1404 13 4 51 510

ﻓﺮاواﻧﯽ رﻧﮓﻫﺎی ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ و ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﯽ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯽ در ﻓﺮآورده ﻫﺎی غذایی: یک ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﭘﻨﺞ ﺳﺎﻟﻪ در ﺗﻬﺮان (1400-1396) Occurrence of Natural and Artificial Colorants in Food Products: A Five-Year Survey in Tehran (2017–2021) 1 1 زمینه و هدف: امروزه فناوری پردازش مواد غذایی برای افزایش ماندگاری یا بهتر نمودن ظاهر، ترکیبب و رنگ غذا، متصدیان را به سوی استفاده از رنگ‌های طبیعی و مصنوعی به‌دلیل جذابیتی که در مواد غذایی ایجاد می‌کند سوق داده است. لذا مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسی میزان فراوانی رنگ های مصرفی در مواد غذایی عرضه شده توسط صنوف تحت پوشش دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی در تهران صورت گرفت. مواد و روش‌ها: این مطالعه توصیفی مقطعی، به بررسی و تحلیل ثانویه داده‌های مواد غذایی موجود در مراکز بهداشتی دانشگاه شهید بهشتی به تعداد ۱۷۴۲ مورد که طی سال‌های ۱۳۹۶ تا ۱۴۰۰ نمونه‌برداری و آزمایش شده‌اند، می‌پردازد. ابزار گردآوری داده‌ها، استخراج اطلاعات موجود از فرم نمونه‌برداری و گزارش آزمایشگاه مواد غذایی می‌باشد. آزمون‌های آماری کای‌اسکوئر، جداول متقاطع و برآورد شانس با استفاده از نرم‌افزار SPSS نسخه ۲۶ انجام شد. ملاحظات اخلاقی در تمام مراحل اجرای مطالعه رعایت شده است. یافته‌ها: میزان مصرف رنگ مصنوعی و طبیعی در مواد غذایی نمونه‌برداری شده بین سال های ۱۳۹۶ تا ۱۴۰۰ به ترتیب تعداد ۹۲۲ و ۸۲۰ نمونه از تعداد کل ۱۷۴۲ نمونه بوده است. طی بررسی انجام شده در این پژوهش بیشترین رنگ مصنوعی مصرفی تارترازین و بیشترین میزان مصرف آن در جوجه‌کباب بود. هم‌چنین بر اساس یافته‌های این پژوهش بین نوع صنف مواد غذایی، جنسیت و اخذ گواهی آموزش بهداشت متصدیان با استفاده از رنگ مصنوعی در مواد غذایی ارتباط معنی‌داری وجود دارد (به ترتیب ۰/۰۰۱p=، ۰/۰۰۰p= و ۰/۰۰۲p=).  همچنین نتایج آزمون روند خطی روند افزایشی معنادار استفاده از رنگ های مصنوعی در طول سال‌های مطالعه را نشان داد (۰/۰۰۷p=). نتیجه گیری: نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که در طول زمان، استفاده از رنگ‌های مصنوعی افزایش یافته و تداوم این امر تهدیدی بر سلامت جامعه است که لزوم مطالعات و مداخلات بیشتر را نشان می‌دهد. هم‌چنین ارتقای سطح آگاهی تولیدکنندگان و مصرف‌کنندگان از عوارض مصرف رنگ‌های مصنوعی و پیگیری‌های مستمر قانونی می‌تواند نقش موثری در عدم استفاده از این مواد در مواد غذایی داشته باشد. 2 Background: Today,  food  processing  technologies—aimed  at  increasing  shelf  life  or enhancing the appearance, composition, and color of food—have encouraged food operators to use natural and artificial colors to increase product attractiveness. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the prevalence of food colors used in food products offered by food vendors under the supervision of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study involved a secondary analysis of data from 1742 food samples collected and tested by the health centers of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences between 2017 and 2021. Data were extracted from standard sampling  forms  and food laboratory  reports.  Statistical  analyses,  including  Chi-square tests, cross-tabulations, logistic regression, and odds ratio estimations, were performed using SPSS software version 26. Ethical considerations were observed throughout the study. Results: Out of the 1742 evaluated samples, artificial and natural colors were detected in 922 and  820  samples,  respectively.  Tartrazine  was  the  most  frequently  used  artificial  color, predominantly  found  in  grilled chicken  samples.  Furthermore,  significant  associations  were observed between the use of artificial colors and the type of food establishment (p=0.001), theoperator’s gender (p<0.001), and the operator holding a health training certificate (p=0.002). Additionally, the linear-by-linear association test revealed a significant upward trend in the useof artificial colors over the studied years (p=0.007). Conclusion: The  results  indicated  a  significantly  increased trend  over  time  in  the  use  of artificial  food  colors.  The  continuation  of  this  practice  poses  a threat  to  public  health, highlighting  the  need  for  further  studies  and  targeted  interventions.  Moreover,  raising  the awareness of producers and consumers regarding the adverse health effects of artificial colors, coupled  with  continuous  legal  monitoring  and  enforcement,  can  play  an  effective  role  in preventing the use of these unauthorized additives in food products. 357 366 2025/12/22 1404/10/1 2026/02/21 1404/12/2 هدی فلاح دار Hoda Fallahdar دانشجوی دوره عالی بهداشت عمومی (MPH)، دانشکده بهداشت و ایمنی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران ایران امین باقری Amin Bagheri دانشیار، مرکز تحقیقات کنترل عوامل زیان آور محیط و کار، پژوهشکده علوم بهداشتی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران ایران bagheri.sbmu@gmail.com رضا سعیدی Reza Saeedi استاد، گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت و ایمنی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران ایران Food color Artificial color Food safety Food sampling رنگ غذا ایمنی مواد غذایی رنگ مصنوعی نمونه‌برداری مواد غذایی Dey S, Nagababu BH. Applications of food color and bio-preservatives in food and their effect on human health. Food Chemistry Advances 2022;1(October): 100019.##Dumancas GG, Bello G, Sevilleno S, et al. Spectrophotometric Analysis of Food Colorants. Reference Module in Food Science 2017.##asadi s, Sayadi M, Khalighain S, et al. The study of the frequency of dyes used in food products delivered at Fasa restaurants using Thin Layer Chromatography and spectrophotometric methods in 1397 Journal of Advanced Biomedical Sciences 2019;9(1): 1306-13 [In Persian].##Avazpour M, Seifipour F, Abdi J, et al. Detection of dyes in confectionery products using thin-layer chromatography. Iranian Journal of Nutrition Sciences & Food Technology 2013;8(3): 73-8 [In Persian].##Bateman B, Warner JO, Hutchinson E, et al. The effects of a double blind, placebo controlled, artificial food colourings and benzoate preservative challenge on hyperactivity in a general population sample of preschool children. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2004;89: 506-11.##Miller M, Steinmaus C, Golub MS, et al. Potential impacts of synthetic food dyes on activity and attention in children: a review of the human and animal evidence. Environmental Health 2022;21: 45.##Asadnejad S, Nabizadeh Nodehi R, Nazarinia A, et al. Data on prevalence of additive colors in local food and beverage products, Tehran, Iran. Data in Brief 2018;19: 2104-8. [In Persian]##Samadi MT, Alimohamadi S, Salari M, et al. The survey of Types of Oral Dyes in the Pastries of Tuyserkan City. Pajouhan Scientific Journal 2018;16(4): 14-20 [In Persian]##Dilrukshi PGT, Munasinghe H, G. SILVA AB, De Silva PGSM. Identification of Synthetic Food Colours in Selected Confectioneries and Beverages in Jaffna District, Sri Lanka. J Food Qual 2019;1: 7453169.##Khosravi Mashizi R, Yunesian M, Galavi E. Reasons of unauthorized use of artificial colors in food preparation with Analytical Hierarchy Process. Journal of Food Hygiene, 2016;6(21): 75-89 [In Persian].##Soltan Dallal M, Vahedi S, Najjarian A, et al. Study of concentration of added colors to juice of black cherry and juice of barberry on display in shop in the city of Tehran. Journal of Payavard Salamat 2008;2((1 And 2)): 55-62 [In Persian].##Rao P, Sudershan RV. Risk assessment of synthetic food colours: a case study in Hyderabad, India. International Journal of Food Safety, Nutrition and Public Health 2008;1(1): 68-87.##Suh HeeJae SH, Choi SungHee CS. Risk assessment of daily intakes of artificial colour additives in food commonly consumed in Korea. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research 2012;51(1): 13-22.##Husain A, Sawaya W, Al-Omair A, et al. Estimates of dietary exposure of children to artificial food colours in Kuwait. Food Addit Contam 2006;23(3).##Khosravi MR, Younesian M, Omidvar BM, et al. Evaluation of Knowledge and Attitude of Confectionery Workers towards Usage of Artificial Food Dyes in Bardsir. Journal Of Health 2012;3(2): 32-41 [In Persian].##Espinoza RR, Méndez JFR, Bobadilla JLM. Evaluación de colorantes sintéticos en bebidas comercializadas en la ciudad de Trujillo en el periodo 2018-2019. Revista de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica Alpha Centauri 2021;2(3): 124-39.##Rezaei M, Safar AF, Sharifi Z, et al. Assessment of synthetic dyes in food stuffs produced in confectioneries and restaurants in Arak, Iran. Thrita 2015;4(1).##Gholami Z, Firouzi R, Rashedinia M. Evaluating the food colors in traditional confectionaries and beverages in Shiraz city. Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies 2021;7(2): 111-6##Rajapaksha GKM, Jagath Wansapala MA, G. Silva AB. Detection of synthetic colours in selected foods & beverages available in Colombo district, Sri Lanka. International Journal of Science and Research 2015;6(5): 78-96.##Boris M, Mandel FS. Foods and additives are common causes of the attention deficit hyperactive disorder in children. Annals of allergy 1994;72(5): 462-8.##McCann D, Barrett A, Cooper A, et al. Food additives and hyperactive behaviour in 3-year-old and 8/9-year-old children in the community: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. The lancet 2007;370(9598): 1560-7.##Amchova P, Siska F, Ruda-Kucerova J. Food Safety and Health Concerns of Synthetic Food Colors: An Update. Toxics 2024;12(7): 466.##Sultana S, Rahman MM, Aovi FI, et al. Food Color Additives in Hazardous Consequences of Human Health: An Overview Curr Top Med Chem 2023;23(14): 1380 - 93##Rahnama H, Mazloomi SM, Berizi E, Abbasi A. Identification of Tartrazine adulteration and evaluating exposure to synthetic dyes of sunset yellow and Quinoline yellow through consumption of food products among children. Food Science & Nutrition 2022;10(11): 3781-8.##Khedmati MH, Mahmoudi R, Hoseinabadi Z, Mehrabi A. Evaluating the Artificial and Microbial Contamination (Pathogenic Bacteria, Molds, Yeasts) of Confectionery Products in Iran: A Systematic Review. Journal of Chemical Health Risks 2022;12(2): 151-64.##Khosravi Mashizi M, Aminifard M, Salehi A, Ghanbari Nejad N. Economic motivation as the main factor in the use of unauthorized food colors. Journal of Health 2016;7(3): 285-94 [In Persian].##Dey S, Nagababu BH. Applications of food color and bio-preservatives in food and their effect on human health. Food Chemistry Advances 2022;1(October): 100019.##Dumancas GG, Bello G, Sevilleno S, et al. Spectrophotometric Analysis of Food Colorants. Reference Module in Food Science 2017.##asadi s, Sayadi M, Khalighain S, et al. The study of the frequency of dyes used in food products delivered at Fasa restaurants using Thin Layer Chromatography and spectrophotometric methods in 1397 Journal of Advanced Biomedical Sciences 2019;9(1): 1306-13 [In Persian].##Avazpour M, Seifipour F, Abdi J, et al. Detection of dyes in confectionery products using thin-layer chromatography. Iranian Journal of Nutrition Sciences & Food Technology 2013;8(3): 73-8 [In Persian].##Bateman B, Warner JO, Hutchinson E, et al. The effects of a double blind, placebo controlled, artificial food colourings and benzoate preservative challenge on hyperactivity in a general population sample of preschool children. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2004;89: 506-11.##Miller M, Steinmaus C, Golub MS, et al. Potential impacts of synthetic food dyes on activity and attention in children: a review of the human and animal evidence. Environmental Health 2022;21: 45.##Asadnejad S, Nabizadeh Nodehi R, Nazarinia A, et al. Data on prevalence of additive colors in local food and beverage products, Tehran, Iran. Data in Brief 2018;19: 2104-8. [In Persian]##Samadi MT, Alimohamadi S, Salari M, et al. The survey of Types of Oral Dyes in the Pastries of Tuyserkan City. Pajouhan Scientific Journal 2018;16(4): 14-20 [In Persian]##Dilrukshi PGT, Munasinghe H, G. SILVA AB, De Silva PGSM. Identification of Synthetic Food Colours in Selected Confectioneries and Beverages in Jaffna District, Sri Lanka. J Food Qual 2019;1: 7453169.##Khosravi Mashizi R, Yunesian M, Galavi E. Reasons of unauthorized use of artificial colors in food preparation with Analytical Hierarchy Process. Journal of Food Hygiene, 2016;6(21): 75-89 [In Persian].##Soltan Dallal M, Vahedi S, Najjarian A, et al. Study of concentration of added colors to juice of black cherry and juice of barberry on display in shop in the city of Tehran. Journal of Payavard Salamat 2008;2((1 And 2)): 55-62 [In Persian].##Rao P, Sudershan RV. Risk assessment of synthetic food colours: a case study in Hyderabad, India. International Journal of Food Safety, Nutrition and Public Health 2008;1(1): 68-87.##Suh HeeJae SH, Choi SungHee CS. Risk assessment of daily intakes of artificial colour additives in food commonly consumed in Korea. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research 2012;51(1): 13-22.##Husain A, Sawaya W, Al-Omair A, et al. Estimates of dietary exposure of children to artificial food colours in Kuwait. Food Addit Contam 2006;23(3).##Khosravi MR, Younesian M, Omidvar BM, et al. Evaluation of Knowledge and Attitude of Confectionery Workers towards Usage of Artificial Food Dyes in Bardsir. Journal Of Health 2012;3(2): 32-41 [In Persian].##Espinoza RR, Méndez JFR, Bobadilla JLM. Evaluación de colorantes sintéticos en bebidas comercializadas en la ciudad de Trujillo en el periodo 2018-2019. Revista de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica Alpha Centauri 2021;2(3): 124-39.##Rezaei M, Safar AF, Sharifi Z, et al. Assessment of synthetic dyes in food stuffs produced in confectioneries and restaurants in Arak, Iran. Thrita 2015;4(1).##Gholami Z, Firouzi R, Rashedinia M. Evaluating the food colors in traditional confectionaries and beverages in Shiraz city. Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies 2021;7(2): 111-6##Rajapaksha GKM, Jagath Wansapala MA, G. Silva AB. Detection of synthetic colours in selected foods & beverages available in Colombo district, Sri Lanka. International Journal of Science and Research 2015;6(5): 78-96.##Boris M, Mandel FS. Foods and additives are common causes of the attention deficit hyperactive disorder in children. Annals of allergy 1994;72(5): 462-8.##McCann D, Barrett A, Cooper A, et al. Food additives and hyperactive behaviour in 3-year-old and 8/9-year-old children in the community: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. The lancet 2007;370(9598): 1560-7.##Amchova P, Siska F, Ruda-Kucerova J. Food Safety and Health Concerns of Synthetic Food Colors: An Update. Toxics 2024;12(7): 466.##Sultana S, Rahman MM, Aovi FI, et al. Food Color Additives in Hazardous Consequences of Human Health: An Overview Curr Top Med Chem 2023;23(14): 1380 - 93##Rahnama H, Mazloomi SM, Berizi E, Abbasi A. Identification of Tartrazine adulteration and evaluating exposure to synthetic dyes of sunset yellow and Quinoline yellow through consumption of food products among children. Food Science & Nutrition 2022;10(11): 3781-8.##Khedmati MH, Mahmoudi R, Hoseinabadi Z, Mehrabi A. Evaluating the Artificial and Microbial Contamination (Pathogenic Bacteria, Molds, Yeasts) of Confectionery Products in Iran: A Systematic Review. Journal of Chemical Health Risks 2022;12(2): 151-64.##Khosravi Mashizi M, Aminifard M, Salehi A, Ghanbari Nejad N. Economic motivation as the main factor in the use of unauthorized food colors. Journal of Health 2016;7(3): 285-94 [In Persian]. ##

