), PMS concentration (0–1 mM), and reaction time (0–120 min) were investigated. The identification of reactive radicals and the toxicity test of the treated solution were also conducted. Results: Successful synthesis of the Bentonite@Fe3O4 catalyst was confirmed by SEM, XRD, and FTIR analyses. Complete dye removal was achieved under the following operational conditions: pH 3, catalyst dosage of 200 mg/L, PMS concentration of 0.5 mM, and a reaction time of 100 min. Sulfate radicals (SO4•⁻), hydroxyl radicals (•OH), and superoxide radicals (O2•⁻) were identified as the active species in the dye degradation process. A 1.56-fold increase in the growth of mint plants in the treated solution compared to the untreated one emphasized the effective toxicity reduction achieved by the current process. Conclusion: The findings of the study demonstrated that catalytic treatment of the AB113 solution could produce an effluent suitable for safe disposal. 50 64 2025/01/292024/12/182024/12/172025/02/20 1403/12/2 2025/03/172025/03/112025/03/112025/03/29 1404/1/9 علیرضا دامرودی Alireza Damroudi کمیته تحقیقات دانشجویی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز ایران اسماعیل روستایی Esmail Rostaei کمیته تحقیقات دانشجویی، دانشکده علوم پزشکی لارستان، لار، ایران ایران نظام الدین منگلی زاده Nezamaddin Mengelizadeh گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشکده علوم پزشکی لارستان، لار، ایران ایران nezam_m2008@yahoo.com مریم مرادنیا Maryam Moradnia گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران ایران Catalytic process Bentonite@Fe3O4 toxicity radical identification catalyst synthesis فرآیند کاتالیتیک بنتونیت@Fe3O4 سمیت شناسایی رادیکال ها سنتز کاتالیست Reza Samarghandi M, Tari K, Shabanloo A, et al. Synergistic degradation of acid blue 113 dye in a thermally activated persulfate (TAP)/ZnO-GAC oxidation system: Degradation pathway and application for real textile wastewater. Separation and Purification Technology 2020;247: 116931.##Shirzad-Siboni M, Jafari SJ, Giahi O, et al. Removal of acid blue 113 and reactive black 5 dye from aqueous solutions by activated red mud. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 2014;20(4): 1432-7.##Shafawi AN, Mahmud RA, Ahmed Ali K, et al. Bi2O3 particles decorated on porous g-C3N4 sheets: Enhanced photocatalytic activity through a direct Z-scheme mechanism for degradation of Reactive Black 5 under UV–vis light. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 2020;389: 112289.##Saravanan M, Sambhamurthy NP, Sivarajan M. Treatment of Acid Blue 113 Dye Solution Using Iron Electrocoagulation. CLEAN – Soil, Air, Water 2010;38(5-6): 565-71.##Márquez AA, Coreño O, Nava JL. An innovative process combining electrocoagulation and photoelectro-Fenton-like methods during the abatement of Acid Blue 113 dye. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 2022;163: 475-86.##Lee LY, Gan S, Yin Tan MS, et al. Effective removal of Acid Blue 113 dye using overripe Cucumis sativus peel as an eco-friendly biosorbent from agricultural residue. Journal of Cleaner Production 2016;113: 194-203.##Ma Z, Cao H, Lv F, et al. Preparation of nZVI embedded modified mesoporous carbon for catalytic persulfate to degradation of reactive black 5. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2021;15(5): 98.##Satapanajaru T, Yoo-iam M, Bongprom P, Pengthamkeerati P. Decolorization of Reactive Black 5 by persulfate oxidation activated by ferrous ion and its optimization. Desalination and Water Treatment 2015;56(1): 121-35.##Luo S, Duan L, Sun B, et al. 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Magnetochemistry 2023;9: 110.##Li Z, Sun Y, Yang Y, et al. Comparing biochar- and bentonite-supported Fe-based catalysts for selective degradation of antibiotics: Mechanisms and pathway. Environmental Research 2020;183: 109156.##Huang G, Liu K, Muhammad Y, et al. Integrating magnetized bentonite and pinecone-like BiOBr/BiOI Step-scheme heterojunctions as novel recyclable photocatalyst for efficient antibiotic degradation. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 2023;122: 482-99.##Pandey S. A comprehensive review on recent developments in bentonite-based materials used as adsorbents for wastewater treatment. Journal of Molecular Liquids 2017;241: 1091-113.##Lou Z, Zhou Z, Zhang W, et al. Magnetized bentonite by Fe3O4 nanoparticles treated as adsorbent for methylene blue removal from aqueous solution: Synthesis, characterization, mechanism, kinetics and regeneration. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 2015;49: 199-205.##Desalegn YM, Andoshe DM, Desissa TD. Composite of bentonite/CoFe2O4/hydroxyapatite for adsorption of Pb (II). Materials Research Express 2020;7(11): 115501.##Culita DC, Simonescu CM, Patescu RE, et al. Polyamine Functionalized Magnetite Nanoparticles as Novel Adsorbents for Cu(II) Removal from Aqueous Solutions. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials 2017;27(2): 490-502.##Zaher M, Wahab S, Taha M, Masoud A. Sorption Characteristics of Iron, Fluoride and Phosphate from Wastewater of Phosphate Fertilizer Plant using Natural Sodium Bentonite. Journal of Membrane Science & Technology 2018;08.##Babahoum N, Ould Hamou M. Characterization and purification of Algerian natural bentonite for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. BMC Chemistry 2021;15(1): 50.##Li Z, Luo S, Yang Y, Chen J. Highly efficient degradation of trichloroethylene in groundwater based on peroxymonosulfate activation by bentonite supported Fe/Ni bimetallic nanoparticle. Chemosphere 2019;216: 499-506.##Tong S, Chen D, Jiang X, et al. Persulfate activation by Fe3O4-doped biochar synthesized from Fenton sludge and sewage sludge for enhanced 1-H-1,2,4-triazole degradation. Chemical Engineering Journal 2023;461: 142075.##Gao Y, Zhao Q, Li Y, et al. Degradation of sulfamethoxazole by peroxymonosulfate activated by waste eggshell supported Ag2O-Ag nano–particles. Chemical Engineering Journal 2021;405: 126719.##Ghanbari F, Jaafarzadeh N. Graphite-supported CuO catalyst for heterogeneous peroxymonosulfate activation to oxidize Direct Orange 26: the effect of influential parameters. Research on Chemical Intermediates 2017;43(8): 4623-37.##Wang H, Wang C, Wang X, et al. Cobalt atom sites anchored on sulfhydryl decorated UiO-66 to activate peroxymonosulfate for norfloxacin degradation. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 2023;11(1): 108972.##Zhao Z, Zhu S, Qi S, et al. Collaborative modification strategy to improve the formation of biochar-derived persistent free radicals for aniline removal via peroxymonosulfate activation. Biochar 2025;7.##Chen H, Ku J, Wang L. Thermal catalysis under dark ambient conditions in environmental remediation: Fundamental principles, development, and challenges. Chinese Journal of Catalysis 2019;40(8): 1117-34.##Reza Samarghandi M, Tari K, Shabanloo A, et al. Synergistic degradation of acid blue 113 dye in a thermally activated persulfate (TAP)/ZnO-GAC oxidation system: Degradation pathway and application for real textile wastewater. Separation and Purification Technology 2020;247: 116931.