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ارزیابی جامع کیفیت آب شرب بر اساس شاخص‌های فیزیکوشیمیایی، میکروبی و خورندگی در شهر زنجان Comprehensive assessment of drinking water quality based on physicochemical, microbial, and corrosion indicators in Zanjan city 1 1 زمینه و هدف: کیفیت آب آشامیدنی تأثیر مستقیمی بر سلامت عمومی دارد. با توجه به وابستگی شدید شهر زنجان به منابع آب زیرزمینی و چالش‌های هیدروژئولوژیک، این مطالعه با هدف ارزیابی جامع کیفیت فیزیکوشیمیایی و میکروبی آب آشامیدنی این شهر در سال 1403 و مقایسه آن با استانداردهای ملی و بین‌المللی انجام شد. مواد و روش ها: این مطالعه توصیفی-تحلیلی بر اساس داده‌های رسمی شبکه آب شرب شهر زنجان انجام شد. نمونه‌برداری از منابع تأمین و نقاط توزیع به‌صورت دوره‌ای صورت گرفت. پارامترهای فیزیکوشیمیایی (مانند کدورت، pH، TDS، سختی، یون‌های اصلی) و میکروبی (کلی فرم ‌ها، کلی فرم مدفوعی و HPC) با روش‌های استاندارد سنجش و با حدود مجاز ملی و WHO مقایسه شدند. شاخص‌های خورندگی (LSI و RSI) نیز محاسبه گردید. یافته‌ها: کیفیت فیزیکوشیمیایی آب در اکثر پارامترها در محدوده استانداردها قرار داشت. میانگین کدورت (NTU ۰/۴۷) پایین، pH (۶/۶) متعادل و TDS (۳۶۷ میلی گرم بر لیتر) مطلوب بود. با این حال، سختی کل در برخی نمونه‌ها بالا و غلظت کلر باقیمانده در حد پایین مطلوب مشاهده شد. از نظر میکروبی، ۱۰۰ درصد نمونه‌ها فاقد کلی فرم مدفوعی بودند و HPC در تمام نمونه‌ها کمتر از حد مجاز EPA بود. شاخص‌های LSI (۰/۳۴) و RSI (۵/۹۳) نشان‌دهنده پایداری آب و خورندگی بسیار کم بودند. نتیجه‌گیری: آب آشامیدنی شهر زنجان در سال ۱۴۰۳ از نظر فیزیکوشیمیایی و میکروبی در وضعیت مطلوب و ایمن برای مصرف انسانی قرار دارد. با این حال، پایش مستمر پارامترهای حساس مانند سختی، کلر باقیمانده و TDS، به‌ویژه با توجه به وابستگی به منابع زیرزمینی و تغییرات هیدروژئوشیمیایی، ضروری است. 2 Background: Drinking water quality has a direct effect on public health. Given the heavy reliance of Zanjan city on groundwater resources and existing hydrogeological challenges, this study aimed to comprehensively assess the physicochemical and microbial quality of the city's drinking water in 2023–2024 and compare it with national and international standards. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted using official data from the Zanjan drinking water distribution network. Periodic sampling was performed from water sources and distribution points. Physicochemical parameters (such as turbidity, pH, TDS, hardness, and major ions) and microbial indicators (total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and HPC) were measured using standard methods and compared with national and WHO permissible limits. Corrosion indices (LSI and RSI) were also calculated. Results: The physicochemical quality of water complied with the standards for most parameters. Mean turbidity (0.47 NTU) was low, pH (6.6) was balanced, and TDS (367 mg/L) was favorable. However, total hardness was elevated in some samples, and residual chlorine concentration was at the lower desirable limit. Microbiologically, 100% of samples were free of fecal coliforms, and HPC in all samples was below the EPA limit. The LSI (0.34) and RSI (5.93) indicated water stability and very low corrosivity. Conclusion: The drinking water of Zanjan city in 2023–2024 was in a favorable and safe condition for human consumption in terms of physicochemical and microbial quality. Nevertheless, continuous monitoring of sensitive parameters such as hardness, residual chlorine, and TDS is essential, particularly given the dependence on groundwater and hydrogeochemical variations. 1 12 2025/12/12 1404/9/21 2026/04/29 1405/2/9 جلیل نصیری Jalil Nassiri کارشناس ارشد مهندسی بهداشت محیط، معاونت بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی زنجان، زنجان، ایران ایران قاسم محمدی Ghasem Mohammadi کارشناس ارشد مهندسی بهداشت محیط، معاونت بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی زنجان، زنجان، ایران ایران اسرافیل عسگری Esrafil Asgari دانشیار، گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی زنجان، زنجان، ایران ایران asgari.esrafil@zums.ac.ir محمد نقیلو Mohammad Naghiloo دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد مهندسی بهداشت محیط، کمیته تحقیقات دانشجویی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی زنجان، زنجان، ایران ایران عادل میرزاعلیزاده Adel Mirza Alizadeh استادیار، گروه بهداشت و ایمنی مواد غذایی، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی زنجان، زنجان، ایران ایران شهرام نظری Shahram Nazari استادیار، گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده علوم پزشکی خلخال، خلخال، ایران ایران Drinking water quality Physicochemical monitoring Microbial indicators Groundwater Zanjan city کیفیت آب آشامیدنی پایش فیزیکوشیمیایی شاخص‌های میکروبی آب زیرزمینی شهر زنجان Kong Y-L, Anis-Syakira J, Fun WH, et al. Socio-economic factors related to drinking water source and sanitation in Malaysia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020;17(21): 7933.##Organization WH. Guidelines for drinking-water quality: incorporating first addendum. 2017.##Boretti A, Rosa L. Reassessing the projections of the world water development report. NPJ Clean Water 2019;2(1): 15.##Martínez-Santos P. Does 91% of the world's population really have "sustainable access to safe drinking water"? International Journal of Water Resources Development 2017;33(4): 514-33.##Saghafi S, Taghizade Firozjaee T, Golbabaei Kootenaei F. Assessment of Drinking Water Quality in Mazandaran Province, Iran. Iranica Journal of Energy & Environment 2025;16(2): 364-71.##Karimi F, Orooji N, Takdastan A. A Survey of Physical, Chemical and Microbial Quality of Drinking Water in Ahvaz Compared to the Drinking Water Standards in Year 2016-2017. Journal of Water & Wastewater Science & Engineering 2017;2(3): 51-60 [In Persian].##Jafarzadeh N, Ravanbakhsh M, Ahmadi Angali K, et al. Evaluation of drinking water quality indices (case study: Bushehr province, Iran). Environmental Health Engineering and Management Journal 2017;4(2): 73-9.##Babanejad Z, Abdoliman A, Fatemeh A, Hossein G. Evaluation of Physical, Chemical and Bacteriological characteristics of Drinking Water in Gatab Distribution Network, Mazandaran Province (Iran). . Novin Health J 2018;3(2): 59-67 [In persian].##Kalantary RR, Ahmadi E, Jebelli MA. Quality evaluation and stability index determination of Qom rural drinking water resources. Journal of Health in the Field 2013;1(3): 9-16 [In Persian].##Majdi H, Gheibi L, Soltani T. Evaluation of Physicochemical and Microbial Quality of Drinking Water of Villages in Takab Town in West Azerbaijan in 2013. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences 2015;14(8): 631-42 [In Persian].##Hasanpour Kashani M, Shahmorad Moghanlou M. Investigation of the microbial and physicochemical quality of drinking water in Ardabil city in 2019-2020. Iranian Journal of Rainwater Catchment Systems 2025;13(3): 21-36 [In Persian].##Eslami A, Ghafari M, Sohbatloo V, Fanaei F. Safety assessment of Zanjan drinking water system using water safety plan. Journal of Human, Environment and Health Promotion 2017;2(3): 138-46.##Jalalian A, Samiee H, Shokri Khoubestani M, Karimi MR. Investigation Of The Effects Of Drought And Salinity On The Chemical Quality Of The Water Resources In The Zanjans' Plain Aquifers. Journal of Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention 2020;8(2): 119-29 [In Persian].##Hussainzadeh J, Samani S, Mahaqi A. Investigation of the geochemical evolution of groundwater resources in the Zanjan plain, NW Iran. Environmental Earth Sciences 2023;82(5): 123##Baird RB, Eaton AD, Rice EW. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. Edition R, editor2017.##Javanshiri Z, Rahmdel M. Climatological standard normals of IRAN, for the period 1981-2010 and 1991-2020: precipitation and temperature. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 2024;136(3): 16.##Organization WH. Guidelines for drinking-water quality: incorporating the first and second addenda: World Health Organization; 2022.##Organization IsNS. Drinking water- Physical and chemical Specifications Standard. 2024.##Karimi F, Orooji N, Takdastan A. A survey of physical, chemical and microbial quality of drinking water in Ahvaz compared to the drinking water standards in year 2016-2017. Journal of Water and Wastewater Science and Engineering 2017;2(3): 51-60 [In Persian].##Rajaei Q, Mehdinejad M, Hesari Motlagh S. A Survey of chemical quality of rural drinking water of Birjand and Qaen Plains, Iran. Health Care Research 2012;7: 737-45 [In Persian].##Faraji H, Rahimzadeh H, Salari M, et al. Investigating the physical and chemical factors affecting the microbial status of water in the water distribution network of Babol City with an emphasis on the HPC index. PLOS ONE 2025;20(6): e0324186.##Shahryari A, Niknejad F, Aali R, et al. Fungal and bacterial evaluation in drinking water distribution network and their association with physicochemical parameters. Desalination and Water Treatment 2024;319: 100440.##Ghorbanzadeh A, Kohan NA, Zangi R, Moradi F. A survey on coliform contamination and chemical parameters of potable water from water dispensers in faculties of Mashhad University of medical sciences. Journal of Food Safety and Hygiene 2018;4(3-4): 63-8.##Raeisi A, Soleimani F, Dobaradaran S, et al. Microbial, chemical and physical properties of drinking water in Bushehr distribution network system. Desalination and Water Treatment 2017;65: 208-14.##Dianati tilaki Ra, Mahmoudi M. Investigation of Sedimentation and Corrosion Indices of Drinking Water Resources in the Cities of Mazandaran Province. Journal of health research in community 2018;4(2): 57-67 [In Persian].##Nabizadeh Nodehi R, Mesdaghinia A, Nasseri S, et al. Analysis of Water Corrosion Tendency in Water Supply System Using Qualitative Indices and Calcium Carbonate Precipitation Potential index. Iranian Journal of Health and Environment 2017;9(4): 457-70 [In Persian].##Kong Y-L, Anis-Syakira J, Fun WH, et al. Socio-economic factors related to drinking water source and sanitation in Malaysia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020;17(21): 7933.##Organization WH. Guidelines for drinking-water quality: incorporating first addendum. 2017.##Boretti A, Rosa L. Reassessing the projections of the world water development report. NPJ Clean Water 2019;2(1): 15.##Martínez-Santos P. Does 91% of the world's population really have "sustainable access to safe drinking water"? International Journal of Water Resources Development 2017;33(4): 514-33.##Saghafi S, Taghizade Firozjaee T, Golbabaei Kootenaei F. Assessment of Drinking Water Quality in Mazandaran Province, Iran. Iranica Journal of Energy & Environment 2025;16(2): 364-71.