بهینه سازی فناوری اکسیداسیون پیشرفته پلاسمای سرد اتمسفری در تخریب میکروپلاستیک‌ پلی‌پروپیلن با مدل آماری رویه پاسخ Optimizing Atmospheric Cold Plasma-Based Advanced Oxidation for the Degradation of Polypropylene Microplastics Using Response Surface Methodology 1 1 زمینه و هدف: حضور میکروپلاستیک‌ها در محیط زیست می‌تواند تهدیدی جدی برای سلامت انسان‌ها به شمار آید. این پژوهش به بررسی عملکرد فرایند پلاسمای سرد اتمسفری در تجزیه میکروپلاستیک‌های پلی‌پروپیلن در محلول‌های آبی اختصاص یافته است. مواد و روش ها: در این مطالعه، متغیرهای زمان واکنش (۶۰-۳۰ دقیقه)، ولتاژ ورودی (۴۰-۲۰ کیلوولت)، دبی هوا (۲۰-۱۰ لیتر در دقیقه)، pH  (۸-۴) و غلظت اولیه میکروپلاستیک (۱۰۰۰-۵۰۰ عدد در لیتر) با استفاده از طراحی ترکیبی مرکزی بهینه‌سازی شدند. شناسایی مقدار میکروپلاستیک ها بر اساس شمارش میکروسکوپی انجام شد. مطالعات تکمیلی شامل تعیین سینتیک واکنش، تاثیر عوامل ماخله گر یونی، تاثیر رباینده های رادیکال، انرژی مصرفی و کاهش COD و TOC در شرایط بهینه بودند. یافته ها: مدل آماری درجه دوم (Quadratic) حاصل از طراحی ترکیبی مرکزی از دقت بالایی برخوردار بود و تحلیل آماری (۰/۰۰۰۱p<) نشان داد که افزایش زمان و ولتاژ تأثیر مثبت قابل توجهی بر راندمان حذف داشت، درحالی که افزایش بیش از حد غلظت اولیه، نرخ جریان هوا و تغییرات شدید pH باعث کاهش کارایی می‌شدند. بیشترین بازدهی در شرایط بهینه به ۷۳/۲ درصد رسید. ولتاژ بهینه ۲۵ کیلوولت و نرخ جریان بهینه ۱۴ لیتر بر دقیقه تعیین شد. pH خنثی بیشترین پایداری گونه‌های رادیکال فعال را فراهم می‌کرد. سینتیک واکنش از نوع درجه اول بود و آزمایش‌های مهارکننده رادیکال نشان داد که رادیکال‌های هیدروکسیل بیشترین نقش در تخریب را دارند. حضور یون‌های می‌تواند فرآیند را به نوعی تضعیف یا تقویت کند. شاخص‌های مصرف انرژی ویژه نشان‌دهنده بهره‌وری بالای این فناوری برای تصفیه آب‌های آلوده به میکروپلاستیک‌ها است. نتیجه گیری: در مجموع، پلاسمای سرد اتمسفری با راندمان حذف 2/73 درصد در شرایط بهینه، به‌عنوان روشی مؤثر و دارای بهره‌وری انرژی قابل قبول برای حذف میکروپلاستیک‌های پلی‌پروپیلن از آب معرفی می‌شود. 2 Background: The presence of microplastics in the environment poses a significant threat to human health. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of an atmospheric cold plasma (ACP) process for the degradation of polypropylene microplastics in aqueous solutions. Materials and Methods: In this laboratory-scale experimental study, key operational parameters including reaction time (30–60 min), applied voltage (20–40 kV), airflow rate (10–20 L/min), pH (4–8), and initial microplastic concentration (500–1000 particles/L) were optimized using a Central Composite Design. Microplastic quantification was performed via microscopic counting. Additional analyses included kinetic modeling, assessment of interfering ions, radical scavenger experiments, energy consumption evaluation, and measurement of COD and TOC removal under optimal conditions. Results: The quadratic model derived from CCD was highly significant (p < 0.0001) and demonstrated that increasing reaction time and applied voltage significantly enhanced removal efficiency. In contrast, higher initial concentrations, excessive airflow rates, and extreme pH conditions negatively affected process performance. The maximum removal efficiency was achieved under optimal conditions, with an applied voltage of 25 kV and an airflow rate of 14 L/min. Neutral pH provided greater stability of reactive species. Kinetic analysis indicated that degradation followed a first-order kinetic model. Radical scavenging experiments confirmed that hydroxyl radicals were the dominant reactive species responsible for degradation. The presence of inorganic ions exhibited both inhibitory and promoting effects depending on their type and concentration. Specific energy consumption analysis demonstrated acceptable energy efficiency of the process. Conclusion: The atmospheric cold plasma process achieved a removal efficiency of 73.2% under optimized conditions and can be considered a promising and energy-efficient approach for the removal of polypropylene microplastics from aqueous environments. 367 392 2025/12/222025/11/20 1404/8/29 2026/02/212026/02/17 1404/11/28 علی سیدی Ali Seyedi گروه علوم و مهندسی محیط زیست، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران غرب، تهران، ایران ایران رویا مافی غلامی Roya Mafigholami گروه محیط زیست، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران غرب، تهران، ایران ایران r.mafigholami@wtiau.ac.ir شهروز ساویز Shahroz Saviz گروه فیزیک، دانشکده علوم و فناوری های همگرا، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، ایران ایران امیرحسین ساری Amir Hossein Sari گروه فیزیک، دانشکده علوم و فناوری های همگرا، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، ایران ایران Atmospheric cold plasma process Microplastics Polypropylene Optimization Central Composite Design Aqueous Environments فرایند پلاسمای سرد اتمسفری میکروپلاستیک پلی پروپیلن بهینه سازی طراحی ترکیبی مرکزی محیط های آبی He D, Zhu T, Sun J, Pan X, Li J, Luo H. Emerging organic contaminants in sewage sludge: Current status, technological challenges and regulatory perspectives. Science of The Total Environment. 2024;955:177234.##Cheng L, Fan C, Jin M, Zhang R. Deep eutectic solvent-based framework materials for emerging organic contaminants detection in food: Synthesis techniques, opportunities, and future trends. Microchemical Journal. 2025:112859.##Shao D, Zhang B, Zhao W, Feng J, Xu H, Zhu C, et al. Enhanced removal of aromatic emerging contaminants through the electrochemical co-degradation with polystyrene microplastics. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2025;509:161535.##Wisniewski FF, Martins EC, Hakoyama DS, Batista LFA, Grassi MT, Zawadzki SF, et al. Microplastics and organic contaminants: Investigation of the sorption process on different polymer types. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology. 2025;272:104567.##Jiménez-Skrzypek G, Lusiardi R, González-Sálamo J, Vega-Moreno D, Hernández-Borges J. Insights into emerging organic pollutants extraction from polypropylene, polystyrene, and polyethylene microplastics. Analytica Chimica Acta. 2024;1287:342071.##Rahman MM, Sultan MB, Alam M. Microplastics and adsorbed micropollutants as emerging contaminants in landfill: A mini review. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health. 2023;31:100420.##Ma J, Niu X, Wang G. Optical characteristics and molecular transformation of polypropylene microplastic-derived dissolved organic matter driven by trichloroisocyanuric acid disinfectant. Process Safety and Environmental Protection. 2025:107202.##Romphophak P, Faikhaw O, Sairiam S, Thuptimdang P, Coufort-Saudejaud C. Removal of microplastics and nanoplastics in water treatment processes: A systematic literature review. Journal of Water Process Engineering. 2024;64:105669.##Muthulakshmi L, Mohan S, Tatarchuk T. Microplastics in water: types, detection, and removal strategies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2023;30(36):84933-48.##Park H, Park B. Review of microplastic distribution, toxicity, analysis methods, and removal technologies. Water. 2021;13(19):2736.##Cui B, Rong H, Tian T, Guo D, Duan L, Nkinahamira F, et al. Chemical methods to remove microplastics from wastewater: A review. Environmental research. 2024;249:118416.##Kim H-J, Lee U, Lee I, Hong Y, Lee J. Enhancement of polystyrene microplastic removal by near dissolved organic matter microfiltration (NDOM MF) coupled with cold plasma treatment. Journal of Water Process Engineering. 2023;54:103901.##Velasquez JA, Bao Y, Huang J-Y. Atmospheric cold plasma as a novel approach to remediating microplastics pollution in water. Environmental Pollution. 2024;356:124390.##Mehralipour J, Kermani M. Ultrasonic coupling with electrical current to effective activation of Persulfate for 2, 4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicide degradation: modeling, synergistic effect, and a by-product study. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering. 2021;19(1):625-39.##Mehralipour J, Kermani M. Optimization of photo-electro/Persulfate/nZVI process on 2-4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid degradation via central composite design: a novel combination of advanced oxidation process. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering. 2021;19(1):941-57.##Shim WJ, Hong SH, Eo SE. Identification methods in microplastic analysis: a review. Analytical methods. 2017;9(9):1384-91.##Zhou L, Ma R, Yan C, Wu J, Zhang Y, Zhou J, et al. Plasma-mediated aging process of different microplastics: Release of dissolved organic matter and formation of disinfection by-products. Separation and Purification Technology. 2022;303:122143.##Khoramipour S, Mehralipour J, Hosseini M. Optimisation of ultrasonic-electrocoagulation process efficiency in the landfill leachate treatment: a novel advanced oxidation process. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. 2023;103(19):7587-605.##Kadac-Czapska K, Trzebiatowska PJ, Mazurkiewicz M, Kowalczyk P, Knez E, Behrendt M, et al. Isolation and identification of microplastics in infant formulas-A potential health risk for children. Food Chemistry. 2024;440:138246.##Zhou M, Zhang L, Wang Z, Jiang Y, Sui Y, Li Z. Impact wear resistance of in-situ TiC particles reinforced Mn18Cr2 steel dual-scale architecture composites. Ceramics International. 2024;50(14):25170-81.##Zhu Y, Li Y, Huang J, Zhang Y, Ho YW, Fang JKH, et al. Advanced optical imaging technologies for microplastics identification: progress and challenges. Advanced Photonics Research. 2024;5(11):2400038.##Ren J, Li J, Zhen Y, Wang J, Niu Z. Removal of polyvinyl chloride microplastic by dielectric barrier discharge plasma. Separation and Purification Technology. 2022;290:120832.##Naciri Y, Chennah A, Jaramillo-Páez C, Navío J, Bakiz B, Taoufyq A, et al. Preparation, characterization and photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B dye over a novel Zn3 (PO4) 2/BiPO4 catalyst. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2019;7(3):103075.##Pan Y, Zhang Y, Zhou M, Cai J, Tian Y. Enhanced removal of emerging contaminants using persulfate activated by UV and pre-magnetized Fe0. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2019;361:908-18.##Toolabi A, Tahergorabi M, Mehralipour J, Seyedi N, Nasseh N. Photocatalytic Degradation of Acetaminophen by g-C3N4/CQD/Ag Nanocomposites from Aqueous Media. Journal of Composites Science. 2025;9(5):197.##Siddekha A, HS L, GK P. Plant-mediated synthesis of biocompatible ZnO NPs: comprehensive characterisation and investigation of their catalytic, corrosion inhibition, antibacterial, scavenging and anti-oncogenic activities. Materials Research Innovations. 2025;29(4):215-25.##Mehralipour J, Akbari H, Adibzadeh A, Akbari H. Tocilizumab degradation via photo-catalytic ozonation process from aqueous. Scientific Reports. 2023;13(1):22402.##Sarangapani C, Ziuzina D, Behan P, Boehm D, Gilmore BF, Cullen P, et al. Degradation kinetics of cold plasma-treated antibiotics and their antimicrobial activity. Scientific reports. 2019;9(1):3955.##Nguyen PTT, Nguyen HT, Tran UNP, Manh Bui H. Removal of antibiotics from real hospital wastewater by cold plasma technique. Journal of Chemistry. 2021;2021(1):9981738.##Ben Amor I, Hemmami H, Zeghoud S, Zahnit W, Nedjoud G, Ferhat M, et al. Cold plasma technology in wastewater treatment: mechanisms, applications, and key challenges for organic pollutant removal. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2025:1-18.##Kyere-Yeboah K, Qiao X-c. Application of cold plasma technology for the simultaneous degradation and viscosity removal of polyacrylamide and its copolymers from contaminated wastewater. Journal of Environmental Management. 2024;370:122861.##Kazak A, Kirillov A, Simonchik L, Kuraica M, Obradovic B, Sretenovic G. Diagnosis of Bactericidal Components of Air-Plasma Jets by IR and UV Absorption Spectroscopy. Journal of Applied Spectroscopy. 2024;91(3):511-9.##Thirumdas R, Sarangapani C, Annapure US. Cold plasma: a novel non-thermal technology for food processing. Food biophysics. 2015;10(1):1-11.##Tang S, Yuan D, Rao Y, Zhang J, Qu Y, Gu J. Evaluation of antibiotic oxytetracycline removal in water using a gas phase dielectric barrier discharge plasma. Journal of Environmental Management. 2018;226:22-9.##Roomy HM, Al-Gaffer ANA, Khalaf MK. The electrical characteristic of plasma discharge by using different operating conditions in vanadium sputtering system. Al-Nahrain Journal of Science. 2019;22(2):41-8.##Shahsavari N, Zhang X. Microbubble-enhanced cold plasma activation for water decontamination: Degradation dynamics and energy yield in relation to pollutant concentration, total volume and flow rate of water. Journal of Water Process Engineering. 2023;55:104169.##Van Nguyen D, Ho PQ, Van Pham T, Van Nguyen T, Kim L. Treatment of surface water using cold plasma for domestic water supply. Environmental Engineering Research. 2019;24(3):412-7.##Kumar S, Pipliya S, Srivastav PP. Effect of cold plasma on different polyphenol compounds: A review. Journal of Food Process Engineering. 2023;46(1):e14203.##Gururani P, Bhatnagar P, Bisht B, Kumar V, Joshi NC, Tomar MS, et al. Cold plasma technology: advanced and sustainable approach for wastewater treatment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2021;28(46):65062-82.##Gao Y, Saedi Z, Shi H, Zeng B, Zhang B, Zhang X. Machine learning-assisted optimization of microbubble-enhanced cold plasma activation for water treatment. ACS ES&T Water. 2024;4(2):735-50.##Fitzpatrick R. Plasma physics: an introduction: Crc Press; 2022.##Pimklang T, Watthanaphanit A, Pakawatpanurut P. Novel green synthesis of graphene oxide-manganese dioxide using solution plasma process for energy storage. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2022;442:136244.##Wang J, Zhou X, Li J, Pan D, Du L. Enhancing the functionalities of chickpea protein isolate through a combined strategy with pH-shifting and cold plasma treatment. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies. 2024;93:103607.##Baniya HB, Guragain RP, Panta GP, Dhungana S, Chhetri GK, Joshi UM, et al. Experimental studies on physicochemical parameters of water samples before and after treatment with a cold atmospheric plasma jet and its optical characterization. Journal of Chemistry. 2021;2021(1):6638939.##Liao X, Liu D, Chen S, Ye X, Ding T. Degradation of antibiotic resistance contaminants in wastewater by atmospheric cold plasma: kinetics and mechanisms. Environmental technology. 2021;42(1):58-71.##Hamza IA, El-Kalliny AS, Abd‑Elmaksoud S, Marouf MA, Abdel‑Wahed MS, El-Liethy MA, et al. Cold atmospheric plasma: a sustainable approach to inactivating viruses, bacteria, and protozoa with remediation of organic pollutants in river water and wastewater. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2023;30(54):116214-26.##Shams M, Alam I, Chowdhury I. Aggregation and stability of nanoscale plastics in aquatic environment. Water Research. 2020;171:115401.##Haghighat G, Sohrabi A, Shaibani PM, Van Neste C, Naicker S, Thundat T. The role of chloride ions in plasma-activated water treatment processes. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology. 2017;3(1):156-68.##Velasquez J. Novel Microplastics Remediation Strategy Using High-Voltage Atmospheric Cold Plasma: Purdue University Graduate School; 2023.##Melo TFd, Rocha LC, Silva RP, Pessoa RS, Negreiros AMP, Sales Junior R, et al. Plasma-saline water interaction: a systematic review. Materials. 2022;15(14):4854.##Liu J, Deng H, Liu Y, Xie Y. Removal of Polypropylene Microplastics by Using Air Dielectric Barrier Discharges. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2025:117273.##He D, Zhu T, Sun J, Pan X, Li J, Luo H. Emerging organic contaminants in sewage sludge: Current status, technological challenges and regulatory perspectives. Science of The Total Environment. 2024;955:177234.##Cheng L, Fan C, Jin M, Zhang R. Deep eutectic solvent-based framework materials for emerging organic contaminants detection in food: Synthesis techniques, opportunities, and future trends. Microchemical Journal. 2025:112859.##Shao D, Zhang B, Zhao W, Feng J, Xu H, Zhu C, et al. Enhanced removal of aromatic emerging contaminants through the electrochemical co-degradation with polystyrene microplastics. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2025;509:161535.##Wisniewski FF, Martins EC, Hakoyama DS, Batista LFA, Grassi MT, Zawadzki SF, et al. Microplastics and organic contaminants: Investigation of the sorption process on different polymer types. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology. 2025;272:104567.##Jiménez-Skrzypek G, Lusiardi R, González-Sálamo J, Vega-Moreno D, Hernández-Borges J. Insights into emerging organic pollutants extraction from polypropylene, polystyrene, and polyethylene microplastics. Analytica Chimica Acta. 2024;1287:342071.