##Shirzad-Siboni M, Jafari SJ, Giahi O, et al. Removal of acid blue 113 and reactive black 5 dye from aqueous solutions by activated red mud. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 2014;20(4): 1432-7.##Shafawi AN, Mahmud RA, Ahmed Ali K, et al. Bi2O3 particles decorated on porous g-C3N4 sheets: Enhanced photocatalytic activity through a direct Z-scheme mechanism for degradation of Reactive Black 5 under UV–vis light. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 2020;389: 112289.##Saravanan M, Sambhamurthy NP, Sivarajan M. Treatment of Acid Blue 113 Dye Solution Using Iron Electrocoagulation. CLEAN – Soil, Air, Water 2010;38(5-6): 565-71.##Márquez AA, Coreño O, Nava JL. An innovative process combining electrocoagulation and photoelectro-Fenton-like methods during the abatement of Acid Blue 113 dye. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 2022;163: 475-86.##Lee LY, Gan S, Yin Tan MS, et al. Effective removal of Acid Blue 113 dye using overripe Cucumis sativus peel as an eco-friendly biosorbent from agricultural residue. Journal of Cleaner Production 2016;113: 194-203.##Ma Z, Cao H, Lv F, et al. Preparation of nZVI embedded modified mesoporous carbon for catalytic persulfate to degradation of reactive black 5. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2021;15(5): 98.##Satapanajaru T, Yoo-iam M, Bongprom P, Pengthamkeerati P. Decolorization of Reactive Black 5 by persulfate oxidation activated by ferrous ion and its optimization. Desalination and Water Treatment 2015;56(1): 121-35.##Luo S, Duan L, Sun B, et al. Manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieve (OMS-2) as an effective catalyst for degradation of organic dyes in aqueous solutions in the presence of peroxymonosulfate. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 2015;164: 92-9.##Tan C, Jian X, Dong Y, et al. Activation of peroxymonosulfate by a novel EGCE@Fe3O4 nanocomposite: Free radical reactions and implication for the degradation of sulfadiazine. Chemical Engineering Journal 2019;359: 594-603.##Ghanbari F, Moradi M. Application of peroxymonosulfate and its activation methods for degradation of environmental organic pollutants: Review. Chemical Engineering Journal 2017;310: 41-62.##Scaria J, Gopinath A, Nidheesh PV. A versatile strategy to eliminate emerging contaminants from the aqueous environment: Heterogeneous Fenton process. Journal of Cleaner Production 2021;278: 124014.##Liu M, Ye Y, Ye J, et al. Recent Advances of Magnetite (Fe3O4)-Based Magnetic Materials in Catalytic Applications. Magnetochemistry 2023;9: 110.##Li Z, Sun Y, Yang Y, et al. Comparing biochar- and bentonite-supported Fe-based catalysts for selective degradation of antibiotics: Mechanisms and pathway. Environmental Research 2020;183: 109156.##Huang G, Liu K, Muhammad Y, et al. Integrating magnetized bentonite and pinecone-like BiOBr/BiOI Step-scheme heterojunctions as novel recyclable photocatalyst for efficient antibiotic degradation. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 2023;122: 482-99.##Pandey S. A comprehensive review on recent developments in bentonite-based materials used as adsorbents for wastewater treatment. Journal of Molecular Liquids 2017;241: 1091-113.##Lou Z, Zhou Z, Zhang W, et al. Magnetized bentonite by Fe3O4 nanoparticles treated as adsorbent for methylene blue removal from aqueous solution: Synthesis, characterization, mechanism, kinetics and regeneration. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 2015;49: 199-205.##Desalegn YM, Andoshe DM, Desissa TD. Composite of bentonite/CoFe2O4/hydroxyapatite for adsorption of Pb (II). Materials Research Express 2020;7(11): 115501.##Culita DC, Simonescu CM, Patescu RE, et al. Polyamine Functionalized Magnetite Nanoparticles as Novel Adsorbents for Cu(II) Removal from Aqueous Solutions. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials 2017;27(2): 490-502.##Zaher M, Wahab S, Taha M, Masoud A. Sorption Characteristics of Iron, Fluoride and Phosphate from Wastewater of Phosphate Fertilizer Plant using Natural Sodium Bentonite. Journal of Membrane Science & Technology 2018;08.##Babahoum N, Ould Hamou M. Characterization and purification of Algerian natural bentonite for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. BMC Chemistry 2021;15(1): 50.##Li Z, Luo S, Yang Y, Chen J. Highly efficient degradation of trichloroethylene in groundwater based on peroxymonosulfate activation by bentonite supported Fe/Ni bimetallic nanoparticle. Chemosphere 2019;216: 499-506.##Tong S, Chen D, Jiang X, et al. Persulfate activation by Fe3O4-doped biochar synthesized from Fenton sludge and sewage sludge for enhanced 1-H-1,2,4-triazole degradation. Chemical Engineering Journal 2023;461: 142075.##Gao Y, Zhao Q, Li Y, et al. Degradation of sulfamethoxazole by peroxymonosulfate activated by waste eggshell supported Ag2O-Ag nano–particles. Chemical Engineering Journal 2021;405: 126719.##Ghanbari F, Jaafarzadeh N. Graphite-supported CuO catalyst for heterogeneous peroxymonosulfate activation to oxidize Direct Orange 26: the effect of influential parameters. Research on Chemical Intermediates 2017;43(8): 4623-37.##Wang H, Wang C, Wang X, et al. Cobalt atom sites anchored on sulfhydryl decorated UiO-66 to activate peroxymonosulfate for norfloxacin degradation. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 2023;11(1): 108972.##Zhao Z, Zhu S, Qi S, et al. Collaborative modification strategy to improve the formation of biochar-derived persistent free radicals for aniline removal via peroxymonosulfate activation. Biochar 2025;7.##Chen H, Ku J, Wang L. Thermal catalysis under dark ambient conditions in environmental remediation: Fundamental principles, development, and challenges. Chinese Journal of Catalysis 2019;40(8): 1117-34. ##

بررسی جامع مکانیسم‌های گیاه‌پالایی برای حذف آلاینده های مختلف از خاک Comprehensive investigation of plant phytoremediation mechanisms for the removal of various pollutants from soil 1 1  زمینه و هدف: از دیدگاه جهانی خاک سومین جزء عمده محیط زیست تلقی می‌شود که آلودگی آن در حال حاضر از مهم‌ترین چالش‌های سازمان‌های محیط زیست در جهان و همچنین مهم‌ترین معضلات زیست‌محیطی کشورها است لذا مطالعه حاضر باهدف بررسی جامع مکانیسم‌های گیاه‌پالایی به‌عنوان یک ابزار کارآمد و پایدار برای پاک‌سازی آلاینده­‌های مختلف از خاک انجام شد. مواد و روش‌ها: این مطالعه، یک مطالعه مروری - توصیفی در سال ۲۰۲۴ بود که به‌منظور گزارش فرایند جست‎وجو، مستندسازی و غربالگری از چک‌لیست پریزما برای بررسی‌های سیستماتیک استفاده شد. روش کار با جست‌وجو مقالات از سال ۲۰۰۰ تا ۲۰۲۳ با کلید‌ واژه‌های انگلیسیPhytoremediation ،bioremediation ،soil contamination ،Heavy metals in soil و معادل فارسی مربوطه درسایت‌های معتبر PubMed، Scopus،Web of Science ،Google Scholar ،Magiran و  SIDبود. یافته‌ها: بعد از جست‌وجو با کلید واژه‌های مرتبط تعداد ۱۰۲۱ مطالعه یافت شد و براساس معیارهای ورود و خروج ۵۰ مقاله مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. براساس نتایج آلاینده‌­های اصلی خاک فلزات سنگین، گروه آلاینده‌های  BTEXو مواد نفتی است و با مکانیسم­های مختلف گیاهپالایی از جمله کنترل هیدرولیک، تجزیه توسط گیاهی، گیاه استخراجی، گیاه تثبیتی، تصعید توسط گیاه، تجزیه توسط