##Karimi F, Orooji N, Takdastan A. A Survey of Physical, Chemical and Microbial Quality of Drinking Water in Ahvaz Compared to the Drinking Water Standards in Year 2016-2017. Journal of Water & Wastewater Science & Engineering 2017;2(3): 51-60 [In Persian].##Jafarzadeh N, Ravanbakhsh M, Ahmadi Angali K, et al. Evaluation of drinking water quality indices (case study: Bushehr province, Iran). Environmental Health Engineering and Management Journal 2017;4(2): 73-9.##Babanejad Z, Abdoliman A, Fatemeh A, Hossein G. Evaluation of Physical, Chemical and Bacteriological characteristics of Drinking Water in Gatab Distribution Network, Mazandaran Province (Iran). . Novin Health J 2018;3(2): 59-67 [In persian].##Kalantary RR, Ahmadi E, Jebelli MA. Quality evaluation and stability index determination of Qom rural drinking water resources. Journal of Health in the Field 2013;1(3): 9-16 [In Persian].##Majdi H, Gheibi L, Soltani T. Evaluation of Physicochemical and Microbial Quality of Drinking Water of Villages in Takab Town in West Azerbaijan in 2013. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences 2015;14(8): 631-42 [In Persian].##Hasanpour Kashani M, Shahmorad Moghanlou M. Investigation of the microbial and physicochemical quality of drinking water in Ardabil city in 2019-2020. Iranian Journal of Rainwater Catchment Systems 2025;13(3): 21-36 [In Persian].##Eslami A, Ghafari M, Sohbatloo V, Fanaei F. Safety assessment of Zanjan drinking water system using water safety plan. Journal of Human, Environment and Health Promotion 2017;2(3): 138-46.##Jalalian A, Samiee H, Shokri Khoubestani M, Karimi MR. Investigation Of The Effects Of Drought And Salinity On The Chemical Quality Of The Water Resources In The Zanjans' Plain Aquifers. Journal of Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention 2020;8(2): 119-29 [In Persian].##Hussainzadeh J, Samani S, Mahaqi A. Investigation of the geochemical evolution of groundwater resources in the Zanjan plain, NW Iran. Environmental Earth Sciences 2023;82(5): 123##Baird RB, Eaton AD, Rice EW. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. Edition R, editor2017.##Javanshiri Z, Rahmdel M. Climatological standard normals of IRAN, for the period 1981-2010 and 1991-2020: precipitation and temperature. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 2024;136(3): 16.##Organization WH. Guidelines for drinking-water quality: incorporating the first and second addenda: World Health Organization; 2022.##Organization IsNS. Drinking water- Physical and chemical Specifications Standard. 2024.##Karimi F, Orooji N, Takdastan A. A survey of physical, chemical and microbial quality of drinking water in Ahvaz compared to the drinking water standards in year 2016-2017. Journal of Water and Wastewater Science and Engineering 2017;2(3): 51-60 [In Persian].##Rajaei Q, Mehdinejad M, Hesari Motlagh S. A Survey of chemical quality of rural drinking water of Birjand and Qaen Plains, Iran. Health Care Research 2012;7: 737-45 [In Persian].##Faraji H, Rahimzadeh H, Salari M, et al. Investigating the physical and chemical factors affecting the microbial status of water in the water distribution network of Babol City with an emphasis on the HPC index. PLOS ONE 2025;20(6): e0324186.##Shahryari A, Niknejad F, Aali R, et al. Fungal and bacterial evaluation in drinking water distribution network and their association with physicochemical parameters. Desalination and Water Treatment 2024;319: 100440.##Ghorbanzadeh A, Kohan NA, Zangi R, Moradi F. A survey on coliform contamination and chemical parameters of potable water from water dispensers in faculties of Mashhad University of medical sciences. Journal of Food Safety and Hygiene 2018;4(3-4): 63-8.##Raeisi A, Soleimani F, Dobaradaran S, et al. Microbial, chemical and physical properties of drinking water in Bushehr distribution network system. Desalination and Water Treatment 2017;65: 208-14.##Dianati tilaki Ra, Mahmoudi M. Investigation of Sedimentation and Corrosion Indices of Drinking Water Resources in the Cities of Mazandaran Province. Journal of health research in community 2018;4(2): 57-67 [In Persian].##Nabizadeh Nodehi R, Mesdaghinia A, Nasseri S, et al. Analysis of Water Corrosion Tendency in Water Supply System Using Qualitative Indices and Calcium Carbonate Precipitation Potential index. Iranian Journal of Health and Environment 2017;9(4): 457-70 [In Persian]. ##

ارزیابی خطر بوم شناسی و غنی شدگی فلزات سنگین کادمیوم، سرب، روی و مس در خاک های سطحی مزارع کشاورزی شهر دارخوین Ecological risk assessment and enrichment of heavy metals cadmium, lead, zinc and copper in surface soils of agricultural fields in Darkhovin city 1 1 زمینه و هدف: فلزات سنگین آلاینده­‌های پایداری هستند که در خاک تحرک بالایی دارند و وارد محصولات کشاورزی شده و انباشته می­شوند. این تحقیق با هدف ارزیابی خطر بوم­شناسی و غنی­‌شدگی فلزات سنگین کادمیوم، سرب، روی و مس خاک مزارع کشاورزی شهر دارخوین در سال ۱۴۰۴ انجام شد. مواد و روش­‌ها: نمونه‌­های خاک از مزارع روستاهای ام­الحجار، سگاره، ام­الغزلان و صلیحاویه تهیه شدند. در هر روستا ۴ مزرعه انتخاب و از هر مزرعه ۳ نمونه خاک نمونه‌­برداری شد. برای سنجش فلزات سنگین از دستگاه جذب اتمی Perkin Elmer مدل 900T ساخت کشور آمریکا استفاده گردید. یافته­ها: غلظت کادمیوم (۲/۲۶ میلی‌­گرم بر کیلوگرم)، سرب (۳۰/۵۱ میلی­‌گرم بر کیلوگرم)، روی (۱۵۷/۳۰ میلی­‌گرم بر کیلوگرم) و مس (۱۲۳/۰۳ میلی­‌گرم بر کیلوگرم) در خاک‌­های مزارع کشاورزی در ایستگاه ام­الغزلان نسبت به سایر ایستگاه‌­ها بالاتر بود (۰/۰۵>P). شاخص­های آلودگی منفرد فاکتور آلودگی (۱۱/۳۱)، فاکتور غنی شدگی (۱۰۸/۷۷)، شاخص زمین انباشت (۲/۹۱) و ریسک اکولوژیک (۳۳۹/۳۸) کادمیوم بالاتر از سایر فلزات در ایستگاه ام­الغزلان به دست آمد. الگوی مقادیر فاکتور آلودگی، فاکتور غنی شدگی و شاخص زمین انباشت فلزات به صورت کادمیوم > روی > مس > سرب بود، البته باید توجه داشت که درمورد مقادیر شاخص زمین انباشت در ایستگاه ام­الغزلان مس بالاتر از روی مشاهده شد. همچنین الگوی شاخص ریسک اکولوژیک فلزات به صورت کادمیوم > مس > سرب > روی به‌­دست آمد. پایین­‌ترین مقادیر فاکتور آلودگی، فاکتور غنی شدگی و شاخص زمین انباشت مربوط به فلز سرب به ترتیب ۱/۴۵، ۱۳/۹۱ و ۰/۰۵- در ایستگاه سگاره بود. نتیجه­‌گیری: با توجه به نتایج شاخص‌­های آلودگی خاک نظیر فاکتور غنی‌­شدگی، شاخص زمین انباشت و شاخص بار آلودگی، ورود فلزات سنگین سرب، کادمیوم، روی و مس تحت تاثیر فعالیت های انسانی بوده و خاک منطقه مورد مطالعه دارای آلودگی بالای فلزات سنگین می­‌باشد. پیشنهاد می­شود سایر فلزات سمی و عناصر کمیاب در خاک و درختان مناطق شهری و مسکونی شهر دارخوین و میدان نفتی دارخوین بررسی شوند. 2 Background: Heavy metals are persistent pollutants that are highly mobile in soil and enter and accumulate in agricultural products. This study aimed to assess the ecological risk and enrichment of Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu in agricultural fields of Darkhovin city in 2025. Materials and Methods: Soil samples were collected from the farms of the villages of Umm al-Hajjar, Segara, Umm al-Ghazlan and Salihawiyyah. Four farms were selected in each village and three soil samples were taken from each farm. A Perkin Elmer model 900T atomic absorption spectrometer, manufactured in the United States, was used to measure heavy metals. Results: The concentrations of Cd (2.26 mg kg-1), Pb (30.51 mg kg-1), Zn (157.30 mg kg-1) and Cu (123.03 mg kg-1) in the soils of agricultural fields at Umm al-Ghazlan station were higher than at other stations (P<0.05). The individual pollution indices of CF (11.31), EF (108.77), Igeo (2.91) and Er (339.38) of Cd were higher than those of the other metals at Umm al-Ghazlan station. The pattern of CF, EF and Igeo of metals was as follows: Cd > Zn > Cu > Pb, of course, it should be noted that regarding Igeo ​​at Umm al-Ghazlan station, Cu was observed to be higher than Zn. Also, the pattern of Er of metals was as follows: Cd > Cu > Pb > Zn. The lowest values ​​of CF, EF and Igeo related to Pb were obtained at Segareh station, respectively, 1.45, 13.91 and -0.05. Conclusion: According to the results of soil pollution indices such as enrichment factor, Geoaccumulation index and pollution load index, the entry of heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu is affected by human activities and the soil of the study area has high heavy metal pollution. It is suggested that other toxic metals and trace elements be investigated in the soil and trees of urban and residential areas of Darkhovin city and the Darkhovin oil field. 13 30 2025/12/122026/02/18 1404/11/29 2026/04/292026/05/26 1405/3/5 رضا صالحی Reza Salehi گروه محیط زیست، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران ایران آزیتا کوشافر Azita Koushafar گروه محیط زیست، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران ایران azitakoosh1348@gmail.com Pollution load index heavy metals soil pollution land accumulation index ecological risk assessment شاخص بار آلودگی فلزات سنگین آلودگی خاک شاخص زمین انباشت ارزیابی خطر بوم شناسی Velayatzadeh M, Payandeh K. Effect of household water treatment on the concentration of heavy metals of drinking water in Ahvaz city. Iranian South Medical Journal. 2020; 22(6): 402-414.‌ [In Persian].##Tiecher TL, Ceretta CA, Tiecher T, Ferreira PA, Nicoloso FT, Soriani HH, Brunetto G. Effects of zinc addition to a copper-contaminated vineyard soil on sorption of Zn by soil and plant physiological responses. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2016; 129: 109-119.‌##Zaakour F, Kholaiq M, Khouchlaa A, El Mjiri I, Rahimi A, Saber N. Heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils: a case study in Mohammedia Benslimane region (Morocco). Journal of Ecological Engineering. 2022; 23(5): 1-15.##Saleem M, Pierce D, Wang Y, Sens DA, Somji S, Garrett S.H. Heavy metal (oid) s contamination and potential ecological risk assessment in agricultural soils. Journal of Xenobiotics. 2024; 14(2): 634-650.‌‌##Wang G, Cisse G, Staunton S. Changes in chemical fractionation of copper and zinc in soil as a function of incubation moisture content and organic matter amendments. Chemosphere. 2024; 351: p.141198.##Mishra P, Ali S, Kumar R, Shekhar S. Global Lead Contamination in Soils, Sediments, and Aqueous Environments: Exposure, Toxicity, and Remediation. 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Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2000; 38(3): 377-383.‌##Hassan W, Zahra Q.A, Attia K.A, Bashir S, Fiaz S, Mohammed A.A, Chen Z. Assessing the impact of copper toxicity on soil ecosystems and barley growth: identification of robust indicators. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2025; 197(5): 1-21.‌##Chiou W.Y, Hsu F.C. Copper toxicity and prediction models of copper content in leafy vegetables. Sustainability. 2019; 11(22): 6215.‌##Alloway B.J. Soil factors associated with zinc deficiency in crops and humans. Environmental geochemistry and health. 