##Rahman MM, Sultan MB, Alam M. Microplastics and adsorbed micropollutants as emerging contaminants in landfill: A mini review. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health. 2023;31:100420.##Ma J, Niu X, Wang G. Optical characteristics and molecular transformation of polypropylene microplastic-derived dissolved organic matter driven by trichloroisocyanuric acid disinfectant. Process Safety and Environmental Protection. 2025:107202.##Romphophak P, Faikhaw O, Sairiam S, Thuptimdang P, Coufort-Saudejaud C. Removal of microplastics and nanoplastics in water treatment processes: A systematic literature review. Journal of Water Process Engineering. 2024;64:105669.##Muthulakshmi L, Mohan S, Tatarchuk T. Microplastics in water: types, detection, and removal strategies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2023;30(36):84933-48.##Park H, Park B. Review of microplastic distribution, toxicity, analysis methods, and removal technologies. Water. 2021;13(19):2736.##Cui B, Rong H, Tian T, Guo D, Duan L, Nkinahamira F, et al. Chemical methods to remove microplastics from wastewater: A review. Environmental research. 2024;249:118416.##Kim H-J, Lee U, Lee I, Hong Y, Lee J. Enhancement of polystyrene microplastic removal by near dissolved organic matter microfiltration (NDOM MF) coupled with cold plasma treatment. Journal of Water Process Engineering. 2023;54:103901.##Velasquez JA, Bao Y, Huang J-Y. Atmospheric cold plasma as a novel approach to remediating microplastics pollution in water. Environmental Pollution. 2024;356:124390.##Mehralipour J, Kermani M. Ultrasonic coupling with electrical current to effective activation of Persulfate for 2, 4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicide degradation: modeling, synergistic effect, and a by-product study. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering. 2021;19(1):625-39.##Mehralipour J, Kermani M. Optimization of photo-electro/Persulfate/nZVI process on 2-4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid degradation via central composite design: a novel combination of advanced oxidation process. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering. 2021;19(1):941-57.##Shim WJ, Hong SH, Eo SE. Identification methods in microplastic analysis: a review. Analytical methods. 2017;9(9):1384-91.##Zhou L, Ma R, Yan C, Wu J, Zhang Y, Zhou J, et al. Plasma-mediated aging process of different microplastics: Release of dissolved organic matter and formation of disinfection by-products. Separation and Purification Technology. 2022;303:122143.##Khoramipour S, Mehralipour J, Hosseini M. Optimisation of ultrasonic-electrocoagulation process efficiency in the landfill leachate treatment: a novel advanced oxidation process. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. 2023;103(19):7587-605.##Kadac-Czapska K, Trzebiatowska PJ, Mazurkiewicz M, Kowalczyk P, Knez E, Behrendt M, et al. Isolation and identification of microplastics in infant formulas-A potential health risk for children. Food Chemistry. 2024;440:138246.##Zhou M, Zhang L, Wang Z, Jiang Y, Sui Y, Li Z. Impact wear resistance of in-situ TiC particles reinforced Mn18Cr2 steel dual-scale architecture composites. Ceramics International. 2024;50(14):25170-81.##Zhu Y, Li Y, Huang J, Zhang Y, Ho YW, Fang JKH, et al. Advanced optical imaging technologies for microplastics identification: progress and challenges. Advanced Photonics Research. 2024;5(11):2400038.##Ren J, Li J, Zhen Y, Wang J, Niu Z. Removal of polyvinyl chloride microplastic by dielectric barrier discharge plasma. Separation and Purification Technology. 2022;290:120832.##Naciri Y, Chennah A, Jaramillo-Páez C, Navío J, Bakiz B, Taoufyq A, et al. Preparation, characterization and photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B dye over a novel Zn3 (PO4) 2/BiPO4 catalyst. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2019;7(3):103075.##Pan Y, Zhang Y, Zhou M, Cai J, Tian Y. Enhanced removal of emerging contaminants using persulfate activated by UV and pre-magnetized Fe0. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2019;361:908-18.##Toolabi A, Tahergorabi M, Mehralipour J, Seyedi N, Nasseh N. Photocatalytic Degradation of Acetaminophen by g-C3N4/CQD/Ag Nanocomposites from Aqueous Media. Journal of Composites Science. 2025;9(5):197.##Siddekha A, HS L, GK P. Plant-mediated synthesis of biocompatible ZnO NPs: comprehensive characterisation and investigation of their catalytic, corrosion inhibition, antibacterial, scavenging and anti-oncogenic activities. Materials Research Innovations. 2025;29(4):215-25.##Mehralipour J, Akbari H, Adibzadeh A, Akbari H. Tocilizumab degradation via photo-catalytic ozonation process from aqueous. Scientific Reports. 2023;13(1):22402.##Sarangapani C, Ziuzina D, Behan P, Boehm D, Gilmore BF, Cullen P, et al. Degradation kinetics of cold plasma-treated antibiotics and their antimicrobial activity. Scientific reports. 2019;9(1):3955.##Nguyen PTT, Nguyen HT, Tran UNP, Manh Bui H. Removal of antibiotics from real hospital wastewater by cold plasma technique. Journal of Chemistry. 2021;2021(1):9981738.##Ben Amor I, Hemmami H, Zeghoud S, Zahnit W, Nedjoud G, Ferhat M, et al. Cold plasma technology in wastewater treatment: mechanisms, applications, and key challenges for organic pollutant removal. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2025:1-18.##Kyere-Yeboah K, Qiao X-c. Application of cold plasma technology for the simultaneous degradation and viscosity removal of polyacrylamide and its copolymers from contaminated wastewater. Journal of Environmental Management. 2024;370:122861.##Kazak A, Kirillov A, Simonchik L, Kuraica M, Obradovic B, Sretenovic G. Diagnosis of Bactericidal Components of Air-Plasma Jets by IR and UV Absorption Spectroscopy. Journal of Applied Spectroscopy. 2024;91(3):511-9.##Thirumdas R, Sarangapani C, Annapure US. Cold plasma: a novel non-thermal technology for food processing. Food biophysics. 2015;10(1):1-11.##Tang S, Yuan D, Rao Y, Zhang J, Qu Y, Gu J. Evaluation of antibiotic oxytetracycline removal in water using a gas phase dielectric barrier discharge plasma. Journal of Environmental Management. 2018;226:22-9.##Roomy HM, Al-Gaffer ANA, Khalaf MK. The electrical characteristic of plasma discharge by using different operating conditions in vanadium sputtering system. Al-Nahrain Journal of Science. 2019;22(2):41-8.##Shahsavari N, Zhang X. Microbubble-enhanced cold plasma activation for water decontamination: Degradation dynamics and energy yield in relation to pollutant concentration, total volume and flow rate of water. Journal of Water Process Engineering. 2023;55:104169.##Van Nguyen D, Ho PQ, Van Pham T, Van Nguyen T, Kim L. Treatment of surface water using cold plasma for domestic water supply. Environmental Engineering Research. 2019;24(3):412-7.##Kumar S, Pipliya S, Srivastav PP. Effect of cold plasma on different polyphenol compounds: A review. Journal of Food Process Engineering. 2023;46(1):e14203.##Gururani P, Bhatnagar P, Bisht B, Kumar V, Joshi NC, Tomar MS, et al. Cold plasma technology: advanced and sustainable approach for wastewater treatment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2021;28(46):65062-82.##Gao Y, Saedi Z, Shi H, Zeng B, Zhang B, Zhang X. Machine learning-assisted optimization of microbubble-enhanced cold plasma activation for water treatment. ACS ES&T Water. 2024;4(2):735-50.##Fitzpatrick R. Plasma physics: an introduction: Crc Press; 2022.##Pimklang T, Watthanaphanit A, Pakawatpanurut P. Novel green synthesis of graphene oxide-manganese dioxide using solution plasma process for energy storage. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2022;442:136244.##Wang J, Zhou X, Li J, Pan D, Du L. Enhancing the functionalities of chickpea protein isolate through a combined strategy with pH-shifting and cold plasma treatment. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies. 2024;93:103607.##Baniya HB, Guragain RP, Panta GP, Dhungana S, Chhetri GK, Joshi UM, et al. Experimental studies on physicochemical parameters of water samples before and after treatment with a cold atmospheric plasma jet and its optical characterization. Journal of Chemistry. 2021;2021(1):6638939.##Liao X, Liu D, Chen S, Ye X, Ding T. Degradation of antibiotic resistance contaminants in wastewater by atmospheric cold plasma: kinetics and mechanisms. Environmental technology. 2021;42(1):58-71.##Hamza IA, El-Kalliny AS, Abd‑Elmaksoud S, Marouf MA, Abdel‑Wahed MS, El-Liethy MA, et al. Cold atmospheric plasma: a sustainable approach to inactivating viruses, bacteria, and protozoa with remediation of organic pollutants in river water and wastewater. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2023;30(54):116214-26.##Shams M, Alam I, Chowdhury I. Aggregation and stability of nanoscale plastics in aquatic environment. Water Research. 2020;171:115401.##Haghighat G, Sohrabi A, Shaibani PM, Van Neste C, Naicker S, Thundat T. The role of chloride ions in plasma-activated water treatment processes. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology. 2017;3(1):156-68.##Velasquez J. Novel Microplastics Remediation Strategy Using High-Voltage Atmospheric Cold Plasma: Purdue University Graduate School; 2023.##Melo TFd, Rocha LC, Silva RP, Pessoa RS, Negreiros AMP, Sales Junior R, et al. Plasma-saline water interaction: a systematic review. Materials. 2022;15(14):4854.##Liu J, Deng H, Liu Y, Xie Y. Removal of Polypropylene Microplastics by Using Air Dielectric Barrier Discharges. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2025:117273. ##

ارزیابی و اولویت‌بندی ریسک‌های محیط‌زیستی در صنایع نفت و گاز غرب با استفاده از روش AHPفازی (FAHP) Assessment and prioritization of environmental risks in the Western oil and gas industries using fuzzy AHP (FAHP) 1 1 زمینه و هدف: صنایع نفت و گاز به‌عنوان بزرگ‌ترین بخش تولید انرژی در جهان، همواره با چالش‌های محیط‌زیستی زیادی مواجه بوده‌اند که می‌تواند پیامدهای نامطلوبی برای سلامت انسان و بوم‌سازگان‌های طبیعی به‌دنبال داشته باشد. در نتیجه، این پژوهش با هدف ارزیابی و رتبه‌بندی ریسک‌های محیط‌زیستی در صنایع نفت و گاز غرب انجام شد. مواد و روش‌ها: در این پژوهش توصیفی، با استفاده از روشAHP فازی (FAHP)، برای شناسایی و وزن‌دهی‌ ریسک‌های محیط‌زیستی در منطقه مورد مطالعه، نسبت به شناسایی و اولویت‌دهی به معیارها و زیرمعیارهای مورد مطالعه شامل آلودگی هوا، آلودگی آب، آلودگی خاک، تخریب زیستگاه‌ها، آلودگی صوتی، ریسک‌های طولانی‌مدت و پسماندهای صنعتی با استفاده از نظرات ۳۰متخصص HSE، محیط‌زیست و صنایع نفت و گاز در منطقه غرب ایران شناسایی و اقدام شد. بدین منظور، داده‌ها توسط پرسش‌نامه مقایسه زوجی فازی جمع‌آوری و سپس با استفاده از روش AHP فازی تحلیل شدند. برای پردازش آماری داده‌ها نیز از نسخه ۲۰ نرم‌افزار SPSS استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که به استثنای دو مورد که پس از اصلاح، سازگاری لازم را کسب کردند، همه ماتریس‌ها از ۰/۱ CR ≤ برخوردار بودند که این موضوع اعتبار بالای نتایج و دقت روش به‌کارگرفته‌شده را نشان داد. همچنین، «نشت مواد شیمیایی در آب»، «عناصر سمی در خاک»، و «تخریب بوم‌سازگان‌های جنگلی»، از بیش‌ترین وزن و اهمیت در میان ریسک‌های محیط‌زیستی برخوردار بودند. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج نشان داد که با تعیین اولویت‌های مدیریتی، می‌توان نسبت به تخصیص بهینه منابع، ارایه راهکارهای کاهشی مؤثر برای هر ریسک و طراحی برنامه‌های نظارتی و اجرایی بر اساس اهمیت نسبی هر ریسک اقدام کرد. لذا، برای مدیریت بهینه ریسک‌های شناسایی شده، نسبت به پایش منظم و سیستماتیک منابع آبی و خاکی، کاهش فعالیت‌های عمرانی در مناطق جنگلی و زیستگاه‌های حساس و الزام نصب سیستم‌های ضدنشت در خطوط لوله توصیه می‌شود. 2 Background: As the largest energy production sector in the world, the oil and gas industries have always faced many environmental challenges that can have adverse consequences for human health and natural ecosystems. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess and prioritize of environmental risks in the Western oil and gas industries using fuzzy AHP (FAHP) Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, by using the fuzzy AHP (FAHP), environmental risks were identified and weighted. In so doing, the criteria and sub-criteria including air pollution, water pollution, soil contamination, habitat destruction, noise pollution, long-term risks, and industrial wastes were identified and prioritized by 30 experts. For this purpose, data were collected by a fuzzy pairwise comparison questionnaire and then analyzed using the FAHP method. SPSS version 20 was used for statistical processing and and analysis of the data.  Results: The results showed that, with the exception of two cases which achieved the necessary consistency rate after modification, all matrices had CR ≤ 0.1, which indicates the high validity of the results and the accuracy of the method used. Also, "chemical leakage into water," "potentially toxic elements in soil," and "destruction of forest ecosystems" had the greatest weight and importance among the identified environmental risks. Therefore, for optimal management of the identified risks, it is recommended to conduct regular and systematic monitoring of water and soil resources, reduce construction activities in forest areasand sensitive habitats, and also require the use of anti-leakage systems in pipelines. Conclusion: As the results showed, by determining management priorities, it is possible to optimally allocate resources, provide effective mitigation solutions for each risk, and design monitoring and implementation plans based on the relative importance of each risk. Therefore, for optimal management of the identified risks, it is recommended to conduct regular and systematic monitoring of water and soil resources, reduce construction activities in forest areas and sensitive habitats, and also require the use of anti-leakage systems in pipelines. Sensitivity analysis confirmed that water and soil-related risks remained stable across different scenarios and required urgent management attention. Thus, this study provides a systematic framework for prioritizing environmental risk management, which can be applied by policymakers and industrial managers to implement sustainable development strategies and reduce negative environmental impacts. 393 411 2025/12/222025/11/202025/11/3 1404/8/12 2026/02/212026/02/172025/11/29 1404/9/8 حمیدرضا نظری Hamidreza Nazari کارشناس ارشد مهندسی ایمنی، بهداشت و محیط‌ زیست، گروه محیط زیست، واحد همدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، همدان، ایران ایران سهیل سبحان اردکانی Soheil Sobhanardakani دکترای تخصصی علوم محیط‌ زیست، استاد گروه محیط زیست، واحد همدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، همدان، ایران ایران s_sobhan@iau.ac.ir Environmental pollution Environmental risks Oil and gas industries FAHP West of Iran آلودگی محیط زیست ریسک‌های محیط‌ زیستی صنایع نفت و گاز AHP فازی غرب ایران Brown J, Smith T, Lee, K. Environmental impacts of oil and gas industry. Environmental Studies Journal. 2020;15(3):230-48.##Smith R. Greenhouse gas emissions in energy sectors. Climate Impact Reports. 2021;6(3): 154-68.##Lamb IP, Massam MR, Mills SC, Bryant RG, Edwards DP. Global threats of extractive industries to vertebrate biodiversity. Current Biology. 2024;34(16):3673-84.##Berkhout BW, Budria A, Thieltges DW, Slabbekoorn H. Anthropogenic noise pollution and wildlife diseases. Trends in Parasitology. 2023;39(3):181-90.##Williams G, Green L. Soil contamination and agriculture impacts. Journal of Agro-Environmental Research. 2020;5(2):88-105.##Tsamos P, Papagiannis S, Xarchoulakos D, Kehagia K, Noli F. The impact of crude oil facilities on the accumulation of heavy metals and radionuclides in a coastal environment. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 2025;236:667.##Shapovalova D. Climate change and oil and gas production regulation: an impossible reconciliation?. Journal of International Economic Law. 2023;26(4):817-35.##Aydin N, Seker S, Şen C. A new risk assessment framework for safety in oil and gas industry: Application of FMEA and BWM based picture fuzzy MABAC. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering. 2022;219:111059.