ریزوسفر، ریزوفیلتراسیون به عنوان یک فناوری نوین در رفع این آلودگی­‌ها موثر واقع شوند. نتیجه‌گیری: هزینه‌های گزاف روش‌های فیزیکی و شمیایی تصفیه خاک سبب شده تا استفاده از روش گیاه‌­پالایی برای پاکسازی و تصفیه خاک بکار گرفته شود بزرگ‌ترین مزیت این روش نسبت به سایر روش‌ها، ارزان بودن و سادگی آن و معایب این روش خطرناک بودن بیـومس گیاهان تجمع کننده فلزات و مصـرف بیــومس گیــاهی آلــوده شــده توسط حیوانات، فاکتور محدود کننده شرایط آب و هوایی، عدم درک کامل این تکنولوژی و طولانی بودن آن است.   2 Background: From the global point of view, the soil is considered as the third major component of the environment, and its pollution is currently one of the most important challenges for environmental organizations worldwide, as well as the most significant environmental problems for countries. Therefore, the present study aims to comprehensively investigate the mechanisms of phytoremediation as an effective and sustainable tool for the purification of various pollutants from the soil. Materials and Methods: This study was a descriptive review conducted in 2024 to report the process of search, documentation, and screening of the PRISMA checklist for systematic reviews. The search method included articles from 2000 to 2023 using the English keywords Phytoremediation, bioremediation, soil contamination, Heavy metals in soil, and their corresponding Persian equivalents on reputable websites such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Magiran, and SID. Results: After searching with relevant keywords, a total of 1021 studies were found, and based on the criteria of input and output, 50 articles were used. According to the results, the main pollutants in soil are heavy metals, BTEX pollutants, and petroleum substances, which can be effectively remediated through various phytoremediation mechanisms, including hydraulic control, phytodegradation, phytoextraction, phytostabilization, phytovolatilization, rhizosphere degradation, and rhizofiltration, as a novel technology for addressing these contaminations. Conclusion: The high costs of physical and chemical methods of soil remediation have led to the utilization of phytoremediation as a more cost-effective and simple approach for soil purification. The main advantage of this method over others is its affordability and simplicity, while its disadvantages include the potential accumulation of metals in bioaccumulating plants and the consumption of contaminated plant biomass by animals, limited climatic conditions, incomplete understanding of this technology, and its lengthy duration. 65 81 2025/01/292024/12/182024/12/172025/02/202024/12/19 1403/9/29 2025/03/172025/03/112025/03/112025/03/292025/01/27 1403/11/8 غلامحسین صفری Gholam Hossain Safari کمیته تحقیقات دانشجویی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز، تبریز، ایران ایران سمیرا بهرامی واله Samira Bahrami Valeh گروه بهداشت عمومی، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی قزوین، قزوین، ایران ایران محمد درویش متولی Mohammad Darvishmotevalli مرکز تحقیقات بهداشت، ایمنی و محیط، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج، ایران ایران حسین فرجی Hossein Faraji مرکز تحقیقات بیماری های واگیر و گرمسیری، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایرانشهر، ایرانشهر، ایران ایران اکبر اسکندری Akbar Eskandari کمیته تحقیقات دانشجویی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز، تبریز، ایران ایران scandari12@yahoo.com phytoremediation soil pollution heavy metals bioremediation گیاه‌پالایی آلودگی خاک فلزات سنگین زیست‌پالایی Hejazi R, Taheri M, Islami K. Indicating Environmental Costs in Soil Pollution. Journal of Health Accounting 2014;3(1): 42-60.##Valinejad Tabrizi F, Arbaby A, Borna R. Investigating the concentration of heavy metals and soil pollution indicators in west of Tehran. Natural Ecosystems of Iran 2023;14(2): 39-53 (in Persian).##Sistani N, Moeinaddini M, Khorasani N, et al. Heavy metal pollution in soils nearby Kerman steel industry: metal richness and degree of contamination assessment. Iranian Journal of Health and Environment 2017;10(1).##Sabeti Mohammadi S, Hamidian AH, Khorasani N, et al. Bioremediation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons contaminated soil by some fungal species. Journal of Natural Environment 2020;73(1): 1-11 (in Persian).##Mazhari M. A curious look at Article 15 of the Law on Protection of Soil regarding the elimination and remediation of soil pollution sources. Journal of Plant and Biotechnology of Iran 2023 18(3): 1-13 (in Persian).##Havugimana E, Bhople BS, Kumar A, et al. Soil pollution–major sources and types of soil pollutants. Environmental science and engineering 2017;11: 53-86.##Sales da Silva IG, Gomes de Almeida FC, Padilha da Rocha e Silva NM, et al. Soil bioremediation: Overview of technologies and trends. Energies 2020;13(18): 4664.##Shamsoddini A, Esmaeili S. Modelling of Soil Heavy Metal contamination using Machine learning techniques and spectroscopic data. The Journal of Spatial Planning 2023;26(4): 139-60 (in persion).##Karimipour Fard H. Nematodes asbioindicators of soil pollutionwith heavy metals. Land Management Journal 2018;5(2): 113-24 (in Persian).##Calderon JL, Kaunda RB, Sinkala T, et al. Phytoremediation and phytoextraction in Sub-Saharan Africa: Addressing economic and social challenges. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety 2021;226: 112864.##Vaezihir A, Qobadian S, Golmohamadi A. The study of oil-contamination groundwater due to Shazand Refinery. Journal of environmental science and technology 2020;22(6): 49-59 ( in pertion).##Kristanti RA, Ngu WJ, Yuniarto A, Hadibarata T. Rhizofiltration for removal of inorganic and organic pollutants in groundwater: a review. Biointerface Res Appl Chem 2021;11: 12326-47.##Kaczyńska G, Borowik A, Wyszkowska J. Soil dehydrogenases as an indicator of contamination of the environment with petroleum products. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 2015;226: 1-11.##Nadim F, Hoag GE, Liu S, et al. Detection and remediation of soil and aquifer systems contaminated with petroleum products: an overview. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 2000;26(1-4): 169-78.##Besalatpour A, Hajabbasi M, Khoshgoftarmanesh A, Afyuni M. Responses of selected plants to petroleum contamination in soils around the Tehran oil refinery. JWSS-Isfahan University of Technology 2008;12(44): 13-25 (in persion).##Zhichkina L, Nosov V, Zhichkin K, et al., editors. Analysis of anthropogenic contamination of soils by petroleum products. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering; 2020: IOP Publishing.##Bor Muslim YKD. soil pollutants and their cleaning methods. The first national civil engineering conference2013 (in Persian).##REZVANI M, NOURMOHAMMADI G, Zafarian F. Cleaning up of contaminated soil, ground water and air by plants. Journal of Agricultural Sciences 2005;11(1): 7-25 (in Persian).##Kensa VM. Bioremediation-an overview. Journal of Industrial Pollution Control 2011;27(2): 161-8.##Sharma S, Pathak H. Basic techniques of phytoremediation. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research 2014;5(4): 584-604.