2009; 31(5): 537-548.‌##Van H.T, Nga L.T.Q. Effects of Zn pollution on soil: Pollution sources, impacts and solutions. Results in Surfaces and Interfaces. 2024; 17: 100360.‌‌##Sharmin S, Wang Q, Islam M.R, Isobe Y, Enyoh C.E, Shangrong W. Unveiling Heavy Metal Distribution in Different Agricultural Soils and Associated Health Risks Among Farming Communities of Bangladesh. Environments. 2025; 12(6): 198.‌##Angon P.B, Islam M.S, Kc S, Das A, Anjum N, Poudel A, Suchi S.A. Sources, effects and present perspectives of heavy metals contamination: Soil, plants and human food chain. Heliyon. 2024; 10: e28357.##Ciszewski D, Kubsik U, Aleksander-Kwaterczak U. Long-term dispersal of heavy metals in a catchment affected by historic lead and zinc mining. Journal of soils and sediments. 2012; 12(9): 1445-1462.‌##Kholikulov S.T, Erdem H, Bobobekov I.N, Demir S, Gence C.C. Assessment of the levels of heavy metal pollution in roadside soils of Termiz-Taskent, Uzbekistan. Journal of Ecological Engineering. 2025; 26(3): 283-295.##Li Y, Wang S, Shang X, Zhou H, He J, Chen W, Zhang N. Characterization and source apportionment of heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils in the complex genesis region of western Yunnan. Scientific Reports. 2025; 15(1): 32213.‌##Seyed Sharifi R, Khalilzadeh R, Pirzad A, Anwar, S. Effects of biofertilizers and nano zinc-iron oxide on yield and physicochemical properties of wheat under water deficit conditions. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 2020; 51(19): 2511-2524.‌##Kumar V, Sharma A, Kaur P, Sidhu G.P.S, Bali A.S, Bhardwaj R, Cerda A. Pollution assessment of heavy metals in soils of India and ecological risk assessment: A state-of-the-art. Chemosphere. 2019; 216, 449-462.##Emam W.W, Soliman, K.M. Geospatial analysis, source identification, contamination status, ecological and health risk assessment of heavy metals in agricultural soils from Qallin city, Egypt. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment. 2022; 36(9): 2437-2459.‌##Malakouti H, Shokoohi A, Zolfagharzadeh H. Assessing the uncertainty and risk of design floods at the Darkhovin Nuclear Site. Watershed Engineering and Management. 2022; 14(2): 126-144.‌ [In Persian].##Yassir B, Alain P. 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Canadian soil quality guidelines for the protection of environmental and human health, Canadian Council of Minister of the Environment. 2007.##Mansouri Moghadam S, Payandeh K, Koushafar A, Goosheh M., Mohammadi Rouzbahani M. Level of heavy metals and environmental pollution index in Ahvaz, Southwest Iran. Scientific Reports. 2024; 14(1): 14754.##Zulfiqar U, Jiang W, Xiukang W, Hussain S, Ahmad M, Maqsood M.F, Ali N, Ishfaq M, Kaleem M, Haider F.U, Farooq N. Cadmium phytotoxicity, tolerance, and advanced remediation approaches in agricultural soils; a comprehensive review. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2022; 13: 773815.##Liu Q.T, Diamond M.L, Gingrich S.E, Ondov J.M, Maciejczyk P, Stern G.A. Accumulation of metals, trace elements and semi-volatile organic compounds on exterior window surfaces in Baltimore. Environmental Pollution. 2003; 122(1): 51-61.##Suzuki K, Yabuki T., Ono Y. Roadside Rhododendron pulchrum leaves as bioindicators of heavy metal pollution in traffic areas of Okayama, Japan. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2009; 149(1): 133-141.##Nduka J.K, Umeh T.C, Kelle H.I, Mgbemena M.N, Nnamani R.A, Okafor P.C. Ecological and health risk assessment of heavy metals in roadside soil, dust and water of three economic zone in Enugu, Nigeria. Urban Climate. 2023; 51: 101627.##Wang X, Dan Z, Cui X, Zhang R, Zhou S, Wenga T, Yan B, Chen G, Zhang Q, Zhong L. Contamination, ecological and health risks of trace elements in soil of landfill and geothermal sites in Tibet. Science of the Total Environment. 2020;715: 136639##Widyayanti S, Widodo S, Pustika A.B, Purwaningsih H, Hanifa A.P, Muazam A, Mulyani A. Potentially toxic elements'(PTEs) spatial distribution in agricultural soils and their impact on ecological and health risks. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering. 2024; 10, 100936.##Briffa J, Sinagra E, Blundell R. Heavy metal pollution in the environment and their toxicological effects on humans. Heliyon. 2020; 6(9): e04691.##Deng J, Li W, Xu W, He Z, Tan X. Correlation and the concentrations of Pb, Cd, Hg and As in vegetables and soils of Chongqing, China. Environmental Geochemistry and Health. 2021; 43(6): 2357-2376.‌##El Behairy RA, El Baroudy AA, Ibrahim M.M, Mohamed E.S, Rebouh N.Y, Shokr M.S. Combination of GIS and multivariate analysis to assess the soil heavy metal contamination in some arid zones. Agronomy. 2022; 12(11), 2871.‌##Devkota B, Schmidt G.H. Accumulation of heavy metals in food plants and grasshoppers from the Taigetos Mountains, Greece. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment. 2000; 78(1): 85-91.‌##Velayatzadeh M, Payandeh K. Effect of household water treatment on the concentration of heavy metals of drinking water in Ahvaz city. Iranian South Medical Journal. 2020; 22(6): 402-414.‌ [In Persian].##Tiecher TL, Ceretta CA, Tiecher T, Ferreira PA, Nicoloso FT, Soriani HH, Brunetto G. Effects of zinc addition to a copper-contaminated vineyard soil on sorption of Zn by soil and plant physiological responses. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2016; 129: 109-119.‌##Zaakour F, Kholaiq M, Khouchlaa A, El Mjiri I, Rahimi A, Saber N. Heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils: a case study in Mohammedia Benslimane region (Morocco). Journal of Ecological Engineering. 2022; 23(5): 1-15.##Saleem M, Pierce D, Wang Y, Sens DA, Somji S, Garrett S.H. Heavy metal (oid) s contamination and potential ecological risk assessment in agricultural soils. Journal of Xenobiotics. 2024; 14(2): 634-650.‌‌##Wang G, Cisse G, Staunton S. Changes in chemical fractionation of copper and zinc in soil as a function of incubation moisture content and organic matter amendments. Chemosphere. 2024; 351: p.141198.##Mishra P, Ali S, Kumar R, Shekhar S. Global Lead Contamination in Soils, Sediments, and Aqueous Environments: Exposure, Toxicity, and Remediation. Journal of Trace Elements and Minerals. 2025; 100259.‌##Moyebi OD, Lebbie T, Carpenter D.O. Standards for levels of lead in soil and dust around the world. Reviews on Environmental Health. 2025; 40(1): 185-196.##Bouida L, Rafatullah M, Kerrouche A, Qutob M, Alosaimi AM, Alorfi H.S, Hussein M.A. A review on cadmium and lead contamination: Sources, fate, mechanism, health effects and remediation methods. Water. 2022;14(21): 3432.‌##Hamoud YA, Shaghaleh H, Zia-ur-Rehman M, Rizwan M, Umair M, Usman M, Alghanem S.M.S. Cadmium and lead accumulation in important food crops due to wastewater irrigation: Pollution index and health risks assessment. Heliyon. 2024; 10(3), e24712.##Alloway B.J. Heavy metals in soils, In: Blackie academic and professional. 1995; 368.##Paschal D.C, Burt V, Caudill S.P, Gunter E.W, Pirkle J.L, Sampson E.J, Jackson R.J. Exposure of the US population aged 6 years and older to cadmium: 1988-1994. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 2000; 38(3): 377-383.‌##Hassan W, Zahra Q.A, Attia K.A, Bashir S, Fiaz S, Mohammed A.A, Chen Z. Assessing the impact of copper toxicity on soil ecosystems and barley growth: identification of robust indicators. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2025; 197(5): 1-21.‌##Chiou W.Y, Hsu F.C. Copper toxicity and prediction models of copper content in leafy vegetables. Sustainability. 2019; 11(22): 6215.‌##Alloway B.J. Soil factors associated with zinc deficiency in crops and humans. Environmental geochemistry and health. 2009; 31(5): 537-548.‌##Van H.T, Nga L.T.Q. Effects of Zn pollution on soil: Pollution sources, impacts and solutions. Results in Surfaces and Interfaces. 2024; 17: 100360.‌‌##Sharmin S, Wang Q, Islam M.R, Isobe Y, Enyoh C.E, Shangrong W. Unveiling Heavy Metal Distribution in Different Agricultural Soils and Associated Health Risks Among Farming Communities of Bangladesh. Environments. 2025; 12(6): 198.‌##Angon P.B, Islam M.S, Kc S, Das A, Anjum N, Poudel A, Suchi S.A. Sources, effects and present perspectives of heavy metals contamination: Soil, plants and human food chain. Heliyon. 2024; 10: e28357.##Ciszewski D, Kubsik U, Aleksander-Kwaterczak U. Long-term dispersal of heavy metals in a catchment affected by historic lead and zinc mining. Journal of soils and sediments. 2012; 12(9): 1445-1462.‌##Kholikulov S.T, Erdem H, Bobobekov I.N, Demir S, Gence C.C. Assessment of the levels of heavy metal pollution in roadside soils of Termiz-Taskent, Uzbekistan. Journal of Ecological Engineering. 2025; 26(3): 283-295.##Li Y, Wang S, Shang X, Zhou H, He J, Chen W, Zhang N. Characterization and source apportionment of heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils in the complex genesis region of western Yunnan. Scientific Reports. 2025; 15(1): 32213.‌##Seyed Sharifi R, Khalilzadeh R, Pirzad A, Anwar, S. Effects of biofertilizers and nano zinc-iron oxide on yield and physicochemical properties of wheat under water deficit conditions. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 2020; 51(19): 2511-2524.‌##Kumar V, Sharma A, Kaur P, Sidhu G.P.S, Bali A.S, Bhardwaj R, Cerda A. Pollution assessment of heavy metals in soils of India and ecological risk assessment: A state-of-the-art. Chemosphere. 2019; 216, 449-462.##Emam W.W, Soliman, K.M. Geospatial analysis, source identification, contamination status, ecological and health risk assessment of heavy metals in agricultural soils from Qallin city, Egypt. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment. 2022; 36(9): 2437-2459.‌##Malakouti H, Shokoohi A, Zolfagharzadeh H. Assessing the uncertainty and risk of design floods at the Darkhovin Nuclear Site. Watershed Engineering and Management. 2022; 14(2): 126-144.‌ [In Persian].##Yassir B, Alain P. Speciation of four heavy metals in agricultural soils around DraaLasfarmine area in Marrakech (Morocco). Pollution. 2015; 1(3): 257-264.##‌ Kimbrough D.E, Wakakuwa J.R. Acid digestion for sediments, sludges, soils, and solid wastes. A proposed alternative to EPA SW 846 Method 3050. Environmental Science & Technology. 1989; 23(7): 898-900.##Hakanson L. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control a sediment logical approaches. Water Research. 1980; 14: 975-1001.##Abrahim G.M.S. Holocene sediments of Tamaki Estuary: Characterization and impact of recent human activity on an urban estuary in Auckland, New Zealand, Ph.D. thesis, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. 