##Martinez S, Patel R. Sustainable development policies for oil industries. Sustainability and Environment. 2024;12(1):67-82.##Bandarja M, Jozi SA. Health, safety, and environmental risk assessment for Hydrocracker Unit of Bandar Abbas in Refinement of Oil Company by EFMEA Method. Journal of Environmental Studies. 2014;39(4):105-24 (In Persian).##Kasharou J, Saghatoleslami N. Identification and investigation of process and environmental hazards by HAZOP Method in tank farm unit of Sarakhs Shahid Hasheminejad Gas Refinery. Iranian Gas Engineering Journal. 2016;2(3):46-51 (In Persian).##Askari MM, Sadeghi Shahedani M, Seiflou S. Identifying and prioritizing risks of upstream oil and gas projects in Iran based on Risk Breakdown Structure (RBS) and TOPSIS Technique. Journal of Economic Research and Policies. 2016;24(78):57-96 (In Persian).##Noori H, Cheraghi M, Eslami Baladeh A. A hybrid fuzzy MADM model for environmental risk assessment: a case of an oil and gas exploitation area. Journal of Health and Safety at Work. 2019;9(3):200-11 (In Persian).##Emami M, Hejazi B, Karimi M, Mousavi SA. Quantitative risk assessment and risk reduction of integrated acid gas enrichment and amine regeneration process using Aspen Plus dynamic simulation. Results in Engineering. 2022;15:100566.##Heydari Z, Rahmani V, Heydari AA, Motavassel M. Risk assessment and risk management of Kermanshah Province Gas Company using HAZOP Method. Iranian Journal of Oil & Gas Science and Technology. 2022;11(1):28-37.##Chang D-Y. Theory and methodology applications of the extent analysis method on fuzzy AHP. European Journal of Operational Research. 1996;95:649-55.##Semin AN, Faminskaya MV, Ponkratov VV, Mikhayluk ON, Shapoval GN. Risk assessment and its management for environmental pollution in oil refinery using FMEA approach. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2022;21(3):603-22.##Gharoun N, Jozi SA. Environmental risk management of oil products transfer in pipeline of Bandar Abbas-Sirjan by using Bow_Tie Method. Journal of Environmental Studies. 2013;39(3):133-50 (In Persian).##Aydin N, Seker S, Şen C. A new risk assessment framework for safety in oil and gas industry: Application of FMEA and BWM based picture fuzzy MABAC. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering. 2022;219:111059.##Mandal CS, Agarwal M. A review on Quantitative Risk Assessments for Oil and Gas installations and changes in Risk Evaluation Techniques. Materialstoday: PROCEEDINGS. 2024;99:145-53.##Cheraghi M, Shahriari I. Environmental risk assessment of the development of Lali oil field using AHP and EFMEA methods and modeling of soil pollution resulting from it in a GIS environment. National Conference on Architecture, Civil Engineering, Urban Development and Horizons of Islamic Art in the Second Step Statement of the Revolution. Tabriz Islamic Art University, 2021; 25 P.##Afzali Behbahani N, Ahmadi A, Khodadadi Karimvand M. Assessment of environmental risks resulting from oil well drilling operations using the FMEA method and the combined technique of ENTROPY and TOPSIS. 3rd International Conference on Science and Technology. Georgia, 2016; 10 p.##Bahrami S, Sotoudeh A, Jamshidi N, Elmi MR. Environmental risk assessment of Kermanshah petrochemical complex using FMEA method. Environmental Sciences. 2018;16 (3):1-24 (In Persian).##Balist J, Malek Mohammadi B, Chehrzar F, Moarab Y. Environmental risk assessment of Gachsaran Oil Refinery production unit by integrating multi criteria decision making and environmental failure-mode and effects analysis. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2018;20(1):165-78 (In Persian).##Johari Z, Cheraghi M, Sobhan Ardakani S. Environmental risk assessment of Ilam Petrochemical Company using Analytic Network Process (ANP) and the Technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) methods in 2016 . Journal of Ilam University Medical Sciences. 2018;26(5):79-88 (In Persian).##Brown J, Smith T, Lee, K. Environmental impacts of oil and gas industry. Environmental Studies Journal. 2020;15(3):230-48.##Smith R. Greenhouse gas emissions in energy sectors. Climate Impact Reports. 2021;6(3): 154-68.##Lamb IP, Massam MR, Mills SC, Bryant RG, Edwards DP. Global threats of extractive industries to vertebrate biodiversity. Current Biology. 2024;34(16):3673-84.##Berkhout BW, Budria A, Thieltges DW, Slabbekoorn H. Anthropogenic noise pollution and wildlife diseases. Trends in Parasitology. 2023;39(3):181-90.##Williams G, Green L. Soil contamination and agriculture impacts. Journal of Agro-Environmental Research. 2020;5(2):88-105.##Tsamos P, Papagiannis S, Xarchoulakos D, Kehagia K, Noli F. The impact of crude oil facilities on the accumulation of heavy metals and radionuclides in a coastal environment. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 2025;236:667.##Shapovalova D. Climate change and oil and gas production regulation: an impossible reconciliation?. Journal of International Economic Law. 2023;26(4):817-35.##Aydin N, Seker S, Şen C. A new risk assessment framework for safety in oil and gas industry: Application of FMEA and BWM based picture fuzzy MABAC. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering. 2022;219:111059.##Martinez S, Patel R. Sustainable development policies for oil industries. Sustainability and Environment. 2024;12(1):67-82.##Bandarja M, Jozi SA. Health, safety, and environmental risk assessment for Hydrocracker Unit of Bandar Abbas in Refinement of Oil Company by EFMEA Method. Journal of Environmental Studies. 2014;39(4):105-24 (In Persian).##Kasharou J, Saghatoleslami N. Identification and investigation of process and environmental hazards by HAZOP Method in tank farm unit of Sarakhs Shahid Hasheminejad Gas Refinery. Iranian Gas Engineering Journal. 2016;2(3):46-51 (In Persian).##Askari MM, Sadeghi Shahedani M, Seiflou S. Identifying and prioritizing risks of upstream oil and gas projects in Iran based on Risk Breakdown Structure (RBS) and TOPSIS Technique. Journal of Economic Research and Policies. 2016;24(78):57-96 (In Persian).##Noori H, Cheraghi M, Eslami Baladeh A. A hybrid fuzzy MADM model for environmental risk assessment: a case of an oil and gas exploitation area. Journal of Health and Safety at Work. 2019;9(3):200-11 (In Persian).##Emami M, Hejazi B, Karimi M, Mousavi SA. Quantitative risk assessment and risk reduction of integrated acid gas enrichment and amine regeneration process using Aspen Plus dynamic simulation. Results in Engineering. 2022;15:100566.##Heydari Z, Rahmani V, Heydari AA, Motavassel M. Risk assessment and risk management of Kermanshah Province Gas Company using HAZOP Method. Iranian Journal of Oil & Gas Science and Technology. 2022;11(1):28-37.##Chang D-Y. Theory and methodology applications of the extent analysis method on fuzzy AHP. European Journal of Operational Research. 1996;95:649-55.##Semin AN, Faminskaya MV, Ponkratov VV, Mikhayluk ON, Shapoval GN. Risk assessment and its management for environmental pollution in oil refinery using FMEA approach. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2022;21(3):603-22.##Gharoun N, Jozi SA. Environmental risk management of oil products transfer in pipeline of Bandar Abbas-Sirjan by using Bow_Tie Method. Journal of Environmental Studies. 2013;39(3):133-50 (In Persian).##Aydin N, Seker S, Şen C. A new risk assessment framework for safety in oil and gas industry: Application of FMEA and BWM based picture fuzzy MABAC. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering. 2022;219:111059.##Mandal CS, Agarwal M. A review on Quantitative Risk Assessments for Oil and Gas installations and changes in Risk Evaluation Techniques. Materialstoday: PROCEEDINGS. 2024;99:145-53.##Cheraghi M, Shahriari I. Environmental risk assessment of the development of Lali oil field using AHP and EFMEA methods and modeling of soil pollution resulting from it in a GIS environment. National Conference on Architecture, Civil Engineering, Urban Development and Horizons of Islamic Art in the Second Step Statement of the Revolution. Tabriz Islamic Art University, 2021; 25 P.##Afzali Behbahani N, Ahmadi A, Khodadadi Karimvand M. Assessment of environmental risks resulting from oil well drilling operations using the FMEA method and the combined technique of ENTROPY and TOPSIS. 3rd International Conference on Science and Technology. Georgia, 2016; 10 p.##Bahrami S, Sotoudeh A, Jamshidi N, Elmi MR. Environmental risk assessment of Kermanshah petrochemical complex using FMEA method. Environmental Sciences. 2018;16 (3):1-24 (In Persian).##Balist J, Malek Mohammadi B, Chehrzar F, Moarab Y. Environmental risk assessment of Gachsaran Oil Refinery production unit by integrating multi criteria decision making and environmental failure-mode and effects analysis. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2018;20(1):165-78 (In Persian).##Johari Z, Cheraghi M, Sobhan Ardakani S. Environmental risk assessment of Ilam Petrochemical Company using Analytic Network Process (ANP) and the Technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) methods in 2016 . Journal of Ilam University Medical Sciences. 2018;26(5):79-88 (In Persian). ##

مرور نظام‌مند بر کاربرد بایوچارهای مشتق‌شده از زیست‌توده در حذف علف‌کش 2و4-دی کلروفنوکسی استیک اسید از منابع آبی کشاورزی Systematic Review on the Application of Biomass-Derived Biochars for the Removal of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid from Agricultural Water Sources 1 1 زمینه و هدف: آلودگی منابع آب با علف‌کش 2و4-دی از مهم‌ترین چالش‌های زیست‌محیطی به شمار می‌رود، زیرا بقایای آن علاوه بر تأثیر بر کیفیت آب آشامیدنی، سلامت اکوسیستم‌های آبی و زنجیره غذایی را تهدید می‌کند. هدف این مطالعه، مرور نظام‌مند پژوهش‌های انجام‌شده درباره کارایی انواع بایوچار در حذف این ترکیب مقاوم از محیط‌های آبی است. مواد و روش‌ها: این مطالعه با جستجو و تحلیل نظام‌مند منابع علمی منتشرشده در زمینه استفاده از بایوچار برای جذب سطحی 2و4-دی در پایگاه‌های Web of Science، Scopus، ScienceDirect و Google Scholar بر اساس دستورالعمل PRISMA انجام شد. بازه زمانی جستجو سال‌های ۲۰۰۸ تا ۲۰۲۵ بود و مقالات بر اساس نوع پیش‌ماده، شرایط پیرولیز، روش اصلاح و فعال‌سازی و پارامترهای مؤثر بر فرآیند جذب ارزیابی شدند. یافته‌ها: مرور مطالعات نشان داد ظرفیت جذب بایوچارها دامنه وسیعی دارد و تحت تأثیر نوع زیست‌توده، شرایط پیرولیز و روش‌های اصلاح قرار گرفته است. بیشتر پژوهش‌ها بهترین برازش ایزوترمی و سینتیکی را با مدل‌های لانگمویر و شبه‌مرتبه دوم گزارش کرده‌اند. همچنین شرایط اسیدی (pH =۲–۳) بالاترین راندمان حذف را ایجاد کرده است. با این حال، چالش‌هایی مانند بازیابی جاذب، ارزیابی عملکرد در شرایط واقعی و تأثیر ترکیبات هم‌زمان باقی است. نتیجه‌گیری: این مطالعه مروری بر لزوم توسعه بایوچارهای حاصل از ضایعات کشاورزی و بهبود ویژگی‌های سطحی آن‌ها تأکید دارد تا زمینه کاربرد صنعتی و پایدار این جاذب‌ها در حذف علف‌کش‌ها، به‌ویژه 2و4-دی، از منابع آب و پساب فراهم شود. 2 Background: Water contamination with the herbicide 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4- D) poses a serious environmental challenge, as its residues not only degrade drinking water quality but also threaten aquatic ecosystems and the food chain. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize and critically evaluate existing research on the performance of various biochars in removing this persistent compound from aqueous environments. Materials and Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines by searching major scientific databases including Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. The search covered studies published between 2008 and 2025 that investigated the adsorption of 2,4-D onto biochars. Articles were analyzed based on feedstock type, pyrolysis conditions, chemical or physical activation methods, and operational parameters affecting adsorption efficiency. Results: Reported adsorption capacities of biochars varied widely (from below 10 mg g⁻¹ to over 300 mg g⁻¹), mainly depending on the feedstock source, pyrolysis temperature, and surface modification technique. The Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models were most frequently identified as the best-fitting, indicating chemisorption and monolayer adsorption behavior. Acidic conditions (pH = 2–3) consistently yielded the highest removal efficiency. Nonetheless, several challenges remain, including limited data on regeneration performance, real-water applications, and the influence of coexisting ions and organic compounds. Conclusion: This review highlights the potential of biochars derived from agricultural residues as cost-effective and sustainable adsorbents for 2,4-D removal. Improving surface chemistry and structural properties through optimized activation methods could enhance adsorption efficiency and facilitate large-scale and environmentally sound applications in water and wastewater treatment. 412 436 2025/12/222025/11/202025/11/32025/09/18 1404/6/27 2026/02/212026/02/172025/11/292026/01/5 1404/10/15 مژده کرامت زاده Mozhdeh Keramatzadeh دانشکده مهندسی عمران، دانشگاه صنعتی خواجه نصیرالدین طوسی، تهران، ایران ایران افشین تکدستان Afshin Takdastan مرکز تحقیقات فناوری‌های زیست‌محیطی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی جندی‌شاپور اهواز، اهواز، ایران ایران afshin_ir@yahoo.com مجید احتشامی Majid Ehteshami دانشکده مهندسی عمران، دانشگاه صنعتی خواجه نصیرالدین طوسی، تهران، ایران ایران 2 4-D herbicide biochar adsorption biomass water and wastewater علف‌کش2و4-دی بایوچار جذب سطحی زیست‌توده آب و پسآب Islam F, Wang J, Farooq MA, Khan MS, Xu L, Zhu J, Zhao M, Muños S, Li QX, Zhou W. Potential impact of the herbicide 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on human and ecosystems. 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بررسی تجزیه فتوکاتالیستی تتراسایکلین موجود در محلول های آبی با استفاده از فرآیند پرسولفات / نانوذرات SnO₂/Zn Investigation of Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline in Aqueous Solutions using Persulfate / SnO₂/Zn Nanoparticles Proces 1 1 زمینه و هدف: در راستای توسعه شیمی سبز در تصفیه فاضلاب، بررسی فوتوکاتالیست‌های موثر با قابلیت استفاده مجدد و جداسازی آسان از فاضلاب برای حذف تتراسایکلین (TC) اهمیت دارد. نانوذرات SnO2-Zn به دلیل قیمت پایین، سمیت کم و پایداری بالا در حذف آلاینده‌های آلی شناخته شده‌اند. برای تجزیه TC، فرایند اکسیداسیون پیشرفته بر پایه رادیکال سولفات (SO₄•⁻) به دلیل پتانسیل اکسیداسیون بالا، پایداری و حلالیت مناسب در آب، در دمای اتاق و با هزینه کم توسعه یافته است. مواد و روش ها: نانوکاتالیست SnO2-Zn به روش هم‌رسوبی سنتز شد و همراه با اشعه UV برای فعال‌سازی پرسولفات مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. ساختار نانوکاتالیست و مزوپورهای آن با استفاده از TEM، SEM، XRD، FTIR و BET مورد بررسی قرار گرفت که نشان داد ساختار مزوپورها به خوبی شکل گرفته و نانوکاتالیست از نظر مورفولوژی، سایز حفرات، گروه‌های عاملی سطح، مساحت سطح ویژه و ویژگی‌های بافتی و فیزیکی به‌طور مطلوب سنتز شده است. یافته ها: بررسی ها نشان داد که حذف کامل TC توسط فرایند SnO2-Zn /PS/UV در شرایط بهینه شامل pH = ۹، غلظت TC=۱۵ mg/L، دوز کاتالیست=g/L ۰/۱۲۵، غلظت پرسولفات=mM ۴ و زمان تابش UV=۶۰ min حاصل شد. رادیکال‌های SO₄•⁻، OH• و H⁺ گونه‌های اصلی در تجزیه فوتوکاتالیستی بودند و میزان معدنی‌سازی تا ۸۱/۲٪ رسید. پس از پنج بار استفاده مجدد، راندمان بالای ۹۷/۴۴٪ باقی ماند. نتیجه گیری: این نتایج نشان‌دهنده قابلیت بازیابی بالای نانوکاتالیست است. روش ارائه شده کارایی بالایی در حذف ترکیبات و آلاینده‌های نوظهور از فاضلاب دارد. 2 Background: In line with the development of green chemistry in wastewater treatment, it is important to investigate effective photocatalysts with reusability and easy separation from wastewater for the removal of tetracycline (TC). SnO2-Zn nanoparticles are known for their low cost, low toxicity, and high stability in removing organic pollutants. For TC degradation, an advanced oxidation process based on sulfate radicals (SO₄•⁻) has been developed due to its high oxidation potential, stability, suitable solubility in water, room temperature operation, and low cost. Materials and Methods: The SnO2-Zn nanocatalyst was synthesized via the co-precipitation method and used alongside UV radiation to activate persulfate. The structure of the nanocatalyst and its mesopores were examined using TEM, SEM, XRD, FTIR, and BET analyses, which confirmed the well-formed mesoporous structure and optimal synthesis of the nanocatalyst in terms of morphology, pore size, surface functional groups, specific surface area, and textural and physical properties. Results: Investigations showed complete removal of TC by the SnO2-Zn/PS/UV processunder optimal conditions, including pH = 9, TC concentration = 15 mg/L, catalyst dose = 0.125 g/L, persulfate concentration = 4 mM, and UV irradiation time = 60 min. The radicals SO₄•⁻, OH•, and H⁺ were the primary species in the photocatalytic degradation, and the mineralization rate reached 81.2%. After five reuse cycles, the efficiency remained above97.44%. Conclusion: These results indicate the high recoverability of the nanocatalyst. The proposed method demonstrates high efficiency in removing emerging compounds and pollutants from wastewater. 