##Adams GO, Fufeyin PT, Okoro SE, Ehinomen I. Bioremediation, biostimulation and bioaugmention: a review. International Journal of Environmental Bioremediation & Biodegradation 2015;3(1): 28-39.##Hosseinniaee S, Mirzaei E. Phytoremediation-Promising Green Technology for Remediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Lands. Zist Sepehr Student Magazine 2022;15(1): 37-44 (in Persian).##Tonelli FCP, Tonelli FMP, Lemos MS, de Melo Nunes NA. Mechanisms of phytoremediation. Phytoremediation: Elsevier; 2022. p. 37-64.##Li Y, Ma J, Li Y, et al. Nitrogen addition facilitates phytoremediation of PAH-Cd cocontaminated dumpsite soil by altering alfalfa growth and rhizosphere communities. Science of The Total Environment 2022;806: 150610.##Besalatpour A, Hajabbasi M, Khoshgoftarmanesh A, Sheikholeslam F. Decision Making Using Genetic Algorithm to Select the Best Plant Genotype for Phytoremediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Soils. Iranian Journal of Soil Research 2011;25(1): 61-70 (in Persian).##Khosravinodeh M, Abbaspour A, Ebrahimi S, Asghari H. Phytoremediation of a fuel oil-contaminated soil using alfalfa and grass with pseudomonas putida bacterium. Journal of water and soil protection research 2013;20(2): 219-34 (in persion).##Kafle A, Timilsina A, Gautam A, et al. Phytoremediation: Mechanisms, plant selection and enhancement by natural and synthetic agents. Environmental Advances 2022;8: 100203.##Zeyaullah M, Atif M, Islam B, et al. Bioremediation: A tool for environmental cleaning. African Journal of Microbiology Research 2009;3(6): 310-4.##Koshlaf E, Ball AS. Soil bioremediation approaches for petroleum hydrocarbon polluted environments. AIMS microbiology 2017;3(1): 25.##Kamare E FM. New plant treatment technology to create a sustainable environment. Journal of Biosafety 2012;5(2): 107-21 (In pertion).##Etim E. Phytoremediation and its mechanisms: a review. Int J Environ Bioenergy 2012;2(3): 120-36.##Moosavi SG, Seghatoleslami MJ. Phytoremediation: a review. Advance in Agriculture and Biology 2013;1(1): 5-11.##NEISI A, Vosoughi M, Mohammadi M, et al. Phytoremediation of by Helianthus plant. Journal of Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences 2014;2(2): 55-65 (in persion).##Robinson B, Anderson C, Dickinson N. Phytoextraction: where’s the action? Journal of Geochemical Exploration 2015;151: 34-40.##Shackira A, Puthur JT. Phytostabilization of heavy metals: understanding of principles and practices. Plant-metal interactions 2019: 263-82.##Limmer M, Burken J. Phytovolatilization of organic contaminants. Environmental Science & Technology 2016;50(13): 6632-43.##Breton-Deval L, Guevara-García A, Juarez K, et al. Role of rhizosphere microbiome during phytoremediation of heavy metals. Microbial biodegradation and bioremediation: Elsevier; 2022. p. 263-91.##Brereton N, Gonzalez E, Desjardins D, et al. Co-cropping with three phytoremediation crops influences rhizosphere microbiome community in contaminated soil. Science of the Total Environment 2020;711: 135067.##Agarwal P, Giri BS, Rani R. Unravelling the role of rhizospheric plant-microbe synergy in phytoremediation: a genomic perspective. Current Genomics 2020;21(5): 334-42.##Chatterjee S, Mitra A, Datta S, Veer V. Phytoremediation protocols: an overview. Plant-based remediation processes 2013: 1-18.##Banerjee A, Roychoudhury A. Rhizofiltration of combined arsenic-fluoride or lead-fluoride polluted water using common aquatic plants and use of the ‘clean’water for alleviating combined xenobiotic toxicity in a sensitive rice variety. Environmental Pollution 2022;304: 119128.##Ali H, Khan E, Sajad MA. Phytoremediation of heavy metals—concepts and applications. Chemosphere 2013;91(7): 869-81.##Mohsenzadeh S, Keshtvarz M, Mohsenzadeh M, et al. Treatment of contaminated soil to petroleum hydrocarbons with Vetiver phytoremediation. Journal of Environmental Science Studies 2023;8(1): 6084-91 )in pertion(##Hoseini SG, Rahimnejad M, Sadighzadeh A, Zokhtareh R. Evaluation of Wheat and Sunflower Plants Efficiency in Phytoremediation of Radium Contaminated Soils. Journal of Environmental Science Studies 2021;6(1): 3452-8 (in persion).##Salehi A, Matinizadeh M. Effect of symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on phytoremediation processes in the soils contaminated with heavy metals. Iranian Journal of Biology 2020;1(1): 57-66 (in Persian).##Ghosh M, Singh S. A review on phytoremediation of heavy metals and utilization of it’s by products. Asian J Energy Environ 2005;6(4): 18.##Pivetz BE. Phytoremediation of contaminated soil and ground water at hazardous waste sites: US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development …; 2001.##Azubuike CC, Chikere CB, Okpokwasili GC. Bioremediation techniques–classification based on site of application: principles, advantages, limitations and prospects. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 2016;32: 1-18.##GH H. Bioremediation is a way to clean the soil and water environment. Ecology 2016;20: 86 - 92 (in pertion).##50. Sharma J. Advantages and limitations of in situ methods of bioremediation. Recent Adv Biol Med 2019;5(2019): 10941.##Hejazi R, Taheri M, Islami K. Indicating Environmental Costs in Soil Pollution. Journal of Health Accounting 2014;3(1): 42-60.##Valinejad Tabrizi F, Arbaby A, Borna R. Investigating the concentration of heavy metals and soil pollution indicators in west of Tehran. Natural Ecosystems of Iran 2023;14(2): 39-53 (in Persian).##Sistani N, Moeinaddini M, Khorasani N, et al. Heavy metal pollution in soils nearby Kerman steel industry: metal richness and degree of contamination assessment. Iranian Journal of Health and Environment 2017;10(1).##Sabeti Mohammadi S, Hamidian AH, Khorasani N, et al. Bioremediation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons contaminated soil by some fungal species. Journal of Natural Environment 2020;73(1): 1-11 (in Persian).##Mazhari M. A curious look at Article 15 of the Law on Protection of Soil regarding the elimination and remediation of soil pollution sources. Journal of Plant and Biotechnology of Iran 2023 18(3): 1-13 (in Persian).##Havugimana E, Bhople BS, Kumar A, et al. Soil pollution–major sources and types of soil pollutants. Environmental science and engineering 2017;11: 53-86.##Sales da Silva IG, Gomes de Almeida FC, Padilha da Rocha e Silva NM, et al. Soil bioremediation: Overview of technologies and trends. Energies 2020;13(18): 4664.##Shamsoddini A, Esmaeili S. Modelling of Soil Heavy Metal contamination using Machine learning techniques and spectroscopic data. The Journal of Spatial Planning 2023;26(4): 139-60 (in persion).##Karimipour Fard H. Nematodes asbioindicators of soil pollutionwith heavy metals. Land Management Journal 2018;5(2): 113-24 (in Persian).##Calderon JL, Kaunda RB, Sinkala T, et al. Phytoremediation and phytoextraction in Sub-Saharan Africa: Addressing economic and social challenges. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety 2021;226: 112864.