2005; 361 p.##Muller G. Index of geo accumulation in the sediments of the Rhine River. Geojournal. 1979; 2: 108-118.##NEPAC (National Environmental Protection Agency of China). Environmental Quality Standard for Soils; NEPAC: Beijing, China. 1995; GB 15618.##CCME. Canadian soil quality guidelines for the protection of environmental and human health, Canadian Council of Minister of the Environment. 2007.##Mansouri Moghadam S, Payandeh K, Koushafar A, Goosheh M., Mohammadi Rouzbahani M. Level of heavy metals and environmental pollution index in Ahvaz, Southwest Iran. Scientific Reports. 2024; 14(1): 14754.##Zulfiqar U, Jiang W, Xiukang W, Hussain S, Ahmad M, Maqsood M.F, Ali N, Ishfaq M, Kaleem M, Haider F.U, Farooq N. Cadmium phytotoxicity, tolerance, and advanced remediation approaches in agricultural soils; a comprehensive review. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2022; 13: 773815.##Liu Q.T, Diamond M.L, Gingrich S.E, Ondov J.M, Maciejczyk P, Stern G.A. Accumulation of metals, trace elements and semi-volatile organic compounds on exterior window surfaces in Baltimore. Environmental Pollution. 2003; 122(1): 51-61.##Suzuki K, Yabuki T., Ono Y. Roadside Rhododendron pulchrum leaves as bioindicators of heavy metal pollution in traffic areas of Okayama, Japan. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2009; 149(1): 133-141.##Nduka J.K, Umeh T.C, Kelle H.I, Mgbemena M.N, Nnamani R.A, Okafor P.C. Ecological and health risk assessment of heavy metals in roadside soil, dust and water of three economic zone in Enugu, Nigeria. Urban Climate. 2023; 51: 101627.##Wang X, Dan Z, Cui X, Zhang R, Zhou S, Wenga T, Yan B, Chen G, Zhang Q, Zhong L. Contamination, ecological and health risks of trace elements in soil of landfill and geothermal sites in Tibet. Science of the Total Environment. 2020;715: 136639##Widyayanti S, Widodo S, Pustika A.B, Purwaningsih H, Hanifa A.P, Muazam A, Mulyani A. Potentially toxic elements'(PTEs) spatial distribution in agricultural soils and their impact on ecological and health risks. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering. 2024; 10, 100936.##Briffa J, Sinagra E, Blundell R. Heavy metal pollution in the environment and their toxicological effects on humans. Heliyon. 2020; 6(9): e04691.##Deng J, Li W, Xu W, He Z, Tan X. Correlation and the concentrations of Pb, Cd, Hg and As in vegetables and soils of Chongqing, China. Environmental Geochemistry and Health. 2021; 43(6): 2357-2376.‌##El Behairy RA, El Baroudy AA, Ibrahim M.M, Mohamed E.S, Rebouh N.Y, Shokr M.S. Combination of GIS and multivariate analysis to assess the soil heavy metal contamination in some arid zones. Agronomy. 2022; 12(11), 2871.‌##Devkota B, Schmidt G.H. Accumulation of heavy metals in food plants and grasshoppers from the Taigetos Mountains, Greece. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment. 2000; 78(1): 85-91.‌## ##

ارزیابی شاخص تجمع زیستی هیدروکربن های آروماتیک چندحلقه ای در برگ درختان اوکالیپتوس (Eucalyptus microtheca) کارخانه فولاد خوزستان، شهر اهواز Evaluation of the bioaccumulation index of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in eucalyptus leaves (Eucalyptus microtheca) of Khuzestan Steel Plant, Ahvaz city 1 1 زمینه و هدف: هیدروکربن­‌های آروماتیک چندحلق‌ه­ای ترکیبات سمی و سرطان­زا برای انسان می‌­باشند که اغلب به‌دلیل فعالیت­‌های انسانی، افزایش شهرنشینی و پیشرفت صنایع وارد محیط­‌زیست می­شوند. این تحقیق با هدف اندازه­‌گیری و تعیین غلظت ترکیبات هیدروکربن‌های آروماتیک چندحلقه‌ای در برگ درخت اوکالیپتوس (Eucalyptus microtheca) ناحیه صنعتی کارخانه فولاد خوزستان شهر اهواز در سال ۱۴۰۱ انجام شد. مواد و روش­‌ها: در این تحقیق ۵۰ نمونه برگ درخت اوکالیپتوس محوطه کارخانه فولاد خوزستان شهر اهواز در فصل تابستان از ۵۰ نقطه نمونه برداری شد. برای سنجش ترکیبات آروماتیک چندحلقه ای در نمونه‌های خاک و برگ از روش کروماتوگرافی گازی ـ طیف‌سنجی جرمی GC/MS به وسیله دستگاه Thermo Fisher Scientific ساخت کشور آمریکا انجام شد. یافته‌­ها: مقادیر چولگی و کشیدگی ترکیبات هیدروکربن‌­های آروماتیک نشان داد که غلظت این ترکیبات در نمونه‌­های خاک و برگ درخت اوکالیپتوس در بازه ۲- و ۲ به دست آمد که نرمال بودند. میانگین غلظت ترکیبات Ant  و Ace در برگ درخت اوکالیپتوس به ترتیب ۵۵/۴۲ و ۴۷/۹۰ نانوگرم بر گرم به دست آمد که نسبت به سایر هیدروکربن­‌های آروماتیک چندحلق‌ه­ای بالاتر به دست آمد (۰/۰۵P<). بالاترین شاخص تجمع زیستی ترکیبات هیدروکربن‌­های آروماتیک چندحلق‌ه­ای برگ درختان اوکالیپتوس مربوط Ace و Nap به ترتیب ۰/۰۵۴ و ۰/۰۴۹ به دست آمد. نتیجه­‌گیری: به طور کلی نمی‌توان گونه اوکالیپتوس را برای ترکیبات هیدروکربن‌­های آروماتیک چندحلقه­‌ای را جزء گیاهان زیست ردیاب در نظر گرفت، زیرا شاخص تجمع زیستی ترکیبات هیدروکربن‌­های آروماتیک چندحلقه‌­ای برگ درختان اوکالیپتوس پایین تر از ۱ به دست آمد، بنابراین این گونه درختی توانایی قابل قبول و مناسب برای جذب و انتقال این نوع آلاینده ها را از خاک ندارد. 2 Background: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are toxic and carcinogenic compounds for humans that often enter the environment due to human activities, increasing urbanization, and industrial development. This study aimed to measure and determine the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds of the leaves (Eucalyptus microtheca) in the industrial area of ​​the Khuzestan Steel Company in Ahvaz in 2022. Materials and Methods: In this study, 50 leaf samples were collected from 50 points in the Khuzestan Steel Company in the summer with three replicates. To measure polycyclic aromatic compounds in the leaves, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry GC/MS was performed using a Thermo Fisher Scientific device made in the United States. Results: The skewness and kurtosis values ​​of aromatic hydrocarbon compounds showed that the concentrations of these compounds in the leaves were within the range of -2 and 2, indicating a normal distribution. The average concentrations of Ant and Ace compounds in the leaves were 55.42 and 47.90 ng g-1, respectively, which were higher than those of the other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (P<0.05). The highest bioaccumulation index of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds in the leaves was obtained for Ace and Nap, with values of 0.054 and 0.049, respectively. Conclusion: In general, Eucalyptus species cannot be considered as bio-tracer plants for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds, because the bioaccumulation index of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds in eucalyptus leaves was lower than 1, so this tree species does not have an acceptable and suitable ability to absorb and transfer these types of pollutants from the soil. 31 44 2025/12/122026/02/182026/02/11 1404/11/22 2026/04/292026/05/262026/05/20 1405/2/30 فاطمه جعفریان Fatemeh Jafarian ﮔﺮوه ﺧﺎک ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ، واﺣﺪ اﻫﻮاز، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﯽ، اﻫﻮاز، ایﺮان ایران خوشناز پاینده khoshnaz Payandeh گروه پژوهشی توسعه کاربرد هوش مصنوعی در کشاورزی، محیط زیست و پزشکی، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران ایران payandeh426@gmail.com احد نظرپور Ahad Nazrapour گروه زمین‌شناسی، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران ایران علی غلامی Ali Gholami مرکز تحقیقات مطالعات آب، واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان)، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اصفهان، ایران ایران کامران محسنی فر Kamran Mohsenifar ﮔﺮوه ﺧﺎک ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ، واﺣﺪ اﻫﻮاز، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﯽ، اﻫﻮاز، ایﺮان ایران Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Biological index Eucalyptus microtheca Leaves Ahvaz Steel Company هیدروکربن های آروماتیک چندحلقه ای شاخص زیستی درخت اوکالیپتوس برگ کارخانه فولاد اهواز Lim KJ, Lee YH, Shin HS. 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Accumulation of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils around the industrial area of Aba, Nigeria. EQA-International Journal of Environmental Quality. 2023; 55:1-1.##Yang M, Liu Q, Tian S, Yang Z, Yang Y, Shao P, Liu Y. Occurrences of Deposited Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Wax of Plant Leaves Using Laser Scanning Microscopy and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Atmosphere. 2024;15(10):1165.##Said TO, Awwad NS, El Amri FA, Idris AM, Alalmie AY. Quantification and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in street dust from functional areas of Khamis-Mushait, Saudi Arabia. Blue Economy. 2023;1(1):4.##Alexandrino K, Sánchez NE, Viteri F. Levels and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) near hospitals and schools using leaves and barks of Sambucus nigra and Acacia melanoxylon. Environmental Geochemistry and Health. 2024;46(2):32.##Wozniak M, Hoppe K, Drzewiecka K. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content in garden herbal plants using liquid chromatographic analysis (HPLC-FL). Plants. 2023; 12(3): 551.##Viteri F, Sanchez NE, Alexandrino K. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in leaf and bark samples of Sambucus nigra using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Methods and Protocols. 2023; 6(1):17.##Zarasvandi A, Rastmanesh F, Banitamim F, Mokhtari B, Saed M. Investigation Evaluation and Determination of Possible Source of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Street Dust of Ahvaz City Medical Chemistry Concerning. J. Ilam Uni. Med. Sci. 2017; 25 (1): 121-137. [In Persian].##Ghorbani M, Ghanavati N, Babaenejad T, Nazarpour A, Payande K. Investigating the status, sources and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the surface soils of Ahvaz oil field. Journal of Natural Environment. 2021; 73(4): 759-773. [In Persian].##Khalili Moghadam B, Siadat A, Yusefi A. Investigation of the Amount and Possible Source of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Dust Deposited on the Leaves of Trees in Ahvaz. Journal of water and soil science. 2021; 25 (1): 295-308. [In Persian].##Dugay A, Herrenknecht C, Czok M, Guyon F, Pages N. New procedure for selective extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in plants for gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis. Journal of Chromatography A. 2002;958(1-2):1-7.##Yang M, Tian S, Liu Q, Yang Z, Yang Y, Shao P, Liu Y. Determination of 31 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in plant leaves using internal standard method with ultrasonic extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Toxics. 2022; 10(11):634.##Fasani D, Fermo P, Barroso PJ, Martín J, Santos JL, Aparicio I, Alonso E. Analytical method for biomonitoring of PAH using leaves of bitter orange trees (Citrus aurantium): a case study in South Spain. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 2016; 227(10):360.##Aresta AM, Zambonin C. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coffee samples by DI-SPME-GC/MS. Food Analytical Methods. 2023; 16(6):1009-16.##Lee YN, Lee S, Kim JS, Patra JK, Shin HS. Chemical analysis techniques and investigation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fruit, vegetables and meats and their products. Food chemistry. 2019;277:156-61.##Zacchini M, Pietrini F, Scarascia Mugnozza G, Iori V, Pietrosanti L, Massacci A. Metal tolerance, accumulation and translocation in poplar and willow clones treated with cadmium in hydroponics. Water, air, and soil pollution. 2009;197(1):23-34.##Giraldez P, Vázquez-Arias A, De Nicola F, Fernandez JA, Aboal JR. Leaf ecological traits (morphology and gas exchange) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentrations in shrubs and trees: A meta-analysis approach. Environmental Pollution. 2025;364:125337.##Aswad OA. Evaluation some Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Eucalyptus Camaldulensis and Phragmites Australis Plants Around the Diyala-Baghdad Bridge. Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science. 2022;33(2):14-8.##Rodriguez JH, Wannaz ED, Salazar MJ, Pignata ML, Fangmeier A, Franzaring J. Accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals in the tree foliage of Eucalyptus rostrata, Pinus radiata and Populus hybridus in the vicinity of a large aluminum smelter in Argentina. Atmospheric Environment. 2012;55:35-42.##Al-Dabbas MA, Ali LA, Afaj AH. Determination of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in soil and in the leaves of plant (Eucalyptus) of selected locations at Kirkuk-Iraq. Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 2015;8(6):3743-53.##Giraldez P, Vazquez-Arias A, De Nicola F, Fernandez JA, Aboal JR. Leaf ecological traits (morphology and gas exchange) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentrations in shrubs and trees: A meta-analysis approach. Environmental Pollution. 2025;364:125337.##Giráldez P, Aboal JR, Fernández JA, Di Guardo A, Terzaghi E. Plant-air partition coefficients for thirteen urban conifer tree species: Estimating the best gas and particulate matter associated PAH removers. Environmental Pollution. 2022;315:120409.##Prigioniero A, Zuzolo D, Niinemets U, Postiglione A, Mercurio M, Izzo F, Trifuoggi M, Toscanesi M, Scarano P, Tartaglia M, Sciarrillo R. Particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon uptake in relation to leaf surface functional traits in Mediterranean evergreens: Potentials for air phytoremediation. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2022;435:129029.##Talkhoncheh AG, Rouzbahani MM. Pb heavy metal monitoring using biological indicators, Prosopis juliflora, Eucalyptus microtheca and Ziziphus spina-christi in Ahvaz city (Iran). Anthropogenic Pollution. 2024;8(1).##Pour Gholam Khabaz A, Mohammadi Rouzbahani M. The study of the traceability of lead heavy metal in the leaves of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus microtheca) and Burhan (Albizia lebbeck) trees in Shush city. Journal of Research in Environmental Health. 2024;9(4):403-16. [In Persian]##Fine P, Rathod PH, Beriozkin A, Mingelgrin U. Uptake of cadmium by hydroponically grown, mature Eucalyptus camaldulensis saplings and the effect of organic ligands. International journal of phytoremediation. 2013;15(6):585-601.##30 Abdel-Shafy HI, Mansour MS. A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: source, environmental impact, effect on human health and remediation. Egyptian journal of petroleum. 2016;25(1):107-23.##Patel KS, Ramteke S, Naik Y, Sahu BL, Sharma S, Lintelmann J, Georg M. Contamination of environment with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in India. Journal of Environmental Protection. 2015; 6(11):1268-78.##Pulster EL, Johnson G, Hollander D, McCluskey J, Harbison R. Levels and sources of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons surrounding an oil refinery in Curaçao. Journal of Environmental Protection. 2019;10(03):431.##Alexandrino K, Sánchez NE, Zalakeviciute R, Acuña W, Viteri F. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Araucaria heterophylla needles in urban areas: evaluation of sources and road characteristics. Plants. 2022;11(15):1948.##Patel AB, Shaikh S, Jain KR, Desai C, Madamwar D. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: sources, toxicity, and remediation approaches. Frontiers in microbiology. 2020;11:562813.##Alfani A, Maisto G, Prati M.V, Baldantoni D. Leaves of Quercus ilex L. as biomonitors of PAHs in the air of Naples (Italy). Atmospheric Environment. 2001; 35: 3553-3559.##Eck-Varanka B, Hubai K, Kováts N. et al. Biomonitoring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon levels in domestic kitchens using commonly grown culinary herbs. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering. 2024; 22: 295-303.##Barroso P.J, Martín J, Santos, J.L, Aparicio I, Alonso E. Evaluation of the airborne pollution by emerging contaminants using bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) tree leaves as biosamplers. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 677: 484-492.##Pleijel H, Klingberg J, Strandberg B, Sjoman H, Tarvainen L, Wallin G. Differences in accumulation of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) among eleven broadleaved and conifer tree species. Ecological Indicators. 2022; 145: 109681.##Garcia-Meléndez L, Santos-Vasquez N, Campos-Campos N.H. et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in tissue of mangrove Rhizophora mangle from the Colombian Caribbean. Environment Monitoring Assessment. 2026; 198: 227.##Onyena A.P, Manohar C.S, Suneel V, Nkwoji, J.A, Chukwu L.O. Effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on oxidative responses in mangrove plants from Escravos Estuary and adjoining creeks, Nigeria. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2026; 223: 118939.##Aparna Dhara, Ratna Dutta, Biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) distribution in wetlands: A case study using Alternanthera ficoidea (L.) plant in West Bengal, India. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2026; 222 (Part 1): 118663.##Lim KJ, Lee YH, Shin HS. Evaluation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Content and Risk Assessment of Tea Products in South Korea. Foods. 2025; 14(9):1530.##Mohamadi B, Akbari-Adergani B, Mazaheri Y, Akbari N, Basaran B, Sadighara P. A systematic study of the assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in green houses and farms."A review". International Journal of Vegetable Science. 2025;31(1):135-49.##Ahmadi S, Talebi-Ghane E, Naderifar H. Evaluation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in various teas: A meta-analysis study, systematic review, and health risk assessment. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2024; 133:106402.##Ali WS, Salman SA, Ali A, Mohammed S. Detection and Determination of Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Vegetable and Tree Leaves, Baghdad City, Iraq. International journal of health sciences. 2022; 6(S6):956-976.##Franklin IR, Nlemolisa OR, Baridakara SC, Nnadozie CF. Accumulation of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils around the industrial area of Aba, Nigeria. EQA-International Journal of Environmental Quality. 2023; 55:1-1.##Yang M, Liu Q, Tian S, Yang Z, Yang Y, Shao P, Liu Y. Occurrences of Deposited Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Wax of Plant Leaves Using Laser Scanning Microscopy and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Atmosphere. 2024;15(10):1165.##Said TO, Awwad NS, El Amri FA, Idris AM, Alalmie AY. Quantification and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in street dust from functional areas of Khamis-Mushait, Saudi Arabia. Blue Economy. 2023;1(1):4.##Alexandrino K, Sánchez NE, Viteri F. Levels and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) near hospitals and schools using leaves and barks of Sambucus nigra and Acacia melanoxylon. Environmental Geochemistry and Health. 2024;46(2):32.##Wozniak M, Hoppe K, Drzewiecka K. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content in garden herbal plants using liquid chromatographic analysis (HPLC-FL). Plants. 2023; 12(3): 551.##Viteri F, Sanchez NE, Alexandrino K. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in leaf and bark samples of Sambucus nigra using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Methods and Protocols. 2023; 6(1):17.##Zarasvandi A, Rastmanesh F, Banitamim F, Mokhtari B, Saed M. Investigation Evaluation and Determination of Possible Source of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Street Dust of Ahvaz City Medical Chemistry Concerning. J. Ilam Uni. Med. Sci. 2017; 25 (1): 121-137. [In Persian].##Ghorbani M, Ghanavati N, Babaenejad T, Nazarpour A, Payande K. Investigating the status, sources and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the surface soils of Ahvaz oil field. Journal of Natural Environment. 2021; 73(4): 759-773. [In Persian].##Khalili Moghadam B, Siadat A, Yusefi A. Investigation of the Amount and Possible Source of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Dust Deposited on the Leaves of Trees in Ahvaz. Journal of water and soil science. 2021; 25 (1): 295-308. [In Persian].##Dugay A, Herrenknecht C, Czok M, Guyon F, Pages N. New procedure for selective extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in plants for gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis. Journal of Chromatography A. 2002;958(1-2):1-7.##Yang M, Tian S, Liu Q, Yang Z, Yang Y, Shao P, Liu Y. Determination of 31 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in plant leaves using internal standard method with ultrasonic extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Toxics. 2022; 10(11):634.##Fasani D, Fermo P, Barroso PJ, Martín J, Santos JL, Aparicio I, Alonso E. Analytical method for biomonitoring of PAH using leaves of bitter orange trees (Citrus aurantium): a case study in South Spain. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 2016; 227(10):360.##Aresta AM, Zambonin C. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coffee samples by DI-SPME-GC/MS. Food Analytical Methods. 2023; 16(6):1009-16.##Lee YN, Lee S, Kim JS, Patra JK, Shin HS. Chemical analysis techniques and investigation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fruit, vegetables and meats and their products. Food chemistry. 2019;277:156-61.