437 464 2025/12/222025/11/202025/11/32025/09/182025/11/30 1404/9/9 2026/02/212026/02/172025/11/292026/01/52026/02/7 1404/11/18 الناز زارع زاده Elnaz Zarezadeh مرکز تحقیقات بهداشت، ایمنی و محیط، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج، ایران ایران علی اکبر رودباری Aliakbar Roudbari گروه آموزش بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شاهرود، سمنان، ایران ایران محمد درویش متولی Mohammad Darvishmotevalli مرکز تحقیقات بهداشت، ایمنی و محیط، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج، ایران ایران محمد نوری سپهر Mohammad Noorisepehr مرکز تحقیقات بهداشت، ایمنی و محیط، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز، کرج، ایران ایران dr.noorisepehr@gmail.com Photocatalytic Process Persulfate Radical Tetracycline SnO2-Zn Nanoparticles فرایند فوتوکاتالیستی رادیکال پرسولفات تتراسایکلین نانوذرات SnO2-Zn Geissen V, Mol H, Klumpp E, Umlauf G, Nadal M, Van Der Ploeg M, Van De Zee SE, Ritsema CJ. 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Persulfate-based advanced oxidation: critical assessment of opportunities and roadblocks. Environmental science & technology. 2020 Feb 17;54(6):3064-81.##Catalkaya EC, Kargi F. Color, TOC and AOX removals from pulp mill effluent by advanced oxidation processes: A comparative study. Journal of hazardous materials. 2007 Jan 10;139(2):244-53.##Sharma S, Ritika, Singh V, Kumar S, Vohra A. Sol-gel synthesis and properties of zinc doped tin oxide (Zn-SnO2) nanostructures. InAIP Conference Proceedings 2021 Sep 13 (Vol. 2369, No. 1, p. 020016). AIP Publishing LLC.##Algarni TS, Al-Mohaimeed AM, Abduh NA, Habab RA, Alqahtani SM. Green synthesis of mixed ZnO-SnO2 nanoparticles for solar-assisted degradation of synthetic dyes. Catalysts. 2023 Dec 13;13(12):1509.##Abduh NA, Al-Odayni AB. Green synthesis of ZnO/SnO2 hybrid nanocomposite for degradation of cationic and anionic dyes under sunlight radiation. Materials. 2023 Nov 28;16(23):7398.##Długosz O, Banach M. ZnO-SnO2-Sn nanocomposite as photocatalyst in ultraviolet and visible light. Applied Nanoscience. 2021 May;11(5):1707-19.##Hamrouni A, Lachheb H, Houas A. Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic activity of ZnO-SnO2 nanocomposites. Materials Science and Engineering: B. 2013 Dec 1;178(20):1371-9.##Bhosale R, Pujari S, Muley G, Pagare B, Gambhire A. Visible-light-activated nanocomposite photocatalyst of Cr2O3/SnO2. Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry. 2013 Dec;3(1):46.##Chen WR, Huang CH. Adsorption and transformation of tetracycline antibiotics with aluminum oxide. Chemosphere. 2010 May 1;79(8):779-85.##Ravichandran K, Shalini R, Ayyanar M, Kavitha P, Baneto M, Karunakaran M, Praseetha PK, Pushpa KC, Anuradha N. Effect of pH of the precursor solution on the photocatalytic and biomedical applications of enzyme coupled ZnO and SnO2 nanomaterials: a comparative study. Journal of Water Process Engineering. 2023 Jul 1;53:103817.##Khan ME, Mohammad A, Ali W, Khan AU, Hazmi W, Zakri W, Yoon T. Excellent visible-light photocatalytic activity towards the degradation of tetracycline antibiotic and electrochemical sensing of hydrazine by SnO2-CdS nanostructures. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2022 May 15;349:131249.##Lee D, Kim S, Tang K, De Volder M, Hwang Y. Oxidative degradation of tetracycline by magnetite and persulfate: performance, water matrix effect, and reaction mechanism. Nanomaterials. 2021 Sep 3;11(9):2292.##Pi Z, Li X, Wang D, Xu Q, Tao Z, Huang X, Yao F, Wu Y, He L, Yang Q. Persulfate activation by oxidation biochar supported magnetite particles for tetracycline removal: Performance and degradation pathway. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019 Oct 20;235:1103-15.##Hou L, Zhang H, Xue X. Ultrasound enhanced heterogeneous activation of peroxydisulfate by magnetite catalyst for the degradation of tetracycline in water. Separation and Purification Technology. 2012 Jan 9;84:147-52.##Hou C, Su J, Fan Y, Wang Z, Liu S, Ali A. Degradation of tetracycline based on activated persulfate by microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation as templates modified sludge biochar. Journal of Water Process Engineering. 2024 Apr 1;60:105193.##Sumayli A, Eltahir SB, Alenazi N. Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline using cobalt-substituted ZnFe2O4 porous microspheres under visible-LED irradiation. Scientific Reports. 2025 Dec 14.##Yu F, Guo B, Zhuang Y, Komarneni S, Ma J. Degradation of tetracycline by activating persulfate with ZnFe2O4-Bi2MoO6 catalyst under visible light. Materials Today Communications. 2023 Aug 1;36:106460.##Ahmadi, M., Motlagh, H.R., Jaafarzadeh, N., Mostoufi, A., Saeedi, R., Barzegar, G. and Jorfi, S., 2017. Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline and real pharmaceutical wastewater using MWCNT/TiO2 nano-composite. Journal of environmental management, 186, pp.55-63.##Sui M, Xing S, Sheng L, Huang S, Guo H. Heterogeneous catalytic ozonation of ciprofloxacin in water with carbon nanotube supported manganese oxides as catalyst. Journal of hazardous materials. 2012 Aug 15;227:227-36.##Gonçalves AG, Órfão JJ, Pereira MF. Catalytic ozonation of sulphamethoxazole in the presence of carbon materials: catalytic performance and reaction pathways. Journal of hazardous materials. 2012 Nov 15;239:167-74.##Ma P, Shi Y, Zhang J, Zhang W, Cao Y, Liu B. Catalytic Degradation of Tetracycline Hydrochloride by Coupled UV− Peroxydisulfate System: Efficiency, Stability and Mechanism. Processes. 2023 May 26;11(6):1638.##Wang Y, Xiu J, Gan T, Zou H, Li F. Photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride by lanthanum doped TiO 2@ gC 3 N 4 activated persulfate under visible light irradiation. RSC advances. 2023;13(12):8383-93.##Lv SW, Liu JM, Zhao N, Li CY, Yang FE, Wang ZH, Wang S. MOF-derived CoFe2O4/Fe2O3 embedded in g-C3N4 as high-efficient Z-scheme photocatalysts for enhanced degradation of emerging organic pollutants in the presence of persulfate. Separation and Purification Technology. 2020 Dec 15;253:117413.##Zhang H, Nengzi LC, Wang Z, Zhang X, Li B, Cheng X. Construction of Bi2O3/CuNiFe LDHs composite and its enhanced photocatalytic degradation of lomefloxacin with persulfate under simulated sunlight. Journal of hazardous materials. 2020 Feb 5;383:121236.##Liu W, Zhou J, Yao J. Shuttle-like CeO2/g-C3N4 composite combined with persulfate for the enhanced photocatalytic degradation of norfloxacin under visible light. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2020 Mar 1;190:110062.##Balakrishnan A, Marskole R, Chinthala M, Kumar A. Degradation of tetracycline via peroxymonosulfate activation by highly reusable Titanium dioxide/impregnated Zirconium-chitosan beads. Journal of Environmental Management. 2024 Nov 1;370:122514.##Ma P, Shi Y, Zhang J, Zhang W, Cao Y, Liu B. Catalytic Degradation of Tetracycline Hydrochloride by Coupled UV− Peroxydisulfate System: Efficiency, Stability and Mechanism. Processes. 2023 May 26;11(6):1638.##Ma P, Shi Y, Zhang J, Zhang W, Cao Y, Liu B. Catalytic Degradation of Tetracycline Hydrochloride by Coupled UV− Peroxydisulfate System: Efficiency, Stability and Mechanism. Processes. 2023 May 26;11(6):1638.##Wang G, Wu WW, Zeng W, Chou CL, Shen RF. Label-free protein quantification using LC-coupled ion trap or FT mass spectrometry: Reproducibility, linearity, and application with complex proteomes. Journal of proteome research. 2006 May 5;5(5):1214-23.##Albornoz LL, Da Silva SW, Bortolozzi JP, Banus ED, Brussino P, Ulla MA, Bernardes AM. Degradation and mineralization of erythromycin by heterogeneous photocatalysis using SnO2-doped TiO2 structured catalysts: activity and stability. Chemosphere. 2021 Apr 1;268:128858.##Hasham Firooz M, Naderi A, Moradi M, Kalantary RR. Enhanced tetracycline degradation with TiO2/natural pyrite S-scheme photocatalyst. Scientific Reports. 2024 Feb 29;14(1):4954.##Subasi BS, Hayri-Senel T, Kahraman E, Sezer S, Nasun-Saygili G, Erdol-Aydin N. Photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline from aqueous solution with graphene oxide and hydroxyapatite composites. Scientific Reports. 2025 Jul 17;15(1):25894.##Geissen V, Mol H, Klumpp E, Umlauf G, Nadal M, Van Der Ploeg M, Van De Zee SE, Ritsema CJ. Emerging pollutants in the environment: a challenge for water resource management. International soil and water conservation research. 2015 Mar 1;3(1):57-65.##Delgado, L.F., et al., The removal of endocrine disrupting compounds, pharmaceutically activated compounds and cyanobacterial toxins during drinking water preparation using activated carbon-a review. 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Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 2010;67(3):419-31.##Aboudalle A, Djelal H, Fourcade F, Domergue L, Assadi AA, Lendormi T, et al. Metronidazole removal by means of a combined system coupling an electro-Fenton process and a conventional biological treatment: By-products monitoring and performance enhancement. Journal of hazardous materials. 2018;359:85-95.##Rayaroth MP, Boczkaj G, Aubry O, Aravind UK, Aravindakumar CT. Advanced oxidation processes for degradation of water pollutants-ambivalent impact of carbonate species: a review. Water. 2023 Apr 20;15(8):1615.##Vaughan PP, Blough NV. Photochemical formation of hydroxyl radical by constituents of natural waters. Environmental Science & Technology. 1998 Oct 1;32(19):2947-53.##Sinha R, Ganesana M, Andreescu S, Stanciu L. AChE biosensor based on zinc oxide sol-gel for the detection of pesticides. Analytica chimica acta. 2010;661(2):195-9.##Guerra-Rodríguez S, Rodríguez E, Singh DN, Rodríguez-Chueca J. Assessment of sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes for water and wastewater treatment: a review. Water. 2018 Dec 11;10(12):1828.##Urán-Duque L, Saldarriaga-Molina JC, Rubio-Clemente A. Advanced oxidation processes based on sulfate radicals for wastewater treatment: Research trends. Water. 2021 Sep 6;13(17):2445.##Sivaraman C, Vijayalakshmi S, Leonard E, Sagadevan S, Jambulingam R. Current developments in the effective removal of environmental pollutants through photocatalytic degradation using nanomaterials. Catalysts. 2022 May 17;12(5):544.##Singh P, Mohan B, Madaan V, Ranga R, Kumari P, Kumar S, Bhankar V, Kumar P, Kumar K. Nanomaterials photocatalytic activities for waste water treatment: a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2022 Oct;29(46):69294-326.##Ahmadi, M., et al., Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline and real pharmaceutical wastewater using MWCNT/TiO2 nano-composite. Journal of environmental management, 2017. 186: p. 55-63.##Ji Y, Shi Y, Dong W, Wen X, Jiang M, Lu J. Thermo-activated persulfate oxidation system for tetracycline antibiotics degradation in aqueous solution. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2016 Aug 15;298:225-33.##Rostami S, Yahyazadeh A, Adibi H. Designing a new magnetic g-C3N4 nanocatalyst based on Ag nanoparticles supported by β-cyclodextrin for effective reduction of nitroaromatic compounds. Scientific Reports. 2024 Dec 30;14(1):31586.##Torkaman P, Karimzadeh R, Jafari A. Assessment of the synthesis method of Fe3O4 nanocatalysts and its effectiveness in viscosity reduction and heavy oil upgrading. Scientific Reports. 2023 Oct 24;13(1):18151.##Lee J, Von Gunten U, Kim JH. Persulfate-based advanced oxidation: critical assessment of opportunities and roadblocks. Environmental science & technology. 2020 Feb 17;54(6):3064-81.##Catalkaya EC, Kargi F. Color, TOC and AOX removals from pulp mill effluent by advanced oxidation processes: A comparative study. Journal of hazardous materials. 2007 Jan 10;139(2):244-53.##Sharma S, Ritika, Singh V, Kumar S, Vohra A. Sol-gel synthesis and properties of zinc doped tin oxide (Zn-SnO2) nanostructures. InAIP Conference Proceedings 2021 Sep 13 (Vol. 2369, No. 1, p. 020016). AIP Publishing LLC.##Algarni TS, Al-Mohaimeed AM, Abduh NA, Habab RA, Alqahtani SM. Green synthesis of mixed ZnO-SnO2 nanoparticles for solar-assisted degradation of synthetic dyes. Catalysts. 2023 Dec 13;13(12):1509.##Abduh NA, Al-Odayni AB. Green synthesis of ZnO/SnO2 hybrid nanocomposite for degradation of cationic and anionic dyes under sunlight radiation. Materials. 2023 Nov 28;16(23):7398.##Długosz O, Banach M. ZnO-SnO2-Sn nanocomposite as photocatalyst in ultraviolet and visible light. Applied Nanoscience. 2021 May;11(5):1707-19.##Hamrouni A, Lachheb H, Houas A. Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic activity of ZnO-SnO2 nanocomposites. Materials Science and Engineering: B. 2013 Dec 1;178(20):1371-9.##Bhosale R, Pujari S, Muley G, Pagare B, Gambhire A. Visible-light-activated nanocomposite photocatalyst of Cr2O3/SnO2. Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry. 2013 Dec;3(1):46.##Chen WR, Huang CH. Adsorption and transformation of tetracycline antibiotics with aluminum oxide. Chemosphere. 2010 May 1;79(8):779-85.##Ravichandran K, Shalini R, Ayyanar M, Kavitha P, Baneto M, Karunakaran M, Praseetha PK, Pushpa KC, Anuradha N. Effect of pH of the precursor solution on the photocatalytic and biomedical applications of enzyme coupled ZnO and SnO2 nanomaterials: a comparative study. Journal of Water Process Engineering. 2023 Jul 1;53:103817.##Khan ME, Mohammad A, Ali W, Khan AU, Hazmi W, Zakri W, Yoon T. Excellent visible-light photocatalytic activity towards the degradation of tetracycline antibiotic and electrochemical sensing of hydrazine by SnO2-CdS nanostructures. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2022 May 15;349:131249.##Lee D, Kim S, Tang K, De Volder M, Hwang Y. Oxidative degradation of tetracycline by magnetite and persulfate: performance, water matrix effect, and reaction mechanism. Nanomaterials. 2021 Sep 3;11(9):2292.##Pi Z, Li X, Wang D, Xu Q, Tao Z, Huang X, Yao F, Wu Y, He L, Yang Q. Persulfate activation by oxidation biochar supported magnetite particles for tetracycline removal: Performance and degradation pathway. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019 Oct 20;235:1103-15.##Hou L, Zhang H, Xue X. Ultrasound enhanced heterogeneous activation of peroxydisulfate by magnetite catalyst for the degradation of tetracycline in water. Separation and Purification Technology. 2012 Jan 9;84:147-52.##Hou C, Su J, Fan Y, Wang Z, Liu S, Ali A. Degradation of tetracycline based on activated persulfate by microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation as templates modified sludge biochar. Journal of Water Process Engineering. 2024 Apr 1;60:105193.##Sumayli A, Eltahir SB, Alenazi N. Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline using cobalt-substituted ZnFe2O4 porous microspheres under visible-LED irradiation. Scientific Reports. 2025 Dec 14.##Yu F, Guo B, Zhuang Y, Komarneni S, Ma J. Degradation of tetracycline by activating persulfate with ZnFe2O4-Bi2MoO6 catalyst under visible light. Materials Today Communications. 2023 Aug 1;36:106460.##Ahmadi, M., Motlagh, H.R., Jaafarzadeh, N., Mostoufi, A., Saeedi, R., Barzegar, G. and Jorfi, S., 2017. Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline and real pharmaceutical wastewater using MWCNT/TiO2 nano-composite. Journal of environmental management, 186, pp.55-63.##Sui M, Xing S, Sheng L, Huang S, Guo H. Heterogeneous catalytic ozonation of ciprofloxacin in water with carbon nanotube supported manganese oxides as catalyst. Journal of hazardous materials. 