##Vaezihir A, Qobadian S, Golmohamadi A. The study of oil-contamination groundwater due to Shazand Refinery. Journal of environmental science and technology 2020;22(6): 49-59 ( in pertion).##Kristanti RA, Ngu WJ, Yuniarto A, Hadibarata T. Rhizofiltration for removal of inorganic and organic pollutants in groundwater: a review. Biointerface Res Appl Chem 2021;11: 12326-47.##Kaczyńska G, Borowik A, Wyszkowska J. Soil dehydrogenases as an indicator of contamination of the environment with petroleum products. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 2015;226: 1-11.##Nadim F, Hoag GE, Liu S, et al. Detection and remediation of soil and aquifer systems contaminated with petroleum products: an overview. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 2000;26(1-4): 169-78.##Besalatpour A, Hajabbasi M, Khoshgoftarmanesh A, Afyuni M. Responses of selected plants to petroleum contamination in soils around the Tehran oil refinery. JWSS-Isfahan University of Technology 2008;12(44): 13-25 (in persion).##Zhichkina L, Nosov V, Zhichkin K, et al., editors. Analysis of anthropogenic contamination of soils by petroleum products. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering; 2020: IOP Publishing.##Bor Muslim YKD. soil pollutants and their cleaning methods. The first national civil engineering conference2013 (in Persian).##REZVANI M, NOURMOHAMMADI G, Zafarian F. Cleaning up of contaminated soil, ground water and air by plants. Journal of Agricultural Sciences 2005;11(1): 7-25 (in Persian).##Kensa VM. Bioremediation-an overview. Journal of Industrial Pollution Control 2011;27(2): 161-8.##Sharma S, Pathak H. Basic techniques of phytoremediation. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research 2014;5(4): 584-604.##Adams GO, Fufeyin PT, Okoro SE, Ehinomen I. Bioremediation, biostimulation and bioaugmention: a review. International Journal of Environmental Bioremediation & Biodegradation 2015;3(1): 28-39.##Hosseinniaee S, Mirzaei E. Phytoremediation-Promising Green Technology for Remediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Lands. Zist Sepehr Student Magazine 2022;15(1): 37-44 (in Persian).##Tonelli FCP, Tonelli FMP, Lemos MS, de Melo Nunes NA. Mechanisms of phytoremediation. Phytoremediation: Elsevier; 2022. p. 37-64.##Li Y, Ma J, Li Y, et al. Nitrogen addition facilitates phytoremediation of PAH-Cd cocontaminated dumpsite soil by altering alfalfa growth and rhizosphere communities. Science of The Total Environment 2022;806: 150610.##Besalatpour A, Hajabbasi M, Khoshgoftarmanesh A, Sheikholeslam F. Decision Making Using Genetic Algorithm to Select the Best Plant Genotype for Phytoremediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Soils. Iranian Journal of Soil Research 2011;25(1): 61-70 (in Persian).##Khosravinodeh M, Abbaspour A, Ebrahimi S, Asghari H. 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بررسی تاثیرآلاینده های انبار نفت بر میزان آلودگی ترکیبات BTEX در حد فاصل انبار نفت و انبار غله فردیس Investigating the effect of oil terminal pollutants on the level of BTEX compounds contamination between the oil terminal and the Fardis grain depot 1 1 زمینه وهدف: انتشار بخار بنزین در ایستگاه­های تولید وپخش فراورده­های نفتی درحین توزیع، بارگیری، تخلیه و حمل و نقل یکی از منابع اصلی آلودگی هوا به حساب می‌­آید. با توجه به نزدیکی انبار غله به انبار نفت فردیس، این مطالعه با هدف بررسی تاثیر آلاینده های منتشر شده از انبار نفت بر میزان آلودگی ترکیبات BTEX در حد فاصل دو انبار شکل گرفت. مواد و روش ها: این مطالعه مقطعی– تحلیلی در سال ۱۴۰۰-۱۴۰۱ انجام گرفت. از دستگاه فوچک ساخت کشور انگلیس جهت سنجش منوآروماتیک‌ها استفاده گردید. آلاینده­‌های مورد بررسی بنزن، تولوئن،زایلن و اتیل­بنزن بود. داده‌­ها در یک ماه و به تعداد ۱۲۵ نمونه جمع‌­آوری شد. اندازه‌گیری‌ها در ساعات ۱۰-۹ صبح انجام شد. یافته ها: نتایج اندازه­‌گیری­‌ها در محیط داخلی و محیط خارجی انبار نفت نشان دهنده تفاوت معنی­دار بین این دو محیط می باشد(۰/۰۵>P). میانگین غلظت آلاینده­های مورد بررسی در محیط خارجی انبار نفت به طور معنی­داری بالاتر گزارش شد. مقایسه انجام شده در محیط خارجی انبار نفت نشان داد که میزان بنزن برابر با ۰/۴۶ mg/m3  بود که حدود ۰/۰۹ برابر حد استاندارد زیست محیطی می‌­باشد. پس از بنزن به ترتیب زایلن، تولوئن، اتیل بنزن در مرتبه‌های پایین‌تر غلظت قراردارند. نتیجه گیری: باتوجه به اینکه درمطالعه حاضر غلظت هیدورکربن­‌های آروماتیک در محیط خارجی انبار نفت به طور معنی­‌داری بیشتر از غلظت هیدروکربن­‌های داخل فضای انبار نفت می‌­باشد می­‌توان گفت حضور وسایل نقلیه بسیار بیشتر از وجود انبار نفت بر روی انبار غله تاثیرگذار است. 2 Background: The emission of gasoline vapour during the distribution, loading, evacuation, and transportation of petroleum products is a major cause of air pollution. Due to the closeness of the grain depot to the Fardis oil terminal. This study aimed to investigate the effect of pollutants emitted from the oil terminal on the level of BTEX compound contamination between the two storage sites. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional-analytical study was conducted in 1400-1401. Monoaromatics were measured using a Focheck device made in Britain. The pollutants studied was benzene, toluene, xylene, and ethylbenzene. Data was collected for 125 samples over a period of one month. Measurements were taken between 9 - 10 a.m. Results: The oil depot's internal and external environments were measured, and there was a significant difference found (P<0.05). Significantly higher concentrations were reported for the pollutants studied in the external environment of the oil depot. After comparing the external environment of the oil depot, it was observed that the level of benzene was 0.46 mg/m3, which is roughly 0.09 above the environmental standard limit. After benzene, xylene, toluene, and ethylbenzene were in lower concentration levels, respectively. Conclusion: According to the study, the concentration of aromatic hydrocarbons outside the oil depot was significantly higher than those inside. Hence, the grain depot was more affected by the presence of vehicles than the oil depot, as can be inferred. 82 90 2025/01/292024/12/182024/12/172025/02/202024/12/192025/02/16 1403/11/28 2025/03/172025/03/112025/03/112025/03/292025/01/272025/04/5 1404/1/16 فاطمه زارعی Fatemeh Zarei کارشناس ارشد مهندسی بهداشت حرفه ای و ایمنی کار، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، البرز، ایران ایران سیده آذر موسوی فرد Seyedeh Azar Mousavifard استادیار، گروه مهندسی بهداشت حرفه ای و ایمنی کار، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، البرز، ایران ایران a.mousavi@abzums.ac.ir رقیه نوروزی Roghayeh Noroozi استادیار، گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط ، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، البرز، ایران ایران سیده فاطمه موسوی کیا Seyedeh Fatemeh Mousavi kia کارشناس مهندسی بهداشت حرفه ای و ایمنی کار، مرکز بهداشت شهرستان خرم آباد، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی لرستان، خرم آباد، ایران ایران سکینه احمدی Sakineh Ahmadi کارشناس مهندسی بهداشت محیط، معاونت بهداشتی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، البرز، ایران ایران فریبا احدیان Fariba Ahadian کارشناس ارشد مهندسی بهداشت حرفه ای و ایمنی کار،معاونت بهداشتی ، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران، تهران، ایران ایران Benzen Aromatic hydrocarbons BTEX Oil storage بنزن هیدورکربن های آروماتیک BTEX انبار نفت Maleki Zad F, Mirzahosseini A, Moattar F. Air Quality Assessment around Mehrabad Airport. Int J Environ Sci Technol 2019;21(5): 95-107.