##Zacchini M, Pietrini F, Scarascia Mugnozza G, Iori V, Pietrosanti L, Massacci A. Metal tolerance, accumulation and translocation in poplar and willow clones treated with cadmium in hydroponics. Water, air, and soil pollution. 2009;197(1):23-34.##Giraldez P, Vázquez-Arias A, De Nicola F, Fernandez JA, Aboal JR. Leaf ecological traits (morphology and gas exchange) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentrations in shrubs and trees: A meta-analysis approach. Environmental Pollution. 2025;364:125337.##Aswad OA. Evaluation some Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Eucalyptus Camaldulensis and Phragmites Australis Plants Around the Diyala-Baghdad Bridge. Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science. 2022;33(2):14-8.##Rodriguez JH, Wannaz ED, Salazar MJ, Pignata ML, Fangmeier A, Franzaring J. Accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals in the tree foliage of Eucalyptus rostrata, Pinus radiata and Populus hybridus in the vicinity of a large aluminum smelter in Argentina. Atmospheric Environment. 2012;55:35-42.##Al-Dabbas MA, Ali LA, Afaj AH. Determination of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in soil and in the leaves of plant (Eucalyptus) of selected locations at Kirkuk-Iraq. Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 2015;8(6):3743-53.##Giraldez P, Vazquez-Arias A, De Nicola F, Fernandez JA, Aboal JR. Leaf ecological traits (morphology and gas exchange) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentrations in shrubs and trees: A meta-analysis approach. Environmental Pollution. 2025;364:125337.##Giráldez P, Aboal JR, Fernández JA, Di Guardo A, Terzaghi E. Plant-air partition coefficients for thirteen urban conifer tree species: Estimating the best gas and particulate matter associated PAH removers. Environmental Pollution. 2022;315:120409.##Prigioniero A, Zuzolo D, Niinemets U, Postiglione A, Mercurio M, Izzo F, Trifuoggi M, Toscanesi M, Scarano P, Tartaglia M, Sciarrillo R. Particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon uptake in relation to leaf surface functional traits in Mediterranean evergreens: Potentials for air phytoremediation. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2022;435:129029.##Talkhoncheh AG, Rouzbahani MM. Pb heavy metal monitoring using biological indicators, Prosopis juliflora, Eucalyptus microtheca and Ziziphus spina-christi in Ahvaz city (Iran). Anthropogenic Pollution. 2024;8(1).##Pour Gholam Khabaz A, Mohammadi Rouzbahani M. The study of the traceability of lead heavy metal in the leaves of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus microtheca) and Burhan (Albizia lebbeck) trees in Shush city. Journal of Research in Environmental Health. 2024;9(4):403-16. [In Persian]##Fine P, Rathod PH, Beriozkin A, Mingelgrin U. Uptake of cadmium by hydroponically grown, mature Eucalyptus camaldulensis saplings and the effect of organic ligands. International journal of phytoremediation. 2013;15(6):585-601.##30 Abdel-Shafy HI, Mansour MS. A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: source, environmental impact, effect on human health and remediation. Egyptian journal of petroleum. 2016;25(1):107-23.##Patel KS, Ramteke S, Naik Y, Sahu BL, Sharma S, Lintelmann J, Georg M. Contamination of environment with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in India. Journal of Environmental Protection. 2015; 6(11):1268-78.##Pulster EL, Johnson G, Hollander D, McCluskey J, Harbison R. Levels and sources of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons surrounding an oil refinery in Curaçao. Journal of Environmental Protection. 2019;10(03):431.##Alexandrino K, Sánchez NE, Zalakeviciute R, Acuña W, Viteri F. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Araucaria heterophylla needles in urban areas: evaluation of sources and road characteristics. Plants. 2022;11(15):1948.##Patel AB, Shaikh S, Jain KR, Desai C, Madamwar D. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: sources, toxicity, and remediation approaches. Frontiers in microbiology. 2020;11:562813.##Alfani A, Maisto G, Prati M.V, Baldantoni D. Leaves of Quercus ilex L. as biomonitors of PAHs in the air of Naples (Italy). Atmospheric Environment. 2001; 35: 3553-3559.##Eck-Varanka B, Hubai K, Kováts N. et al. Biomonitoring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon levels in domestic kitchens using commonly grown culinary herbs. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering. 2024; 22: 295-303.##Barroso P.J, Martín J, Santos, J.L, Aparicio I, Alonso E. Evaluation of the airborne pollution by emerging contaminants using bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) tree leaves as biosamplers. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 677: 484-492.##Pleijel H, Klingberg J, Strandberg B, Sjoman H, Tarvainen L, Wallin G. Differences in accumulation of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) among eleven broadleaved and conifer tree species. Ecological Indicators. 2022; 145: 109681.##Garcia-Meléndez L, Santos-Vasquez N, Campos-Campos N.H. et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in tissue of mangrove Rhizophora mangle from the Colombian Caribbean. Environment Monitoring Assessment. 2026; 198: 227.##Onyena A.P, Manohar C.S, Suneel V, Nkwoji, J.A, Chukwu L.O. Effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on oxidative responses in mangrove plants from Escravos Estuary and adjoining creeks, Nigeria. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2026; 223: 118939.##Aparna Dhara, Ratna Dutta, Biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) distribution in wetlands: A case study using Alternanthera ficoidea (L.) plant in West Bengal, India. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2026; 222 (Part 1): 118663. ##

نقش بیوفیلم‌های میکروبی و آنزیم‌های هیدرولازی-اکسیداتیو در تخریب زیستی میکروپلاستیک‌های خاک: پیشرفت‌های اخیر، راهبردهای نوظهور و چالش‌های پیش‌رو The Role of Microbial Biofilms and Hydrolytic–Oxidative Enzymes in the Biodegradation of Soil Microplastics: Recent Advances, Emerging Strategies, and Future Challenges 1 1 زمینه و هدف:  آلودگی خاک به میکروپلاستیک‌ها به‌عنوان یکی از مخازن اصلی تجمع این آلاینده‌ها، تهدیدی جدی برای امنیت غذایی و سلامت اکوسیستم‌های خشکی محسوب می‌شود. با توجه به ناکارآمدی روش‌های فیزیکی و شیمیایی در مقیاس بزرگ، این مطالعه مروری با هدف بررسی جامع مکانیسم‌های زیست‌پالایی میکروبی (قارچی، باکتریایی و ریزوباکتری‌های محرک رشد گیاه) در خاک‌های آلوده به میکروپلاستیک و شناسایی شکاف‌های پژوهشی موجود انجام شد. مواد و روش‌ها: این مطالعه یک مرور نظام‌مند بر اساس راهنمای پریزما ۲۰۲۰ است. جستجوی مقالات از سال ۲۰۱۰ تا ژانویه ۲۰۲۵ در پایگاه‌های داده Scopus، Web of Science و  PubMedبا کلیدواژه‌های مرتبط با تخریب میکروبی میکروپلاستیک‌ها در خاک انجام شد. پس از غربالگری اولیه ۱۵۲ رکورد و حذف موارد تکراری و نامرتبط، ۳۴ مقاله کلیدی بر اساس معیارهای ورود (مطالعات تجربی با تمرکز بر مکانیسم‌های آنزیمی و میکروبی در خاک) انتخاب و تحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها: یافته‌ها نشان داد که قارچ‌ها (مانند Aspergillus spp.) از طریق آنزیم‌های اکسیداتیو (لاکاز، پراکسیداز) و باکتری‌ها (مانند Bacillus spp. و Pseudomonas spp.) از طریق هیدرولازها (لیپاز، استراز) و تشکیل بیوفیلم، قادر به دپلیمریزاسیون پلیمرهای مقاوم نظیر پلی‌اتیلن و پلی‌استایرن هستند. ریزوباکتری‌های محرک رشد گیاه علاوه بر تجزیه میکروپلاستیک‌ها، از طریق بهبود جذب عناصر غذایی به کاهش تنش گیاهی کمک می‌کنند. با این حال، شکاف عمیقی میان موفقیت‌های آزمایشگاهی و کارایی میدانی به دلیل عوامل محدودکننده‌ای نظیر pH خاک، نوسانات رطوبتی و رقابت میکروبی وجود دارد. نتیجه‌گیری: زیست‌پالایی میکروبی رویکردی نویدبخش با اثرات زیست‌محیطی نسبتاً کمتر نسبت به روش‌های شیمیایی برای پاکسازی خاک از میکروپلاستیک‌ها محسوب می‌شود، هرچند مقیاس‌پذیری و پایداری عملکرد آن در بازه‌های زمانی طولانی همچنان نیازمند شواهد تجربی بیشتری است. پژوهش‌های آینده باید بر توسعه کنسرسیوم‌های میکروبی مهندسی‌شده، بهینه‌سازی شرایط ریزوسفر و ارزیابی‌های میدانی بلندمدت متمرکز شوند تا میزان واقعی کاربردپذیری این فناوری در مدیریت آلودگی خاک با دقت بیشتری مشخص گردد. 2 Background: Soil contamination by microplastics (MPs) poses a serious threat to terrestrial ecosystem health and global food security, with soil acting as one of the primary sinks for these pollutants. Given the limited large-scale efficacy of conventional physicochemical remediation methods, this systematic review aims to comprehensively examine microbial bioremediation mechanisms—fungal, bacterial, and those mediated by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)—in MP-contaminated soils, while identifying key research gaps. Materials and Methods: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A literature search was performed across the Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed databases for studies published between 2010 and January 2025, using keywords related to microbial degradation of MPs in soil ecosystems. After screening 152 initial records and removing duplicate and irrelevant entries, 34 key articles meeting the inclusion criteria—experimental studies focused on enzymatic and microbial mechanisms in soil—were selected for in-depth analysis. Results: The findings indicate that fungi (e.g., Aspergillus spp.) rely on oxidative enzymes such as laccase and peroxidase, whereas bacteria (e.g., Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp.) employ hydrolytic enzymes (lipase, esterase) together with biofilm formation to depolymerize recalcitrant polymers such as polyethylene and polystyrene. PGPR appear to serve a dual function, contributing to MP degradation while also enhancing plant nutrient uptake and stress tolerance. Nevertheless, a substantial gap remains between laboratory-scale efficacy and field-scale performance, largely attributable to environmental variables such as soil pH, moisture fluctuations, and microbial competition. Conclusion: Microbial bioremediation appears to be a promising approach with comparatively lower environmental impact than chemical remediation methods for addressing soil MP pollution, although its scalability and long-term stability require further empirical validation. Future research should prioritize the development of engineered microbial consortia, optimization of rhizosphere conditions, and long-term field trials to more accurately determine the practical applicability of this technology for soil pollution management. 