2012 Aug 15;227:227-36.##Gonçalves AG, Órfão JJ, Pereira MF. Catalytic ozonation of sulphamethoxazole in the presence of carbon materials: catalytic performance and reaction pathways. Journal of hazardous materials. 2012 Nov 15;239:167-74.##Ma P, Shi Y, Zhang J, Zhang W, Cao Y, Liu B. Catalytic Degradation of Tetracycline Hydrochloride by Coupled UV− Peroxydisulfate System: Efficiency, Stability and Mechanism. Processes. 2023 May 26;11(6):1638.##Wang Y, Xiu J, Gan T, Zou H, Li F. Photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride by lanthanum doped TiO 2@ gC 3 N 4 activated persulfate under visible light irradiation. RSC advances. 2023;13(12):8383-93.##Lv SW, Liu JM, Zhao N, Li CY, Yang FE, Wang ZH, Wang S. MOF-derived CoFe2O4/Fe2O3 embedded in g-C3N4 as high-efficient Z-scheme photocatalysts for enhanced degradation of emerging organic pollutants in the presence of persulfate. Separation and Purification Technology. 2020 Dec 15;253:117413.##Zhang H, Nengzi LC, Wang Z, Zhang X, Li B, Cheng X. Construction of Bi2O3/CuNiFe LDHs composite and its enhanced photocatalytic degradation of lomefloxacin with persulfate under simulated sunlight. Journal of hazardous materials. 2020 Feb 5;383:121236.##Liu W, Zhou J, Yao J. Shuttle-like CeO2/g-C3N4 composite combined with persulfate for the enhanced photocatalytic degradation of norfloxacin under visible light. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2020 Mar 1;190:110062.##Balakrishnan A, Marskole R, Chinthala M, Kumar A. Degradation of tetracycline via peroxymonosulfate activation by highly reusable Titanium dioxide/impregnated Zirconium-chitosan beads. Journal of Environmental Management. 2024 Nov 1;370:122514.##Ma P, Shi Y, Zhang J, Zhang W, Cao Y, Liu B. Catalytic Degradation of Tetracycline Hydrochloride by Coupled UV− Peroxydisulfate System: Efficiency, Stability and Mechanism. Processes. 2023 May 26;11(6):1638.##Ma P, Shi Y, Zhang J, Zhang W, Cao Y, Liu B. Catalytic Degradation of Tetracycline Hydrochloride by Coupled UV− Peroxydisulfate System: Efficiency, Stability and Mechanism. Processes. 2023 May 26;11(6):1638.##Wang G, Wu WW, Zeng W, Chou CL, Shen RF. Label-free protein quantification using LC-coupled ion trap or FT mass spectrometry: Reproducibility, linearity, and application with complex proteomes. Journal of proteome research. 2006 May 5;5(5):1214-23.##Albornoz LL, Da Silva SW, Bortolozzi JP, Banus ED, Brussino P, Ulla MA, Bernardes AM. Degradation and mineralization of erythromycin by heterogeneous photocatalysis using SnO2-doped TiO2 structured catalysts: activity and stability. Chemosphere. 2021 Apr 1;268:128858.##Hasham Firooz M, Naderi A, Moradi M, Kalantary RR. Enhanced tetracycline degradation with TiO2/natural pyrite S-scheme photocatalyst. Scientific Reports. 2024 Feb 29;14(1):4954.##Subasi BS, Hayri-Senel T, Kahraman E, Sezer S, Nasun-Saygili G, Erdol-Aydin N. Photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline from aqueous solution with graphene oxide and hydroxyapatite composites. Scientific Reports. 2025 Jul 17;15(1):25894. ##

بررسی میزان جوش‌شیرین و نمک در نان های نانوایی های شهرستان خوی Examining the amount of baking soda and salt in different breads from bakeries in Khoy city 1 1 زمینه و هدف: نان به‌عنوان غذای اصلی روزانه، بخش عمده‌ای از انرژی، املاح معدنی و ویتامین‌های مورد نیاز انسان را تأمین می‌کند. در دهه‌های اخیر، استفاده از جوش‌‏شیرین (بی‌کربنات سدیم) به‌عنوان عامل تسریع فرایند تخمیر خمیر، علی‌رغم ممنوعیت مصرف آن در نانوایی‌ها، در برخی نقاط کشور رواج یافته است. بقایای جوش‏‌شیرین در نان می‌تواند موجب ناراحتی‌های گوارشی و اختلال در جذب عناصر ضروری مانند کلسیم و آهن شود. مواد و روش­‌ها: پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی میزان جوش‏‌شیرین و نمک در نان‌های تولیدی نانوایی‌های شهرستان خوی به‌صورت توصیفی ـ تحلیلی و مقطعی انجام شد. نمونه‌گیری از ۶۲ نانوایی فعال شامل نان لواش (۲۴ نمونه)، سنگک (۱۵ نمونه)، بربری (۱۳ نمونه) و نان روغنی (۱۰ نمونه) صورت گرفت و میزان جوش‌‏شیرین بر اساس اندازه‌گیری pH و مقدار نمک به روش استاندارد تعیین شد. یافته‌‏ها: نتایج نشان داد که از میان ۶۲ نمونه، ۲۱ نمونه دارای pH بالاتر از ۶/۳ (نشان‌دهنده‌ی حضور جوش‏‌شیرین) و ۲۰ نمونه دارای نمک بیش از ۲ درصد بودند. بیشترین میزان جوش‏‌شیرین و نمک به‌ترتیب در نان لواش با میانگین pH برابر با ۶/۲۱ و مقدار نمک ۲/۲۴ درصد، و کمترین مقادیر در نان سنگک (میانگین pH برابر با ۵/۹۶) و نان روغنی (میانگین نمک ۱/۶۷ درصد) مشاهده شد. نتایج: بر اساس نتایج، مصرف جوش‌‏شیرین و نمک در بخشی از نانوایی‌های شهرستان خوی همچنان بیش از حد استاندارد است و نیاز به نظارت بیشتر و آموزش اصول صحیح تخمیر و مزه‌دهی نان احساس می‌شود. 2 Background: Bread, as a main daily food, provides a major portion of the energy, minerals, and vitamins needed by humans. In recent decades, the use of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) as a factor to accelerate the dough fermentation process has become popular in some parts of the country, despite its prohibition in bakeries. Baking soda residues in bread can cause digestive upset and impair the absorption of essential elements such as calcium and iron. Materials and Methods: The present study aimed to investigate the amount of baking soda and salt in bread produced by bakeries in Khoy city in a descriptive-analytical and cross- sectional manner. Sampling was conducted from 62 active bakeries, including Lavash bread(24samples), Sangak bread (15 samples), Barbari bread (13 samples), and oil bread (10 samples), and the amount of baking soda was determined based on pH measurement and salt content using a standard method. Results: The results showed that out of the 62 samples, 21 samples had a pH higher than 6.3(indicating the presence of baking soda) and 20 samples had a salt content of more than 2 percent. The highest levels of baking soda and salt were observed in lavash bread with an average pH of 6.21 and a salt content of 2.24 percent, respectively, and the lowest levels wereobserved in Sangak bread (average pH of 5.96) and oil bread (average salt of 1.67 percent). Conclusion: Based on the results, the consumption of baking soda and salt in some bakeries in Khoy city is still above standard levels, and there is a need for further monitoring and education on the correct principles of fermentation and bread flavoring. 465 474 2025/12/222025/11/202025/11/32025/09/182025/11/302026/01/6 1404/10/16 2026/02/212026/02/172025/11/292026/01/52026/02/72026/02/18 1404/11/29 زین العابدین علی اکبرلو Zainal Abedin Ali Akbarlou گروه مهندسی علوم و صنایع غذایی، واحد ماکو، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ماکو، ایران ایران معصومه آقازاده Masomeh Aghazadeh گروه مهندسی علوم و صنایع غذایی، واحد ماکو، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ماکو، ایران ایران aghazadehchemist@gmail.com Baking soda salt pH bakery Khoy city (Iran) جوش‌ شیرین نمک pH نانوایی شهر خوی (ایران) Zouzoli M. A. Mahmoudi K. Hazrati M. Investigation of the quality of species in Savadkouh city in terms of the presence of baking soda, Collection of Articles of the Eighth National Environmental Health Conference. Tehran University of Medical Sciences. 2005: 84:227. [In Persian]##Standard No. 2628. Iranian Institute of Standards and Industrial Research, Traditional Breads, Characteristics and Test Methods. Revised December 1999. [In Persian]##Daniel T. DiMuzio. Bread baking. 2009. Wiley Publication##Khamirchi R. Tavana A. Ekabari, A. Amount of baking soda and salt in different types of bread in Sabzevar bakeries in 2006-2007, Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences and Health Services. 2010: 17(2): 135-142. [In Persian]##Rezaei Mofard M.R. Rangraz F. Mousavi S.G.A. Investigation of the amount of baking soda and salt in Mehrdasht bakeries in Najaf Abad, Feyz Scientific Research Quarterly. 2009: 15(3):273-267. [In Persian]##Brune M. Rossander L. Hulten L. Hallberg L. Gleepar A. Sandberg A.S. Iron absorption from bread in humans: Inhibiting effects of cereal fiber, phytate and Inositol phosphates with different number of phosphate groups. Journal of Nutrition. 1992: 122: 442-449##Larsson M. Sandberg A.S. Phytate reduction in bread containing oat flour, oat bran or rye bran. Journal of Cereal Science. 1991: 14:140-149.##Nayini N.R. Markakis P. Effect of fermentation time on the inositol phosphates of bread. Journal of Food Science. 1983: 48(1): 262-263.##Fox B.A. Cameron A.G. Food Science-Nutrition and Health. Sixth ed. Edward Arnald London. 1995:137-44.##Malkotian M. Dolatshahi Sh. Quality of bread produced in bakeries in Jiroft city, Toloe bedasht research quarterly of Yazd School of Public Health. 2007:6(1):68-60. [In Persian]##Deputy of Food and Drug Administration, Research and Development Department, 2011. Bread Production Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. [In Persian]##Naderi M. Chamandoost S. Kamali K. Investigation of the amount of baking soda and salt in different types of bread in bakeries in Zanjan city in 2012, First National Conference on Snacks. 2014. [In Persian]##Goodarzi B. Madani A. Soleimani M. Dindarlou K. Investigation of the hygiene status of bakeries and the amount of baking soda used in breads consumed in Bandar Abbas city, Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2014:1(1):10-15. [In Persian]##Zabih Elahi T. Goftari Sh. Gharibi F. Naderi K. Studying the amount of baking soda and salt in different types of bread in bakeries in Kurdistan province in the years 2008-2010. Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. 2013:18:39-46. [In Persian]##Saeednejad Z. What is bread? History of bread. Deputy of Food and Drug Administration, Abyek Health and Treatment Center. 2011. [In Persian]##Asemi Z. Dolati M.A. Zia Kashani Sh. Aghili Mohtaseb T. Investigation of breads in Kashan city for the presence of baking soda in 2003-2004, Summary of articles on National Health and Food Safety. Tolooebehdasht Quarterly. 2004:3(3):133. [In Persian]##Jahed Khaniki Gh.R, Vaezi F. Yunesian M. Detection of baking soda in flat bread by direct pH meter and alkalinity measurement, Journal of Applied Sciences. 2007:7(22):3584-3587.##Heydarmah F. Partovi R. Mohammadi M.J. Safari H. Investigating the environmental health status and quality of bread produced by bakeries in Isfahan, 10th National Conference on Environmental Health, November 27,2007, Hamedan. [In Persian]##Ahangaran H. Haji Pournejad A. Study of bread salt and flour gluten levels in Shiraz bakery units in the summer of 2004, Proceedings of the 9th Iranian Nutrition Congress, September 13-16, 2006, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. [In Persian]##Varij Kazemi K. Ehtiyatkar M. Shaker M. Golij S. Mohammad Salehi S. Aghajani M. Study on the amount of baking soda consumption in traditional bread types in bakeries of Gilan province in 2017, Seventh Scientific Research Conference on the Development and Promotion of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources of Iran. 2019: Tehran. [In Persian]##Abouli S. Kazemi J. Hajian Motlagh Z. Evaluation of bread quality; based on the amount of salt and baking soda, Journal of Health Research. 2019:10(1):33-40. [n Persian]##Malakootian M. Dolatshahi Sh. The quality of the manufactured bread in Kerman Proceedings of the Eighth National Conference on Environmental Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 17-19 November 2005.p.77##Zouzoli M. A. Mahmoudi K. Hazrati M. Investigation of the quality of species in Savadkouh city in terms of the presence of baking soda, Collection of Articles of the Eighth National Environmental Health Conference. Tehran University of Medical Sciences. 2005: 84:227. [In Persian]##Standard No. 2628. Iranian Institute of Standards and Industrial Research, Traditional Breads, Characteristics and Test Methods. Revised December 1999. [In Persian]##Daniel T. DiMuzio. Bread baking. 2009. Wiley Publication##Khamirchi R. Tavana A. Ekabari, A. Amount of baking soda and salt in different types of bread in Sabzevar bakeries in 2006-2007, Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences and Health Services. 2010: 17(2): 135-142. [In Persian]##Rezaei Mofard M.R. Rangraz F. Mousavi S.G.A. Investigation of the amount of baking soda and salt in Mehrdasht bakeries in Najaf Abad, Feyz Scientific Research Quarterly. 2009: 15(3):273-267. [In Persian]##Brune M. Rossander L. Hulten L. Hallberg L. Gleepar A. Sandberg A.S. Iron absorption from bread in humans: Inhibiting effects of cereal fiber, phytate and Inositol phosphates with different number of phosphate groups. Journal of Nutrition. 1992: 122: 442-449##Larsson M. Sandberg A.S. Phytate reduction in bread containing oat flour, oat bran or rye bran. Journal of Cereal Science. 1991: 14:140-149.##Nayini N.R. Markakis P. Effect of fermentation time on the inositol phosphates of bread. Journal of Food Science. 1983: 48(1): 262-263.##Fox B.A. Cameron A.G. Food Science-Nutrition and Health. Sixth ed. Edward Arnald London. 1995:137-44.##Malkotian M. Dolatshahi Sh. Quality of bread produced in bakeries in Jiroft city, Toloe bedasht research quarterly of Yazd School of Public Health. 2007:6(1):68-60. [In Persian]##Deputy of Food and Drug Administration, Research and Development Department, 2011. Bread Production Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. [In Persian]##Naderi M. Chamandoost S. Kamali K. Investigation of the amount of baking soda and salt in different types of bread in bakeries in Zanjan city in 2012, First National Conference on Snacks. 2014. [In Persian]##Goodarzi B. Madani A. Soleimani M. Dindarlou K. Investigation of the hygiene status of bakeries and the amount of baking soda used in breads consumed in Bandar Abbas city, Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2014:1(1):10-15. [In Persian]##Zabih Elahi T. Goftari Sh. Gharibi F. Naderi K. Studying the amount of baking soda and salt in different types of bread in bakeries in Kurdistan province in the years 2008-2010. Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. 2013:18:39-46. [In Persian]##Saeednejad Z. What is bread? History of bread. Deputy of Food and Drug Administration, Abyek Health and Treatment Center. 2011. [In Persian]##Asemi Z. Dolati M.A. Zia Kashani Sh. Aghili Mohtaseb T. Investigation of breads in Kashan city for the presence of baking soda in 2003-2004, Summary of articles on National Health and Food Safety. Tolooebehdasht Quarterly. 2004:3(3):133. [In Persian]##Jahed Khaniki Gh.R, Vaezi F. Yunesian M. Detection of baking soda in flat bread by direct pH meter and alkalinity measurement, Journal of Applied Sciences. 2007:7(22):3584-3587.##Heydarmah F. Partovi R. Mohammadi M.J. Safari H. Investigating the environmental health status and quality of bread produced by bakeries in Isfahan, 10th National Conference on Environmental Health, November 27,2007, Hamedan. [In Persian]##Ahangaran H. Haji Pournejad A. Study of bread salt and flour gluten levels in Shiraz bakery units in the summer of 2004, Proceedings of the 9th Iranian Nutrition Congress, September 13-16, 2006, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. [In Persian]##Varij Kazemi K. Ehtiyatkar M. Shaker M. Golij S. Mohammad Salehi S. Aghajani M. Study on the amount of baking soda consumption in traditional bread types in bakeries of Gilan province in 2017, Seventh Scientific Research Conference on the Development and Promotion of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources of Iran. 2019: Tehran. [In Persian]##Abouli S. Kazemi J. Hajian Motlagh Z. Evaluation of bread quality; based on the amount of salt and baking soda, Journal of Health Research. 2019:10(1):33-40. [n Persian]##Malakootian M. Dolatshahi Sh. The quality of the manufactured bread in Kerman Proceedings of the Eighth National Conference on Environmental Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 17-19 November 2005.p.77 ##