##Jafari AJ, Arfaeinia H, Badi MY, et al. Ozone‐Assisted photocatalytic degradation of benzene using nano‐zinc oxide impregnated granular activated carbon (ZnO–GAC) in a continuous fluidized bed reactor. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 2019;38(4): 13082.##Zhang W, Li G, Yin H, et al. Adsorption and desorption mechanism of aromatic VOCs onto porous carbon adsorbents for emission control and resource recovery: recent progress and challenges. Environ Sci Nano 2021.##Sarkhosh M, Mahvi A, Amoozad F, Fakhri Y. Assessment of monoaromatic compounds in Tehran in 2011. J North Khorasan Univ Med Sci 2013;5(3): 573-7.##Salama KF, Omer EO, Zafar MJIJoEHE. Assessment of BTEX concentration around fuel station in Eastern Province Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Int J Environ Health Eng 2021;10(1): 2.##Sutic I, Bulog A, Sutic I, et al. Changes in the concentration of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m/p-xylene and o-xylene) following environmental and occupational exposure to vapors. J Changes 2016;2(10).##Muda I, Mohammadi MJ, Sepahvad A, et al. Associated health risk assessment due to exposure to BTEX compounds in fuel station workers. Rev Environ Health 2024;39(3): 435-46.##Rafati A, Erfanizadeh M, Noorafshan A, Karbalay-Doust S. Effect of benzene on the cerebellar structure and behavioral characteristics in rats. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015;5(7): 568-73.##Ehrenhauser FS, Khadapkar K, Wang Y, et al. Processing of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by fog in an urban environment. J Environ Monit 2012;14(10): 2566-79.##Zhang Y, Mu Y, Liu J, Mellouki A. Levels, sources and health risks of carbonyls and BTEX in the ambient air of Beijing, China. J Environ Sci 2012;24(1): 124-30.##Mishra AK, Srivastava P, Patil R. Seasonal variation of PM10 around an upcoming airport. Int J Innov Res Sci Eng Technol 2013;2(10): 5528-33.##Anigilaje EA NZ, Walton C. Exposure to benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) at Nigeria's petrol stations: a review of current status, challenges and future directions. Front Public Health 2024;12(25): 1295758.##Ceron-Breton JG CBR, Kahl JD, Sánchez Rico G, Carranco Lozada SE, de la Luz Espinosa Fuentes M, Uc Chi MP. . Concentrations, sources, and health risk associated with exposure to BTEX at ten sites located in an urban-industrial area in the Bajio Region, Mexico. AIR QUAL ATMOS HLTH 2021;14: 741-61.##Escarrone A, Caldas S, Furlong E, et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rice grain dried by different processes: Evaluation of a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe extraction method. Food Chem 2014;146: 597-602.##Kobayashi R, Okamoto RA, Maddalena RL, Kado NY. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible grain: A pilot study of agricultural crops as a human exposure pathway for environmental contaminants using wheat as a model crop. Environ Res 2008;107(2): 145-51.##Mousavi fard SA, Ardestani M, Mousavi kia SF, Zarei F. Health Risk Assessment: A Case StudyIn One of the Adhesives Manufacturing Industries of Alborz Province in 2020 J Environ Health Eng 2022;9(3): 333-48.##Mousavifard SA, Jozi SA, Zaimdar M, Rezazadeh Azari M. Estimation of the criticality of a fire incidence in the form of energy rate, burning time, and flame height in the Karaj Petroleum Depot (1399) J Environ Health Eng 2021;9(1): 85-100.##Maleki Zad F, Mirzahosseini A, Moattar F. Air Quality Assessment around Mehrabad Airport. Int J Environ Sci Technol 2019;21(5): 95-107.##Jafari AJ, Arfaeinia H, Badi MY, et al. Ozone‐Assisted photocatalytic degradation of benzene using nano‐zinc oxide impregnated granular activated carbon (ZnO–GAC) in a continuous fluidized bed reactor. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 2019;38(4): 13082.##Zhang W, Li G, Yin H, et al. Adsorption and desorption mechanism of aromatic VOCs onto porous carbon adsorbents for emission control and resource recovery: recent progress and challenges. Environ Sci Nano 2021.##Sarkhosh M, Mahvi A, Amoozad F, Fakhri Y. Assessment of monoaromatic compounds in Tehran in 2011. J North Khorasan Univ Med Sci 2013;5(3): 573-7.##Salama KF, Omer EO, Zafar MJIJoEHE. Assessment of BTEX concentration around fuel station in Eastern Province Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Int J Environ Health Eng 2021;10(1): 2.##Sutic I, Bulog A, Sutic I, et al. Changes in the concentration of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m/p-xylene and o-xylene) following environmental and occupational exposure to vapors. J Changes 2016;2(10).##Muda I, Mohammadi MJ, Sepahvad A, et al. Associated health risk assessment due to exposure to BTEX compounds in fuel station workers. Rev Environ Health 2024;39(3): 435-46.##Rafati A, Erfanizadeh M, Noorafshan A, Karbalay-Doust S. Effect of benzene on the cerebellar structure and behavioral characteristics in rats. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015;5(7): 568-73.##Ehrenhauser FS, Khadapkar K, Wang Y, et al. Processing of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by fog in an urban environment. J Environ Monit 2012;14(10): 2566-79.##Zhang Y, Mu Y, Liu J, Mellouki A. Levels, sources and health risks of carbonyls and BTEX in the ambient air of Beijing, China. J Environ Sci 2012;24(1): 124-30.##Mishra AK, Srivastava P, Patil R. Seasonal variation of PM10 around an upcoming airport. Int J Innov Res Sci Eng Technol 2013;2(10): 5528-33.##Anigilaje EA NZ, Walton C. Exposure to benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) at Nigeria's petrol stations: a review of current status, challenges and future directions. Front Public Health 2024;12(25): 1295758.##Ceron-Breton JG CBR, Kahl JD, Sánchez Rico G, Carranco Lozada SE, de la Luz Espinosa Fuentes M, Uc Chi MP. . Concentrations, sources, and health risk associated with exposure to BTEX at ten sites located in an urban-industrial area in the Bajio Region, Mexico. AIR QUAL ATMOS HLTH 2021;14: 741-61.##Escarrone A, Caldas S, Furlong E, et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rice grain dried by different processes: Evaluation of a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe extraction method. Food Chem 2014;146: 597-602.##Kobayashi R, Okamoto RA, Maddalena RL, Kado NY. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible grain: A pilot study of agricultural crops as a human exposure pathway for environmental contaminants using wheat as a model crop. Environ Res 2008;107(2): 145-51.##Mousavi fard SA, Ardestani M, Mousavi kia SF, Zarei F. Health Risk Assessment: A Case StudyIn One of the Adhesives Manufacturing Industries of Alborz Province in 2020 J Environ Health Eng 2022;9(3): 333-48.##Mousavifard SA, Jozi SA, Zaimdar M, Rezazadeh Azari M. Estimation of the criticality of a fire incidence in the form of energy rate, burning time, and flame height in the Karaj Petroleum Depot (1399) J Environ Health Eng 2021;9(1): 85-100. ##