45 65 2025/12/122026/02/182026/02/112026/04/18 1405/1/29 2026/04/292026/05/262026/05/202026/06/3 1405/3/13 حجت ندیمی Hojjat Nadimi گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران، تهران، ایران ایران h_nadimi@razi.tums.ac.ir فاطمه مرتضی زاده Fatemeh Mortezazadeh گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران، تهران، ایران ایران اله بخش جاوید Allahbakhsh Javid گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران، تهران، ایران ایران محمدهادی دهقانی Mohammad Hadi Dehghani گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران، تهران، ایران ایران Microplastics Soil Bioremediation Microbial Degradation Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) Emerging Contaminants میکروپلاستیک زیست‌پالایی خاک تجزیه میکروبی ریزوباکتری‌های محرک رشد گیاه آلاینده‌های نوظهور Shin J, Kim JE, Lee YW, Son H. Fungal cytochrome P450s and the P450 complement (CYPome) of Fusarium graminearum. Toxins. 2018;10.##Skariyachan S. Enhanced polymer degradation of polyethylene and polypropylene by novel thermophilic consortia of Brevibacillus sps. and Aneurinibacillus sp. screened from waste management landfills and sewage treatment plants. Polym Degrad Stab. 2018;149.##Talvitie J, Mikola A, Koistinen A, Setälä O. Solutions to microplastic pollution-Removal of microplastics from wastewater effluent with advanced wastewater treatment technologies. Water Res. 2017;123.##Usman MA, Momohjimoh I, Usman AO. Mechanical, physical and biodegradability performances of treated and untreated groundnut shell powder recycled polypropylene composites. Mater Res Express. 2020;7.##Wang W. Responses of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) growth and soil properties to conventional non-biodegradable and new biodegradable microplastics. Environ Pollut. 2024;341.##Wei W. Polyvinyl chloride microplastics affect methane production from the anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge through leaching toxic bisphenol-A. Environ Sci Technol. 2019;53.##Chen Y, Liu H, Sun Y-B, Wang M, Meng Y-L, Liu Y-Q, et al. Regulatory Mechanisms of Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria in Alleviating Microplastic and Heavy Metal Combined Pollution: Insights from Plant Growth and Metagenomic Analysis. Agronomy. 2025;15(9):2168.##Chandel R, Chauhan S, Devi S, Thakur S. Polystyrene microplastic degradation by a novel PGPR Bacillus spizizenii. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2025;491:137892.##Carneiro B, Marques P, Lopes T, Figueira E. Biodegradable Microplastics from Agricultural Mulch Films: Implications for Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria and Plant's Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants. 2025;14(2):230.##Song J. The environmental impact of mask-derived microplastics on soil ecosystems. Sci Total Environ. 2024;912.##Shi W. A global review on the abundance and threats of microplastics in soils to terrestrial ecosystem and human health. Sci Total Environ. 2024;912.##Olabemiwo FA, Hagan A, Cham M, Cohan FM. Two plant-growth-promoting Bacillus species can utilize nanoplastics. Sci Total Environ. 2024;907.##Han Z. Discovery and characterization of two novel polyethylene terephthalate hydrolases: One from a bacterium identified in human feces and one from the Streptomyces genus. J Hazard Mater. 2024;472.##Montazer Z, Habibi Najafi MB, Levin DB. Microbial degradation of low-density polyethylene and synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoate polymers. Can J Microbiol. 2019;65.##Ali I. Micro-and nanoplastics in wastewater treatment plants: occurrence, removal, fate, impacts and remediation technologies-a critical review. Chem Eng J. 2021;423.##Behera S, Das S. Environmental impacts of microplastic and role of plastisphere microbes in the biodegradation and upcycling of microplastic. Chemosphere. 2023;334.##Hou L. Biodegradability of polyethylene mulching film by two Pseudomonas bacteria and their potential degradation mechanism. Chemosphere. 2022;286.##Pathak VM. Exploitation of bacterial strains for microplastics (LDPE) biodegradation. Chemosphere. 2023;316.##Taghavi N, Singhal N, Zhuang WQ, Baroutian S. Degradation of plastic waste using stimulated and naturally occurring microbial strains. Chemosphere. 2021;263.##Hu L, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Chen Q, Zhou Y, Fu J, et al. A review on the release and environmental effects of biodegradable plastic degradation products. Environmental Sciences Europe. 2025;37(1):157.##Karimi H. Insights on the bioremediation technologies for pesticide-contaminated soils. Environ Geochem Health. 2022;44.##Guo JJ. Source, migration and toxicology of microplastics in soil. Environ Int. 2020;137.##Liu K, Wang X, Wei N, Song Z, Li D. Accurate quantification and transport estimation of suspended atmospheric microplastics in megacities: Implications for human health. Environ Int. 2019;132.##Lin Z. Current progress on plastic/microplastic degradation: Fact influences and mechanism. Environ Pollut. 2022;304.##Gupta R, Khan F, Alqahtani FM, Hashem M, Ahmad F. Plant growth-promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) assisted bioremediation of Heavy Metal Toxicity. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2024;196.##Chandel R, Chauhan S, Devi S, Thakur S. Polystyrene microplastic degradation by a novel PGPR Bacillus spizizenii. J Hazard Mater. 2025;491.##Nizzetto L, Futter M, Langaas S. Are agricultural soils dumps for microplastics of urban origin? Environ Sci Technol. 2016;50.##Rillig MC. Microplastic disguising as soil carbon storage. Environ Sci Technol. 2018;52.##Souza Machado AA. Impacts of Microplastics on the Soil Biophysical Environment. Environ Sci Technol. 2018;52.##Souza Machado AA. Microplastics can change soil properties and affect plant performance. Environ Sci Technol. 2019;53.##Mo Yang K, Poolpak T, Saengwilai P, Pokethitiyook P, Kruatrachue M. Co-metabolic breakdown of LDPE microplastics in PGPR-Assisted phytoremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soil. International Journal of Phytoremediation. 2025:1-14.##Gajendiran A, Krishnamoorthy S, Abraham J. Microbial degradation of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) by Aspergillus clavatus strain JASK1 isolated from landfill soil. 3 Biotech. 2016;6.##Osman M. Degradation of polyester polyurethane by Aspergillus sp. strain S45 isolated from soil. J Polym Environ. 2018;26.##Naranjo-Ortiz MA, Gabaldón T. Fungal evolution: major ecological adaptations and evolutionary transitions. Biol Rev. 2019;94.##Solanki S, Sinha S, Singh R. Myco-degradation of microplastics: an account of identified pathways and analytical methods for their determination. Biodegradation. 2022;33.##Schwartz M. Molecular recognition of wood polyphenols by phase II detoxification enzymes of the white rot Trametes versicolor. Sci Rep. 2018;8.##Ojha N. Evaluation of HDPE and LDPE degradation by fungus, implemented by statistical optimization. Sci Rep. 2017;7.##Sánchez C. Fungal potential for the degradation of petroleum-based polymers: An overview of macro-and microplastics biodegradation. Biotechnol Adv. 2020;40.##Straub S, Hirsch PE, Burkhardt-Holm P. Biodegradable and petroleum-based microplastics do not differ in their ingestion and excretion but in their biological effects in a freshwater invertebrate Gammarus fossarum. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14.##Diana Z, Vegh T, Karasik R, Bering J, Caldas JDL, Pickle A, et al. The evolving global plastics policy landscape: An inventory and effectiveness review. Environmental Science & Policy. 2022;134:34-45.##Malkin I, Green R. Summarizing the impacts of policies that limit the use of single-use plastic items: a systematic literature review. Journal of Integrated Global STEM. 2025;2(1):12-31.##Agovino M, Musella G. EU waste regulation in a linear-circular economy transition: Waste management in Italy: Springer Nature; 2023.##Du H, Xie Y, Wang J. Microplastic degradation methods and corresponding degradation mechanism: research status and future perspectives. J Hazard Mater. 2021;418.##DSouza GC, Sheriff RS, Ullanat V, Shrikrishna A, Joshi AV, Hiremath L, et al. Fungal biodegradation of low-density polyethylene using consortium of Aspergillus species under controlled conditions. Heliyon. 2021;7(5).##Danso D, Chow J, Streit WR. Plastics: environmental and biotechnological perspectives on microbial degradation. Applied and environmental microbiology. 2019;85(19):e01095-19.##Yi M, Zhou S, Zhang L, Ding S. The effects of three different microplastics on enzyme activities and microbial communities in soil. Water Environment Research. 2021;93(1):24-32.##Bauer F, Nielsen TD, Nilsson LJ, Palm E, Ericsson K, Fråne A, et al. Plastics and climate change-Breaking carbon lock-ins through three mitigation pathways. One Earth. 2022;5(4):361-76.##Agenda I, editor The new plastics economy rethinking the future of plastics. The World Economic Forum: Geneva, Switzerland; 2016.##Bauer F, Ericsson K, Hasselbalch J, Nielsen T, Nilsson LJ. Climate innovations in the plastic industry: Prospects for decarbonisation. IMES/EEES report series. 2018.##Mohanan N, Montazer Z, Sharma PK, Levin DB. Microbial and enzymatic degradation of synthetic plastics. Frontiers in microbiology. 2020;11:580709.##Kebede G, Tafese T, Abda EM, Kamaraj M, Assefa F. Factors influencing the bacterial bioremediation of hydrocarbon contaminants in the soil: mechanisms and impacts. J Chem. 2021;2021.##Yoshida S. A bacterium that degrades and assimilates poly (ethylene terephthalate). Science. 2016;351.##Muhonja CN, Makonde H, Magoma G, Imbuga M. Biodegradability of polyethylene by bacteria and fungi from Dandora dumpsite Nairobi-Kenya. PloS one. 2018;13.##Watkins E, Schweitzer J-P, Leinala E, Börkey P. Policy approaches to incentivise sustainable plastic design.2019.##Kadhim Noor J, Chamani A, Najm Abdallh Al-Mosawy A, Kargari N. Evaluation of risk and pollution load of heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu, Mn, and Mo) in surface soil of Al-Qasim city, Babylon governate, Iraq. Iranian Journal of Health and Environment. 2024;17(3):417-40.##Joseph A, Edet U, Asanga E, Udoeyop FA, Ubi BI, Bebia G, et al. Spice-induced metal contamination and microbiological risk assessment of instant noodles prepared for human consumption. Biological Trace Element Research. 2024;202(10):4787-801.##de Souza Machado AA, Lau CW, Till J, Kloas W, Lehmann A, Becker R, et al. Impacts of microplastics on the soil biophysical environment. Environmental science & technology. 2018;52(17):9656-65.##Ghazali Z, Nadimi H, Noruzmehr P, Saghi M, Hekmatshoar R. Investigation of the Management of Special Liquid Waste (Chemical-Pharmaceutical) in Hospitals of Sabzevar City. Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences. 2025;32(4):424-38.##Nadimi H, Alahabadi A, Zarei A, Riahimanesh F, Salari M. Investigating the indicators of corrosiveness and sedimentation of drinking water in the villages of East Kakhk. Journal of Environmental Health Engineering. 