بررسی رابطه بین رعایت اصول ارگونومی، خستگی شغلی و بهره‌وری کارکنان در معدن سنگ‌شکن کرمانشاه Investigating the relationship between compliance with ergonomic principles, job fatigue, and employee efficiency in the Kermanshah Stone Crusher Mine 1 1 زمینه و هدف: محیط کار در معادن‌ یکی از خطرناک‌ترین محیط‌ها در نوع خود است که به‌دلیل وجود شرایط سخت و انجام فعالیت‌های جسمی شدید، تأثیرات منفی بر سلامت جسمی و روحی کارکنان می‌گذارد و کار در چنین محیط‌هایی، اغلب با خستگی شغلی، ناراحتی‌های اسکلتی- عضلانی و همچنین کاهش بهره‌وری همراه است. لذا، این پژوهش با هدف بررسی رابطه بین رعایت اصول ارگونومی، خستگی شغلی و بهره‌وری کارکنان در محیط کاری سخت و پرخطر معدن سنگ‌شکن کرمانشاه در سال 1404 انجام یافت. مواد و روش‌ها: در این پژوهش توصیفی، جامعه آماری شامل ۲۰۰ نفر از کارکنان معدن سنگ‌شکن کرمانشاه با سابقه کار حداقل یک سال بود که به‌روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی طبقه‌ای انتخاب شدند. داده‌ها با استفاده از پرسشنامه‌های استاندارد شامل ارگونومی، خستگی شغلی و بهره‌وری جمع‌آوری شدند. از طرفی، به‌منظور تحلیل داده‌ها، از ضریب همبستگی پیرسون (PCC)، تحلیل رگرسیون خطی چندگانه (MLR) و همچنین مدل معادلات ساختاری (SEM) با استفاده از نسخه 24 نرم‌افزارAMOS Graphics  استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان دادند که رعایت اصول ارگونومیک با خستگی شغلی رابطه منفی معنادار داشته است (۰/۰۵ > p و ۰/۴۲۳- = r). همچنین، مشخص شد که بین ارگونومی و بهره‌وری کارکنان رابطه مثبت معنادار وجود داشته است (۰/۰۵ > p و ۰/۳۸۶ = r). علاوه بر این، نتایج نشان داد که خستگی شغلی با کاهش بهره‌وری همبستگی معنادار داشته است (۰/۰۵ > p و ۰/۵۱۲- = r). نتایج تحلیل رگرسیونی نیز نشان داد که ۳۷/۷ درصد از تغییرات بهره‌وری کارکنان تحت تأثیر متغیرهای رعایت ارگونومی و خستگی شغلی قرار داشته است. از طرفی، تحلیل مدل معادلات ساختاری نشان داد که خستگی شغلی نقش میانجی در رابطه بین ارگونومی و بهره‌وری ایفا کرده است. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج نشان داد بهبود شرایط کاری از طریق اجرای اصول ارگونومیک به‌طور چشم‌گیر خستگی شغلی را کاهش و بهره‌وری کارکنان را افزایش داده است که این خود تلاش در راستای بهبود محیط کاری از دیدگاه ایمنی و سلامت شغلی کارکنان به‌عنوان مبنایی برای تصمیم‌گیری‌های مدیریتی در صنایع استخراجی را توصیه می‌کند. 2 Background: The working environment in mines is one of the most dangerous of its kind, which has negative effects on the physical and mental health of workers due to excessive physical workload. Working in such environments is often associated with occupational fatigue, musculoskeletal disorders, and reduced productivity. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between compliance with ergonomic principles, job fatigue, and employee efficiency in the Kermanshah Stone Crusher Mine in 2025. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, data were collected using standardized questionnaires on ergonomics, occupational fatigue, and productivity. To analyze the data, Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC), Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) analysis, and structural equation modeling (SEM) were utilized. Also, data analyses were carried out using SPSS version 26 and AMOS Graphics version 24. Results: Based on the results obtained, a significant negative correlation was found betweenadherence to ergonomic principles and occupational fatigue (r = -0.423, p < 0.05), as well as asignificant positive correlation between ergonomics and employee efficiency (r = 0.386, p < 0.05). Furthermore, occupational fatigue was significantly associated with decreased productivity (r=-0.512, p<0.05).The results of the regression analysis also showed that 37.7% of the variance in employee efficiency was influenced by variables related to ergonomic compliance and occupational fatigue. Additionally, structural equation modeling revealed that occupational fatigue plays a mediating role in the relationship between ergonomics and productivity. Ultimately, while confirming all proposed hypotheses, the study highlighted that improving working conditions through the implementation of ergonomic principles can significantly reduce occupational fatigue and increase employee efficiency. Conclusion: The results of the study showed that improving working conditions through the implementation of ergonomic principles significantly reduced job fatigue and increased employee efficiency, which in turn recommends efforts to improve the work environment from the perspective of worker occupational safety and health as a basis for management decisions in the extractive industries. 475 493 2025/12/222025/11/202025/11/32025/09/182025/11/302026/01/62026/02/5 1404/11/16 2026/02/212026/02/172025/11/292026/01/52026/02/72026/02/182026/03/1 1404/12/10 محسن نظری Mohsen Nazari کارشناس ارشد مهندسی ایمنی، بهداشت و محیط‌ زیست، گروه محیط زیست، واحد همدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، همدان، ایران ایران سهیل سبحان اردکانی Soheil Sobhan Ardakani دکترای تخصصی علوم محیط‌ زیست، استاد گروه محیط‌زیست، واحد همدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، همدان، ایران ایران s_sobhan@iau.ac.ir Ergonomics Employee efficiency Occupational Fatigue Structural Equation Modeling Kermanshah Stone Crusher Mine ارگونومی بهره‌وری شغلی خستگی شغلی مدل معادلات ساختاری معدن سنگ‌شکن کرمانشاه Dul J, Weerdmeester B. Ergonomics for Beginners: A Quick Reference Guide (3rd ed.). CRC Press. 2008;142 p.##Helander M. A Guide to Human Factors and Ergonomics (2nd ed.). CRC Press. 2006;400 p.##Prokopenko J. Productivity: A Reference Book for Managers. International Labour Organization (ILO). 1987.##Bridger RS. Introduction to Human Factors and Ergonomics (4th ed.). CRC Press. 2017;770 p.##Folkard S, Tucker P. Working time society consensus paper: Understanding the impact of shift work on health. Applied Ergonomics. 2003;34(3):271-80.##Hasle P. Work environment and productivity: A review of the literature. Scandinavian Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. 2014;39(1):1-12.##Jaffar N, Abdul-Tharim, AH, Mohd-Kamar, IF, Lop NS. A Literature review of ergonomics risk factors in construction industry. Procedia Engineering. 2011;20:89-97.##Robertson J, Jayne C, Oakman J. Work-related musculoskeletal and mental health disorders: Are workplace policies and practices based on contemporary evidence? Safety Science. 2021;138: 105098.##Patterson M, Warr P, West MA. Organizational climate and company productivity: The role of employee affect and employee level. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology. 2004; 77(2):193-216.##Varianou-Mikellidou C, Boustras G, Nicolaidou O, Dimopoulos C, Anyfantis I, Messios P. Work-related factors and individual characteristics affecting work ability of different age groups. Safety Science. 2020;128:104755.##Firescu V, Filip D. Human factors and ergonomics in sustainable manufacturing systems: A pathway to enhanced performance and wellbeing. Machines. 2025;13(7):595.##Yağcı M, Yıldızlar O, Yıldırım M. Reduction of work-related musculoskeletal risk factors following ergonomics training and exercise practices in a mechanised underground copper mine. WORK: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment & Rehabilitation. 2025; 80(3):1265-77.##Boksem MAS, Tops M. Mental fatigue: Costs and benefits. Brain Research Reviews. 2008;59(1): 125-39.##Mohammadfam I, Kamalinia M, Momeni M, Golmohammadi R, Hamidi Y, Soltanian A. Evaluation of the quality of occupational health and safety management systems based on key performance indicators in certified organizations. Safety and Health at Work. 2017;8(2):156-61.##Mahdavi N, Tapak L, Darvishi E, Doosti-Irani A, Shafiee Motlagh A. Unraveling the interplay between mental workload, occupational fatigue, physiological responses and cognitive performance in office workers. Scientific Reports. 2024;14:17866.##Chen Y, Li X. Cost analysis of occupational fatigue in industrial settings. Journal of Occupational Health Economics. 2022;10(3):112-20.##Li Y, Chen X. Challenges in measuring productivity in harsh working environments. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023;20(4):3456.##Haji L, Karimi H, Valizadeh N. The effect of ergonomics on the occupational burnout, stress, and productivity of agricultural expert (The case of Kerman Province). Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research. 2022;53(2):431-46 (In Persian).##Hassani, SA, Mobaraki H, Moghadamifard Z. The importance of ergonomics in increasing productivity and improving the performance of employees of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education. Tibbi-i-kar. 2013;4(4):92-101 (In Persian).##Dashti R. The effect of ergonomics on employee productivity and job satisfaction (Case study: Tehran Crisis Prevention and Management Organization). The Second International Conference on Management and Economics in the 21st Century. 2016; 8 p.##Bagnara S, Marti P. Human work in call centres: A challenge for cognitive ergonomics. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science. 2001;2(3):223-37.##Sohrabi MS, Babamiri M. Effectiveness of an ergonomics training program on musculoskeletal disorders, job stress, quality of work-life and productivity in office workers: a quasi-randomized control trial study. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics. 2022;8(3):1664-71.##Chinedu OO, Henry AT, Nene JJ, Okwudili JD. Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders among Office Workers in Higher Education Institutions: A Cross-Sectional Study. Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences. 2020;30(5):715-24.##McAtamney L, Corlett EN. RULA: a survey method for the investigation of work-related upper limb disorders. Applied Ergonomics. 1993;24(2):91-9.##Vercoulen JHMM, Swanick CMA, Fennis JFM, Galama JMD, Van Der Meer JWM, Bleijenber G. Checklist Individual Strength (CIS-20). American Psychological Association. 1994; 21 p.##Schaufeli W, Bakker A. Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (Preliminary Manual). Occupational Health Psychology Unit. Utrecht University. 2004; 60 p.##Pazouki M, Salehi M. Investigating the relationship between ergonomics in the workplace and work-related stress. National Conference on Modern Research in Iran and the World in Psychology, Educational Sciences and Social Studies. 2017; 10 p (In Persian).##Macfarlane GJ, Angelo SD, Ntani G, Walker-Bone K. Impact of fatigue on work productivity and health-related job loss. Occupational Medicine. 2024;74(6):423-9.##Dul J, Weerdmeester B. Ergonomics for Beginners: A Quick Reference Guide (3rd ed.). CRC Press. 2008;142 p.##Helander M. A Guide to Human Factors and Ergonomics (2nd ed.). CRC Press. 2006;400 p.##Prokopenko J. Productivity: A Reference Book for Managers. International Labour Organization (ILO). 1987.##Bridger RS. Introduction to Human Factors and Ergonomics (4th ed.). CRC Press. 2017;770 p.##Folkard S, Tucker P. Working time society consensus paper: Understanding the impact of shift work on health. Applied Ergonomics. 2003;34(3):271-80.##Hasle P. Work environment and productivity: A review of the literature. Scandinavian Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. 2014;39(1):1-12.##Jaffar N, Abdul-Tharim, AH, Mohd-Kamar, IF, Lop NS. A Literature review of ergonomics risk factors in construction industry. Procedia Engineering. 2011;20:89-97.##Robertson J, Jayne C, Oakman J. Work-related musculoskeletal and mental health disorders: Are workplace policies and practices based on contemporary evidence? Safety Science. 2021;138: 105098.##Patterson M, Warr P, West MA. Organizational climate and company productivity: The role of employee affect and employee level. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology. 2004; 77(2):193-216.##Varianou-Mikellidou C, Boustras G, Nicolaidou O, Dimopoulos C, Anyfantis I, Messios P. Work-related factors and individual characteristics affecting work ability of different age groups. Safety Science. 2020;128:104755.##Firescu V, Filip D. Human factors and ergonomics in sustainable manufacturing systems: A pathway to enhanced performance and wellbeing. Machines. 2025;13(7):595.##Yağcı M, Yıldızlar O, Yıldırım M. Reduction of work-related musculoskeletal risk factors following ergonomics training and exercise practices in a mechanised underground copper mine. WORK: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment & Rehabilitation. 2025; 80(3):1265-77.##Boksem MAS, Tops M. Mental fatigue: Costs and benefits. Brain Research Reviews. 2008;59(1): 125-39.##Mohammadfam I, Kamalinia M, Momeni M, Golmohammadi R, Hamidi Y, Soltanian A. Evaluation of the quality of occupational health and safety management systems based on key performance indicators in certified organizations. Safety and Health at Work. 2017;8(2):156-61.##Mahdavi N, Tapak L, Darvishi E, Doosti-Irani A, Shafiee Motlagh A. Unraveling the interplay between mental workload, occupational fatigue, physiological responses and cognitive performance in office workers. Scientific Reports. 2024;14:17866.##Chen Y, Li X. Cost analysis of occupational fatigue in industrial settings. Journal of Occupational Health Economics. 2022;10(3):112-20.##Li Y, Chen X. Challenges in measuring productivity in harsh working environments. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023;20(4):3456.##Haji L, Karimi H, Valizadeh N. The effect of ergonomics on the occupational burnout, stress, and productivity of agricultural expert (The case of Kerman Province). Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research. 2022;53(2):431-46 (In Persian).##Hassani, SA, Mobaraki H, Moghadamifard Z. The importance of ergonomics in increasing productivity and improving the performance of employees of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education. Tibbi-i-kar. 2013;4(4):92-101 (In Persian).##Dashti R. The effect of ergonomics on employee productivity and job satisfaction (Case study: Tehran Crisis Prevention and Management Organization). The Second International Conference on Management and Economics in the 21st Century. 2016; 8 p.##Bagnara S, Marti P. Human work in call centres: A challenge for cognitive ergonomics. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science. 2001;2(3):223-37.##Sohrabi MS, Babamiri M. Effectiveness of an ergonomics training program on musculoskeletal disorders, job stress, quality of work-life and productivity in office workers: a quasi-randomized control trial study. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics. 2022;8(3):1664-71.##Chinedu OO, Henry AT, Nene JJ, Okwudili JD. Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders among Office Workers in Higher Education Institutions: A Cross-Sectional Study. Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences. 2020;30(5):715-24.##McAtamney L, Corlett EN. RULA: a survey method for the investigation of work-related upper limb disorders. Applied Ergonomics. 1993;24(2):91-9.##Vercoulen JHMM, Swanick CMA, Fennis JFM, Galama JMD, Van Der Meer JWM, Bleijenber G. Checklist Individual Strength (CIS-20). American Psychological Association. 1994; 21 p.##Schaufeli W, Bakker A. Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (Preliminary Manual). Occupational Health Psychology Unit. Utrecht University. 2004; 60 p.##Pazouki M, Salehi M. Investigating the relationship between ergonomics in the workplace and work-related stress. National Conference on Modern Research in Iran and the World in Psychology, Educational Sciences and Social Studies. 2017; 10 p (In Persian).##Macfarlane GJ, Angelo SD, Ntani G, Walker-Bone K. Impact of fatigue on work productivity and health-related job loss. Occupational Medicine. 2024;74(6):423-9. ##