استراتژی‌های کاهش انباشت آرسنیک در دانه برنج: یک مطالعه مروری نظام‌مند Strategies for reducing arsenic accumulation in rice grains: A systematic review 1 1 زمینه و هدف: آرسنیک یکی از سمی‌ترین فلزات سنگین است که با تأثیر بر زنجیره غذایی، می‌تواند تهدیدی جدی برای سلامت انسان باشد. برنج به‌دلیل رشد در شرایط غرقابی، در مقایسه با سایر غلات از ظرفیت قابل‌توجهی برای تجمع آرسنیک برخوردار است. بنابراین، توسعه روش‌هایی برای کاهش تجمع آرسنیک در دانه برنج امری ضروری است. بر این اساس، مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسی راهکارهای کاهش تجمع آرسنیک در خاک و گیاه برنج انجام شد. مواد و روش‌ها: در جستجوی اولیه مقالات، در مجموع 164 مقاله در بازه زمانی ۲۰۰۴ تا ۲۰۲۴ یافت شد و پس از حذف موارد تکراری، این تعداد به ۱۲۶ رسید. سپس در مرحله غربالگری، عنوان و چکیده مقالات مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و در انتهای این مرحله تعداد ۹۲ مقاله باقی ماند. در نهایت پس از بررسی متن کامل مقالات، تعداد ۶۸ مقاله برای این مطالعه استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که شیوه‌های مدیریت آب از جمله آبیاری تناوبی به‌دلیل تغییر وضعیت ردوکس خاک می‌تواند به کاهش محتوای آرسنیک در برنج کمک نماید. علاوه بر این، سمیت و جذب آرسنیک در برنج را می‌توان با استفاده از اصلاح‌کننده‌های ارگانیک (بیوچار و کودهای آلی) و اصلاح‌کننده‌های غیرارگانیک (آهن، سیلیکون و گوگرد) کاهش داد. استفاده از فناوری نانو، روش دیگری برای کاهش جذب آرسنیک توسط برنج است. انتخاب ارقام برنج کم انباشته کننده آرسنیک و کاربرد میکروارگانیسم‌ها از دیگر اقدامات زراعی موفق برای کاهش غلظت آرسنیک در دانه برنج هستند. نتیجه‌گیری: استفاده از شیوه‌های مدیریتی مناسب می‌تواند تحمل گیاه برنج به تنش آرسنیک را افزایش داده و انتقال آن به زنجیره غذایی را کاهش دهد. 2 Background: Arsenic (As) is one of the most toxic heavy metals posing a serious threat to human health by affecting the food chain. Compared to other cereals, rice has a high potential for As accumulation due to growth in flooded conditions. Therefore, it is essential to develop strategies for reducing As accumulation in rice grain. Accordingly, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the strategies for reducing As accumulation in rice grain. Materials and Methods: In the initial search of articles, a total of 164 articles published between 2004 and 2024, and were reduced after removing duplicates to 126 articles. Then, in the screening stage, the title and abstract of the articles were reviewed and at the end, 92 articles remained. The full text of the screened articles was studied and finally, 68 articles were used in this study. Results: The results showed that water management practices such as intermittent irrigation can help reduce As content of rice plants due to changing the redox status of the soil. In addition, As uptake and toxicity in rice can be reduced by the application of organic amendments (biochar and organic fertilizers) and inorganic amendments (iron, silicon and sulfur). Another way to reduce arsenic absorption by rice is the use of nanotechnology. Selection of low As accumulating rice cultivars and inoculation with microorganisms are among the other agronomic practices successfully employed for reducing As concentration in rice grains. Conclusion: The use of appropriate management practices can enhance rice tolerance to As stress and reduce entry into the food chain. 91 107 2025/01/292024/12/182024/12/172025/02/202024/12/192025/02/162025/02/22 1403/12/4 2025/03/172025/03/112025/03/112025/03/292025/01/272025/04/52025/03/29 1404/1/9 سجاد شاکرکوهی Sajjad Shaker kouhi بخش تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه بذر، مؤسسه تحقیقات برنج کشور، رشت، ایران ایران s.shaker@areeo.ac.ir محمد ربیعی Mohammad Rabiee بخش تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه بذر، مؤسسه تحقیقات برنج کشور، رشت، ایران ایران Arsenic Biochar Heavy metals Rice Water management آرسنیک برنج بیوچار فلزات سنگین مدیریت آب Bundschuh J, Niazi NK, Alam MA, et al. Global arsenic dilemma and sustainability. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2022;436: 129197. ##Chen WQ, Shi YL, Wu SL, et al. Anthropogenic arsenic cycles: A research framework and features. Journal of Cleaner Production 2016;139: 328-336.##Singh S, Rajput VD, Upadhyay SK, et al. Arsenic Contamination in Rice Agro-ecosystems: Mitigation Strategies for Safer Crop Production. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 2023;42: 6413–6424.##Saha A, Sen Gupta B, Patidar S, et al. Identification of Soil Arsenic Contamination in Rice Paddy Field Based on Hyperspectral Reflectance Approach. Soil System 2022;6: 30.##Mandal J, Sengupta S, Sarkar S, et al. Meta-Analysis Enables Prediction of the Maximum Permissible Arsenic Concentration in Asian Paddy Soil. Frontiers in Environmental Science 2021;9: 760125.##Mawia AM, Hui S, Zhou L, et al. Inorganic arsenic toxicity and alleviation strategies in rice. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2021;408: 124751.##Tripathi RD, Tripathi P, Dwivedi S, et al. Arsenomics: omics of arsenic metabolism in plants. Frontiers in Physiology 2012;23: 3-275.##Souri Z, Karimi N, de Oliveira LM. Antioxidant enzymes responses in shoots of arsenic hyperaccumulator, Isatis cappadocica Desv., under interaction of arsenate and phosphate. Environmental Technology 2018;39: 1316-1327.##Mitra A, Chatterjee S, Moogouei R, et al. Arsenic Accumulation in Rice and Probable Mitigation Approaches: A Review. Agronomy 2017;7(4): 67.##Shikawa S, Arao T, Makino T. Agronomic strategies for reducing arsenic risk in rice, in Arsenic Contamination in Asia, (eds) Yamauchi H, Sun G. Singapore: Springer, 2019; 181-198. ##Liu J, Liu HB, Liu R, et al. Water Quality in Irrigated Paddy Systems. Irrigation in Agroecosystems. Intech Open, London, United Kingdom; 2018.##Uda MNA, Gopinath SCB, Hashim U, et al. Controlling Arsenic Accumulation in Rice Grain under Nanomaterials-Assisted Optimal Greenhouse Set-Up. Sustainability 2023;15(3): 2633.##Ali W, Rasool A, Junaid M, et al. A comprehensive review on current status, mechanism, and possible sources of arsenic contamination in groundwater: a global perspective with prominence of Pakistan scenario. Environ Geochem Health 2019;41: 737-760.##Shaji E, Santosh M, Sarath K, et al. Arsenic contamination of groundwater: a global synopsis with focus on the Indian Peninsula. Geoscience Frontiers 2021;12: 101079.##Shaker Kouhi S, Rabiee M. Effect of intercropping on the Cd accumulation in soil and rice plants: A review. Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2024;11(3): 287-301 [in Persian].##Honma T, Ohba H, Kaneko-Kadokura A, et al. Optimal soil Eh, pH, and water management for simultaneously minimizing arsenic and cadmium concentrations in rice grains. Environmental Science and Technology 2016;50: 4178-4185.##Williams PN, Villada A, Deacon C, et al. Greatly enhanced arsenic shoot assimilation in rice leads to elevated grain levels compared to wheat and barley. Environmental Science and Technology 2007;41: 6854-6859.##Gonzalez ME, Stahl C, Cruz MT, et al. Contrasting the size-resolved nature of particulate arsenic, cadmium, and lead among diverse regions. Atmospheric Pollution Research 2021;48: 85-95.##Majumdar A, Barla A, Upadhyay MK, et al. 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Intech Open, London, United Kingdom; 2018.##Uda MNA, Gopinath SCB, Hashim U, et al. Controlling Arsenic Accumulation in Rice Grain under Nanomaterials-Assisted Optimal Greenhouse Set-Up. Sustainability 2023;15(3): 2633.##Ali W, Rasool A, Junaid M, et al. A comprehensive review on current status, mechanism, and possible sources of arsenic contamination in groundwater: a global perspective with prominence of Pakistan scenario. Environ Geochem Health 2019;41: 737-760.##Shaji E, Santosh M, Sarath K, et al. Arsenic contamination of groundwater: a global synopsis with focus on the Indian Peninsula. Geoscience Frontiers 2021;12: 101079.##Shaker Kouhi S, Rabiee M. Effect of intercropping on the Cd accumulation in soil and rice plants: A review. Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2024;11(3): 287-301 [in Persian].##Honma T, Ohba H, Kaneko-Kadokura A, et al. Optimal soil Eh, pH, and water management for simultaneously minimizing arsenic and cadmium concentrations in rice grains. Environmental Science and Technology 2016;50: 4178-4185.##Williams PN, Villada A, Deacon C, et al. Greatly enhanced arsenic shoot assimilation in rice leads to elevated grain levels compared to wheat and barley. Environmental Science and Technology 2007;41: 6854-6859.##Gonzalez ME, Stahl C, Cruz MT, et al. Contrasting the size-resolved nature of particulate arsenic, cadmium, and lead among diverse regions. Atmospheric Pollution Research 2021;48: 85-95.##Majumdar A, Barla A, Upadhyay MK, et al. Vermiremediation of metal (loid)s via Eichornia crassipes phytomass extraction: a sustainable technique for plant amelioration. Journal of Environmental Management 2018;220: 118-125.##Norton GJ, Adomako EE, Deacon CM et al. Effect of organic matter amendment, arsenic amendment and water management regime on rice grain arsenic species. Environmental Pollution 2013;177: 38-47.##Takahashi Y, Minamikawa R, Hattori KH, et al. Arsenic behaviour in paddy fields during the cycle of flooded and non-flooded periods. Environmental Science and Technology 2004;38: 1038-1044.##Yamaguchi N, Nakamura T, Dong D, et al. Arsenic release from flooded paddy soils is influenced by speciation, Eh, pH, and iron dissolution. Chemosphere 2011;83: 925-932.##Di X, Beesley L, Zhang Z, et al. Microbial arsenic methylation in soil and uptake and metabolism of methylated arsenic in plants: a review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019;16: 1-13. ##Harine IJ, Islam MR, Hossain M, et al. Arsenic accumulation in rice grain as influenced by water management: human health risk assessment. Agronomy 2021;11(9): 1741.##Majumdar A, Upadhyay MK, Giri B, et al. Arsenic dynamics and flux assessment under drying-wetting irrigation and enhanced microbial diversity in paddy soils: A four year study in Bengal delta plain. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2021;409: 124443.##Szaloki T, Szekely, A, Valkovszki NJ, et al. 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بررسی ویژگی های آب استخرهای شنا شهر ایلام از نقطه نظر کدورت، کلر باقی مانده و بار میکروبی Investigation of the characteristics of swimming pool water in Ilam City regarding turbidity, residual chlorine, and microbial load 1 1 زمینه و هدف: شنا یکی از ورزش‌ها و سرگرمی های بسیار مناسب و لذت‌ بخش برای کلیه‌ی افراد در سنین مختلف، به ویژه در فصل گرما محسوب می‌شود. به منظور جلوگیری از بیماری باید به بهداشت استخرهای شنا توجه کرد. هدف از این مطالعه تعیین ویژگی های آب استخرهای شنا شهر ایلام بود. مواد و روش ها: در این مطالعه توصیفی - مقطعی از ۶ استخر عمومی سرپوشیده شهر ایلام به صورت سرشماری نمونه برداری و پارامترهای دما، کدورت، pH، کلر باقی مانده و کیفیت میکروبی در ۳ ماه از سال (دی تا اسفند) بررسی و با استاندارد ملی ایران به شماره ۹۴۱۲ و راهنمای نظارت و پایش آب استخرهای شنا و شناگاه های طبیعی مقایسه و با استفاده از آزمون پیرسون و تحت نرم افزار SPSSv16 مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. یافته ها: نتایج مطالعه نشان داد که کمترین میزان تطابق با استانداردهای موجود در بین پارامترهای مورد مطالعه دما بوده است، که در ۸۳٪ موارد تطابق نداشت. بیشترین میزان تطابق را در بین پارامترهای مورد مطالعه مربوط به کلیفرم مدفوعی با ۹۴٪ مطابقت بود. کدورت، pH، کلر باقی مانده، کلیفرم کل و کلیفرم مدفوعی به ترتیب در ۶۱٪، ۶۷٪، ۸۳٪، ۸۳٪ و ۹۴٪ موارد نمونه های مورد مطالعه با استاندارد مطابقت داشت. نتیجه گیری: بر اساس نتایج بدست آمده، رعایت بهداشت فردی، دوش گرفتن قبل از شنا، تعویض به موقع فیلترهای تصفیه، متناسب کردن زمان ماند آب استخر با تعداد و بهداشت شناگران جهت کنترل میزان کدورت و استفاده از سنسورهای حرارتی و کنترل خودکار برای تنظیم دما توصیه می گردد. 2 Background: Swimming is considered one of the most suitable and enjoyable sports and recreational activities for individuals of all ages, especially during the hot season. To prevent disease, attention must be paid to the hygiene of swimming pools. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of the water in swimming pools in the city of Ilam. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, samples were taken from 6 indoor public swimming pools in Ilam City through a census method. Parameters such as temperature, turbidity, pH, residual chlorine, and microbial quality were assessed for 3 months (from December to February). The findings were compared with Iran's national standard No. 9412 and the guidelines for monitoring and supervising swimming pool water and natural bathing places. Data analysis was conducted using Pearson's test and SPSS software version 16. Results: The results indicated that the lowest level of compliance with existing standards among the studied parameters was temperature, which did not meet standards in 83% of cases. The highest level of compliance was found in fecal coliform, with 94% compliance. Turbidity, pH, residual chlorine, total coliform, and fecal coliform matched the standards in 61%, 67%, 83%, 83%, and 94% of the samples, respectively. Conclusion: Based on the findings, it is recommended to ensure personal hygiene, take showers before swimming, timely change filtration systems, adjust the water retention time concerning the number and hygiene of swimmers for turbidity control, and use thermal sensors and automatic controls for temperature regulation. 108 117 2025/01/292024/12/182024/12/172025/02/202024/12/192025/02/162025/02/222024/12/4 1403/9/14 2025/03/172025/03/112025/03/112025/03/292025/01/272025/04/52025/03/292025/03/11 1403/12/21 یونس غیاسوند Younes Ghiyasvand گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایلام، ایلام، ایران ایران شکوفه محمودیان Shokoufeh Mahmoudian گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایلام، ایلام، ایران ایران سجاد مظلومی Sajad Mazloomi گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایلام، ایلام، ایران ایران علی عمارلویی Ali Amarloei گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایلام، ایلام، ایران ایران amarloei@yahoo.com Swimming pools Microbial quality City of Ilam استخرهای شنا کیفیت میکروبی شهر ایلام Ghaneian MT, Ehrampoush MH, Dad V, et al. 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