جداسازی و شناسایی باکتری های تجزیه کننده میکروپلاستیک ها از مناطق آلوده اطراف پتروشیمی (مطالعه موردی: پتروشیمی لرستان) Isolation and identification of microplastic-degrading bacteria from polluted areas around the petrochemical complex (case study: Lorestan Petrochemical) 1 1 زمینه و هدف: تولید انبوه، استفاده مداوم و دفع نادرست محصولات پلاستیکی منجر به آلودگی زیست محیطی قابل توجهی شده است. این پلیمرهای پلاستیکی بزرگ­تر به تدریج به ذرات کوچک­تری به نام میکروپلاستیک تجزیه می­‌شوند. این پژوهش به منظور جداسازی و شناسایی باکتری­‌های بومی مفید تجزیه کننده میکروپلاستیک‌­ها در صنایع پتروشیمی استان لرستان در شهرستان خرم‌‏آباد صورت گرفت. روش کار: در این تحقیق نمونه برداری از ریزوسفر گیاهان اطراف پتروشیمی، لجن و آب آلوده این منطقه انجام شد و پس از انتقال به آزمایشگاه روی محیط کشت‌­های نوترینت آگار، نوترینت براث و 2XYT کشت گردیدند. بعد از خالص سازی، جدایه­‌های باکتریایی براساس خصوصیات فنوتیپی-بیوشیمیایی و توالی­‌یابی بخشی از ناحیه ژن 16S rRNA، گونه‌­هایPseudomonas koreensis ، Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens، Arthrobacter globiformis و Bacillus cereus شناسایی گردیدند. هم­چنین جدایه‌­های باکتریایی از نظر فاکتورهای تشکیل ساختارهای بیوفیلم باکتریایی، تولید سیدرفور، تولید پروتئاز، حرکت سوارمینگ، توانایی انحلال فسفات و تولید ایندول استیک اسید و غیره مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. یافته‌­ها: نتایج به دست آمده نشان داد باکتری Pseudomonas koreensis بیشترین میزان تشکیل بیوفیلم، حرکت سوارمینگ، تولید سیدروفور، پروتئاز و تحمل نسبت به نفت را از خود نشان داد. هم­چنین بیشترین توانایی در انحلال فسفات و تولید ایندول استیک اسید متعلق به گونه Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens بود. نتیجه گیری: بر اساس نتایج از بین روش­‌های مختلف پاک­سازی، زیست پالایی روشی کارآمد، اقتصادی و پایدار می­باشد و این روش می­تواند با کم­ترین عوارض جانبی بیشترین راندمان را در اصلاح خاک‌­های آلوده ایفا کند. در این تحقیق برای نخستین بار باکتری Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens به عنوان تجزیه کننده میکروپلاستیک معرفی گردید. 2 Background: The mass production, widespread use, and improper disposal of plastic products have led to significant environmental pollution. Over time, larger plastic polymers break down into smaller particles known as microplastics. This study aimed to isolate and identify indigenous beneficial bacteria capable of degrading microplastics in the vicinity of the Lorestan Petrochemical Complex in Khorramabad County, Iran. Materials and Methods: Samples were collected from the rhizosphere of plants, as well as from sludge and contaminated water in the petrochemical area. Following transfer to the laboratory, the samples were cultured on nutrient agar, nutrient broth, and 2XYT media. After isolation and purification, bacterial strains were identified based on phenotypic and biochemical characteristics, as well as partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The identified species included Pseudomonas koreensis, Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens, Arthrobacter globiformis, and Bacillus cereus. The isolates were further evaluated for their ability to form biofilms, produce siderophores and proteases, exhibit swarming motility, solubilize phosphate, and synthesize indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), among other traits. Results: Among the isolates, Pseudomonas koreensis exhibited the highest levels of biofilm formation, swarming motility, siderophore production, protease activity, and tolerance to petroleum hydrocarbons. Meanwhile, Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens demonstrated the greatest capacity for phosphate solubilization and indole-3-acetic acid production. Conclusion: Bioremediation presents an efficient, economical, and sustainable approach among various remediation strategies, offering the potential for high efficacy with minimal environmental impact in the treatment of contaminated soils. Notably, this study introduces Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens for the first time as a microplastic-degrading bacterium. 494 510 2025/12/222025/11/202025/11/32025/09/182025/11/302026/01/62026/02/52025/12/16 1404/9/25 2026/02/212026/02/172025/11/292026/01/52026/02/72026/02/182026/03/12026/02/14 1404/11/25 نوشین بیرجندی Noushin Birjandi استادیار گروه مهندسی محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم آباد، ایران ایران birjandi.n@lu.ac.ir احسان حسنوند Ehsan Hasanvand دکترای گیاهپزشکی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش منابع طبیعی و کشاورزی قزوین، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، قزوین، ایران ایران سمیرا پاکباز Samira Pakbaz استادیار گروه گیاه پزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم آباد، ایران ایران کیمیا طولابیان Kimia Toulabian دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد برنامه ریزی محیط زیست، دانشکده علوم محیطی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران ایران هستی دارایی Hasti Daraie دکترای بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمان، کرمان، ایران ایران Microbial interactions Microplastics Bioremediation Curtobacterium 16S rRNA بر همکنش‌‌های میکروارگانیسم میکروپلاستیک زیست پالایی Curtobacterium و 16S rRNA Chia, Rogers Wainkwa, Jin-Yong Lee, Jiwook Jang, Heejung Kim, and Kideok D Kwon. Soil Health and Microplastics: A Review of the Impacts of Microplastic Contamination on Soil Properties. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2022: 22 (10): 2690-2705.##Liu, Yuxiang. Microplastics: Research, Problems, and Solutions. Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 2024.##Ziani, Khaled, Corina-Bianca Ioniță-Mîndrican, Magdalena Mititelu, Sorinel Marius Neacșu, Carolina Negrei, Elena Moroșan, Doina Drăgănescu, and Olivia-Teodora Preda. Microplastics: A Real Global Threat for Environment and Food Safety: A State of the Art Review. Nutrients, 2023:15 (3): 617.##Thapliyal, Charu, Anshu Priya, Salam Bhopen Singh, Vivekanand Bahuguna, and Achlesh Daverey. Potential Strategies for Bioremediation of Microplastic Contaminated Soil. Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, 2024: 6: 117-31.##Jabbar, Noor M, Saja M Alardhi, Alaa K Mohammed, Issam K Salih, and Talib M Albayati. Challenges in the Implementation of Bioremediation Processes in Petroleum-Contaminated Soils: A Review. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management 2022: 18: 100694.##Ossai, Innocent Chukwunonso, Aziz Ahmed, Auwalu Hassan, and Fauziah Shahul Hamid. Remediation of Soil and Water Contaminated with Petroleum Hydrocarbon: A Review. Environmental Technology & Innovation 2020: 17: 100526.##Pal, Arun Kumar, Jyotsna Singh, Ramendra Soni, Pooja Tripathi, Madhu Kamle, Vijay Tripathi, and Pradeep Kumar. The Role of Microorganism in Bioremediation for Sustainable Environment Management. In Bioremediation of Pollutants, 2020: 227-49. Elsevier.##Rodríguez-Uribe, Mónica Liliana, Juan José Peña-Cabriales, María del Carmen Rivera-Cruz, and John Paul Délano-Frier. "Native Bacteria Isolated from Weathered Petroleum Oil-Contaminated Soils in Tabasco, Mexico, Accelerate the Degradation Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Saline Soil Microcosms. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 2021: 23: 101781.##Akinola, Olusegun, Eniola Adebayo, and Adedeji Ogunyemi. Bioremediation of Various Pollutants in the Ecosystem. Global International Journal of Innovative Research, 2024: 2 (7): 1591-1600.##Abo-Alkasem, Mohamed I, Ne'mat H Hassan, and Mostafa Mostafa Abo Elsoud. Microbial Bioremediation as a Tool for the Removal of Heavy Metals. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 2023: 47 (1): 31.##Glick, Bernard R. Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria: Mechanisms and Applications. Scientifica, 2012.##Goswami, Dweipayan, Janki N Thakker, and Pinakin C Dhandhukia. Portraying Mechanics of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR): A Review. Cogent Food & Agriculture 2016, 2 (1): 1127500.##Mirzaei Najafgholi, Hossein, Ehsan Hasanvand, Samira Pakbaz, and Neda Rouhani. Investigating Effective Factors in Improving Plant Growth by Native Phosphate-Dissolving Bacteria Isolated from Wheat. Journal of Genetic Resources, 2023: 71-82.##Hasan, Asma, Baby Tabassum, Mohammad Hashim, and Nagma Khan. "Role of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) as a Plant Growth Enhancer for Sustainable Agriculture: A Review. Bacteria, 2024: 3 (2): 59-75.##Varjani, Sunita J. Microbial Degradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons. Bioresource Technology, 2017: 223: 277-86.##Raja, S, K P B Dinesh, K Kesavan, Thrissur Kodungallur, and K Thrissur. Bioremediation by Using of Microbes and Algae with Special Reference to Coastline Environment. Int. J. Biosci. Nanosci, 2014: 1 (6): 130-40.##Bayat, Z, Shahian, M. H, Asgari, M. Separation and identification of crude oil-degrading bacteria from the gut of Haustrum scobina collected from the Persian Gulf (Bandar Abbas coastal region). Journal of Microbial Biology 2016: 5 (17): 61-72.##Ebrahim pour, Gh, Fouladi, J, Ferdosi, A. Investigation of the effect of environmental factors on the degradation of crude oil by extreme halophile oil-eating bacteria, biosurfactant production and gravimetric analysis of petroleum compounds consumed under these optimal conditions, Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2006: 3 (10): 25-39.##Kianpour, R, Moetamedi, H, Bam zadeh, Z. Isolation and identification of bacteria that degrade petroleum hydrocarbons from Asmari oil reservoirs in Ahvaz. World of Microbes Magazine, 2016: 9 (2): 145-155.##Schaad, Norman W, Jeffrey Bryant Jones, and Wesley Chun. Laboratory Guide for the Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. American Phytopathological society (APS press). 2001##Weisburg, William G, Susan M Barns, Dale A Pelletier, and David J Lane. 1991. "16S Ribosomal DNA Amplification for Phylogenetic Study." Journal of Bacteriology 173 (2): 697-703.##Sperber, Joan I. The Incidence of Apatite-Solubilizing Organisms in the Rhizosphere and Soil. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 1958: 9 (6): 778-81.##Bric, John M, Richard M Bostock, and Sara E Silverstone. Rapid in Situ Assay for Indoleacetic Acid Production by Bacteria Immobilized on a Nitrocellulose Membrane. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1991: 57 (2): 535-38.##Glickmann, Eric, and Yves Dessaux. A Critical Examination of the Specificity of the Salkowski Reagent for Indolic Compounds Produced by Phytopathogenic Bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1995: 61 (2): 793-96.##O'Toole, George A. Microtiter Dish Biofilm Formation Assay. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments), 2011: no 47: e2437.##Alexander, D B, and D A, Zuberer. Use of Chrome Azurol S Reagents to Evaluate Siderophore Production by Rhizosphere Bacteria. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 1991: 12: 39-45.##Pratika, M, M Ananda, and I N Suwastika. Protease Activity from Bacterial Isolates of Nepenthes Maxima Reinw. Ex Nees. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2021: 1763:12092. IOP Publishing.##Chia, Rogers Wainkwa, Jin-Yong Lee, Jiwook Jang, Heejung Kim, and Kideok D Kwon. Soil Health and Microplastics: A Review of the Impacts of Microplastic Contamination on Soil Properties. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2022: 22 (10): 2690-2705.##Liu, Yuxiang. Microplastics: Research, Problems, and Solutions. Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 2024.##Ziani, Khaled, Corina-Bianca Ioniță-Mîndrican, Magdalena Mititelu, Sorinel Marius Neacșu, Carolina Negrei, Elena Moroșan, Doina Drăgănescu, and Olivia-Teodora Preda. Microplastics: A Real Global Threat for Environment and Food Safety: A State of the Art Review. Nutrients, 2023:15 (3): 617.##Thapliyal, Charu, Anshu Priya, Salam Bhopen Singh, Vivekanand Bahuguna, and Achlesh Daverey. Potential Strategies for Bioremediation of Microplastic Contaminated Soil. Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, 2024: 6: 117-31.##Jabbar, Noor M, Saja M Alardhi, Alaa K Mohammed, Issam K Salih, and Talib M Albayati. Challenges in the Implementation of Bioremediation Processes in Petroleum-Contaminated Soils: A Review. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management 2022: 18: 100694.##Ossai, Innocent Chukwunonso, Aziz Ahmed, Auwalu Hassan, and Fauziah Shahul Hamid. Remediation of Soil and Water Contaminated with Petroleum Hydrocarbon: A Review. Environmental Technology & Innovation 2020: 17: 100526.##Pal, Arun Kumar, Jyotsna Singh, Ramendra Soni, Pooja Tripathi, Madhu Kamle, Vijay Tripathi, and Pradeep Kumar. The Role of Microorganism in Bioremediation for Sustainable Environment Management. In Bioremediation of Pollutants, 2020: 227-49. Elsevier.##Rodríguez-Uribe, Mónica Liliana, Juan José Peña-Cabriales, María del Carmen Rivera-Cruz, and John Paul Délano-Frier. "Native Bacteria Isolated from Weathered Petroleum Oil-Contaminated Soils in Tabasco, Mexico, Accelerate the Degradation Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Saline Soil Microcosms. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 2021: 23: 101781.##Akinola, Olusegun, Eniola Adebayo, and Adedeji Ogunyemi. Bioremediation of Various Pollutants in the Ecosystem. Global International Journal of Innovative Research, 2024: 2 (7): 1591-1600.##Abo-Alkasem, Mohamed I, Ne'mat H Hassan, and Mostafa Mostafa Abo Elsoud. Microbial Bioremediation as a Tool for the Removal of Heavy Metals. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 2023: 47 (1): 31.##Glick, Bernard R. Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria: Mechanisms and Applications. Scientifica, 2012.##Goswami, Dweipayan, Janki N Thakker, and Pinakin C Dhandhukia. Portraying Mechanics of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR): A Review. Cogent Food & Agriculture 2016, 2 (1): 1127500.##Mirzaei Najafgholi, Hossein, Ehsan Hasanvand, Samira Pakbaz, and Neda Rouhani. Investigating Effective Factors in Improving Plant Growth by Native Phosphate-Dissolving Bacteria Isolated from Wheat. Journal of Genetic Resources, 2023: 71-82.##Hasan, Asma, Baby Tabassum, Mohammad Hashim, and Nagma Khan. "Role of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) as a Plant Growth Enhancer for Sustainable Agriculture: A Review. Bacteria, 2024: 3 (2): 59-75.##Varjani, Sunita J. Microbial Degradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons. Bioresource Technology, 2017: 223: 277-86.##Raja, S, K P B Dinesh, K Kesavan, Thrissur Kodungallur, and K Thrissur. Bioremediation by Using of Microbes and Algae with Special Reference to Coastline Environment. Int. J. Biosci. Nanosci, 2014: 1 (6): 130-40.##Bayat, Z, Shahian, M. H, Asgari, M. Separation and identification of crude oil-degrading bacteria from the gut of Haustrum scobina collected from the Persian Gulf (Bandar Abbas coastal region). Journal of Microbial Biology 2016: 5 (17): 61-72.##Ebrahim pour, Gh, Fouladi, J, Ferdosi, A. Investigation of the effect of environmental factors on the degradation of crude oil by extreme halophile oil-eating bacteria, biosurfactant production and gravimetric analysis of petroleum compounds consumed under these optimal conditions, Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2006: 3 (10): 25-39.##Kianpour, R, Moetamedi, H, Bam zadeh, Z. Isolation and identification of bacteria that degrade petroleum hydrocarbons from Asmari oil reservoirs in Ahvaz. World of Microbes Magazine, 2016: 9 (2): 145-155.##Schaad, Norman W, Jeffrey Bryant Jones, and Wesley Chun. Laboratory Guide for the Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. American Phytopathological society (APS press). 2001##Weisburg, William G, Susan M Barns, Dale A Pelletier, and David J Lane. 1991. "16S Ribosomal DNA Amplification for Phylogenetic Study." Journal of Bacteriology 173 (2): 697-703.##Sperber, Joan I. The Incidence of Apatite-Solubilizing Organisms in the Rhizosphere and Soil. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 1958: 9 (6): 778-81.##Bric, John M, Richard M Bostock, and Sara E Silverstone. Rapid in Situ Assay for Indoleacetic Acid Production by Bacteria Immobilized on a Nitrocellulose Membrane. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1991: 57 (2): 535-38.##Glickmann, Eric, and Yves Dessaux. A Critical Examination of the Specificity of the Salkowski Reagent for Indolic Compounds Produced by Phytopathogenic Bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1995: 61 (2): 793-96.##O'Toole, George A. Microtiter Dish Biofilm Formation Assay. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments), 2011: no 47: e2437.##Alexander, D B, and D A, Zuberer. Use of Chrome Azurol S Reagents to Evaluate Siderophore Production by Rhizosphere Bacteria. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 1991: 12: 39-45.##Pratika, M, M Ananda, and I N Suwastika. Protease Activity from Bacterial Isolates of Nepenthes Maxima Reinw. Ex Nees. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2021: 1763:12092. IOP Publishing. ##