2024;11(4):394-405.##Sarkhel R, Sengupta S, Das P, Bhowal A. Comparative biodegradation study of polymer from plastic bottle waste using novel isolated bacteria and fungi from marine source. J Polym Res. 2020;27.##Elahi A, Bukhari DA, Shamim S, Rehman A. Plastics degradation by microbes: A sustainable approach. J King Saud Univ-Sci. 2021;33.##Zhang X. Systematical review of interactions between microplastics and microorganisms in the soil environment. J Hazard Mater. 2021;418.##Zhang M, Guo P, Wu B, Guo S. Change in soil ion content and soil water-holding capacity during electro-bioremediation of petroleum contaminated saline soil. J Hazard Mater. 2020;387.##Yan Y, Yang H, Du Y, Li X, Li X. Effects and molecular mechanisms of polyethylene microplastic oxidation on wheat grain quality. J Hazard Mater. 2024;474.##Saghi MH, Nadimi H, Eslami A, Alavi Bakhtiarvand SN, Oghazyan A, Setoudeh S, et al. Characteristics and pollution indices of leachates from municipal solid waste landfills in Iranian metropolises and their implications for MSW management. Scientific Reports. 2024;14(1):27285.##Haghollahi A, Fazaelipoor MH, Schaffie M. The effect of soil type on the bioremediation of petroleum contaminated soils. J Environ Manag. 2016;180.##Adedeji JA. Microbial bioremediation and biodegradation of petroleum products-a mini review. Appl Sci. 2022;12.##Kang J. Degradation of cosmetic microplastics via functionalized carbon nanosprings. Matter. 2019;1.##Giacomucci L, Raddadi N, Soccio M, Lotti N, Fava F. Polyvinyl chloride biodegradation by Pseudomonas citronellolis and Bacillus flexus. N Biotechnol. 2019;52.##Shahbeiki Z, Nadimi H, Khodadadi M, Shahamat YD. Integrated persulfate/ozonation process using Fe3O4/AC catalyst for antibiotic degradation: optimization and kinetic insights. Scientific Reports. 2025.##Jeon JM. Biodegradation of polyethylene and polypropylene by Lysinibacillus species JJY0216 isolated from soil grove. Polym Degrad Stab. 2021;191.##Tareen A, Saeed S, Iqbal A, Batool R, Jamil N. Biodeterioration of microplastics: A promising step towards plastics waste management. Polymers. 2022;14.##Bao H. Effects of biochar and organic substrates on biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and microbial community structure in PAHs-contaminated soils. J Hazard Mater. 2020;385.##Zhang J. Biodegradation of polyethylene microplastic particles by the fungus Aspergillus flavus from the guts of wax moth Galleria mellonella. Sci Total Environ. 2020;704.##He P, Chen L, Shao L, Zhang H, Lü F. Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill: A source of microplastics?-Evidence of microplastics in landfill leachate. Water Res. 2019;159.##Shams A, Fischer A, Bodnar A, Kliegman M. Perspectives on Genetically Engineered Microorganisms and Their Regulation in the United States. ACS Synth Biol. 2024;13.##Shin J, Kim JE, Lee YW, Son H. Fungal cytochrome P450s and the P450 complement (CYPome) of Fusarium graminearum. Toxins. 2018;10.##Skariyachan S. Enhanced polymer degradation of polyethylene and polypropylene by novel thermophilic consortia of Brevibacillus sps. and Aneurinibacillus sp. screened from waste management landfills and sewage treatment plants. Polym Degrad Stab. 2018;149.##Talvitie J, Mikola A, Koistinen A, Setälä O. Solutions to microplastic pollution-Removal of microplastics from wastewater effluent with advanced wastewater treatment technologies. Water Res. 2017;123.##Usman MA, Momohjimoh I, Usman AO. Mechanical, physical and biodegradability performances of treated and untreated groundnut shell powder recycled polypropylene composites. Mater Res Express. 2020;7.##Wang W. Responses of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) growth and soil properties to conventional non-biodegradable and new biodegradable microplastics. Environ Pollut. 2024;341.##Wei W. Polyvinyl chloride microplastics affect methane production from the anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge through leaching toxic bisphenol-A. Environ Sci Technol. 2019;53.##Chen Y, Liu H, Sun Y-B, Wang M, Meng Y-L, Liu Y-Q, et al. Regulatory Mechanisms of Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria in Alleviating Microplastic and Heavy Metal Combined Pollution: Insights from Plant Growth and Metagenomic Analysis. Agronomy. 2025;15(9):2168.##Chandel R, Chauhan S, Devi S, Thakur S. Polystyrene microplastic degradation by a novel PGPR Bacillus spizizenii. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2025;491:137892.##Carneiro B, Marques P, Lopes T, Figueira E. Biodegradable Microplastics from Agricultural Mulch Films: Implications for Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria and Plant's Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants. 2025;14(2):230.##Song J. The environmental impact of mask-derived microplastics on soil ecosystems. Sci Total Environ. 2024;912.##Shi W. A global review on the abundance and threats of microplastics in soils to terrestrial ecosystem and human health. Sci Total Environ. 2024;912.##Olabemiwo FA, Hagan A, Cham M, Cohan FM. Two plant-growth-promoting Bacillus species can utilize nanoplastics. Sci Total Environ. 2024;907.##Han Z. Discovery and characterization of two novel polyethylene terephthalate hydrolases: One from a bacterium identified in human feces and one from the Streptomyces genus. J Hazard Mater. 2024;472.##Montazer Z, Habibi Najafi MB, Levin DB. Microbial degradation of low-density polyethylene and synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoate polymers. Can J Microbiol. 2019;65.##Ali I. Micro-and nanoplastics in wastewater treatment plants: occurrence, removal, fate, impacts and remediation technologies-a critical review. Chem Eng J. 2021;423.##Behera S, Das S. Environmental impacts of microplastic and role of plastisphere microbes in the biodegradation and upcycling of microplastic. Chemosphere. 2023;334.##Hou L. Biodegradability of polyethylene mulching film by two Pseudomonas bacteria and their potential degradation mechanism. Chemosphere. 2022;286.##Pathak VM. Exploitation of bacterial strains for microplastics (LDPE) biodegradation. Chemosphere. 2023;316.##Taghavi N, Singhal N, Zhuang WQ, Baroutian S. Degradation of plastic waste using stimulated and naturally occurring microbial strains. Chemosphere. 2021;263.##Hu L, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Chen Q, Zhou Y, Fu J, et al. A review on the release and environmental effects of biodegradable plastic degradation products. Environmental Sciences Europe. 2025;37(1):157.##Karimi H. Insights on the bioremediation technologies for pesticide-contaminated soils. Environ Geochem Health. 2022;44.##Guo JJ. Source, migration and toxicology of microplastics in soil. Environ Int. 2020;137.##Liu K, Wang X, Wei N, Song Z, Li D. Accurate quantification and transport estimation of suspended atmospheric microplastics in megacities: Implications for human health. Environ Int. 2019;132.##Lin Z. Current progress on plastic/microplastic degradation: Fact influences and mechanism. Environ Pollut. 2022;304.##Gupta R, Khan F, Alqahtani FM, Hashem M, Ahmad F. Plant growth-promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) assisted bioremediation of Heavy Metal Toxicity. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2024;196.##Chandel R, Chauhan S, Devi S, Thakur S. Polystyrene microplastic degradation by a novel PGPR Bacillus spizizenii. J Hazard Mater. 2025;491.##Nizzetto L, Futter M, Langaas S. Are agricultural soils dumps for microplastics of urban origin? Environ Sci Technol. 2016;50.##Rillig MC. Microplastic disguising as soil carbon storage. Environ Sci Technol. 2018;52.##Souza Machado AA. Impacts of Microplastics on the Soil Biophysical Environment. Environ Sci Technol. 2018;52.##Souza Machado AA. Microplastics can change soil properties and affect plant performance. Environ Sci Technol. 2019;53.##Mo Yang K, Poolpak T, Saengwilai P, Pokethitiyook P, Kruatrachue M. Co-metabolic breakdown of LDPE microplastics in PGPR-Assisted phytoremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soil. International Journal of Phytoremediation. 2025:1-14.##Gajendiran A, Krishnamoorthy S, Abraham J. Microbial degradation of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) by Aspergillus clavatus strain JASK1 isolated from landfill soil. 3 Biotech. 2016;6.##Osman M. Degradation of polyester polyurethane by Aspergillus sp. strain S45 isolated from soil. J Polym Environ. 2018;26.##Naranjo-Ortiz MA, Gabaldón T. Fungal evolution: major ecological adaptations and evolutionary transitions. Biol Rev. 2019;94.##Solanki S, Sinha S, Singh R. Myco-degradation of microplastics: an account of identified pathways and analytical methods for their determination. Biodegradation. 2022;33.##Schwartz M. Molecular recognition of wood polyphenols by phase II detoxification enzymes of the white rot Trametes versicolor. Sci Rep. 2018;8.##Ojha N. Evaluation of HDPE and LDPE degradation by fungus, implemented by statistical optimization. Sci Rep. 2017;7.##Sánchez C. Fungal potential for the degradation of petroleum-based polymers: An overview of macro-and microplastics biodegradation. Biotechnol Adv. 2020;40.##Straub S, Hirsch PE, Burkhardt-Holm P. Biodegradable and petroleum-based microplastics do not differ in their ingestion and excretion but in their biological effects in a freshwater invertebrate Gammarus fossarum. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14.##Diana Z, Vegh T, Karasik R, Bering J, Caldas JDL, Pickle A, et al. The evolving global plastics policy landscape: An inventory and effectiveness review. Environmental Science & Policy. 2022;134:34-45.##Malkin I, Green R. Summarizing the impacts of policies that limit the use of single-use plastic items: a systematic literature review. Journal of Integrated Global STEM. 2025;2(1):12-31.##Agovino M, Musella G. EU waste regulation in a linear-circular economy transition: Waste management in Italy: Springer Nature; 2023.##Du H, Xie Y, Wang J. Microplastic degradation methods and corresponding degradation mechanism: research status and future perspectives. J Hazard Mater. 2021;418.##DSouza GC, Sheriff RS, Ullanat V, Shrikrishna A, Joshi AV, Hiremath L, et al. Fungal biodegradation of low-density polyethylene using consortium of Aspergillus species under controlled conditions. Heliyon. 2021;7(5).##Danso D, Chow J, Streit WR. Plastics: environmental and biotechnological perspectives on microbial degradation. Applied and environmental microbiology. 2019;85(19):e01095-19.##Yi M, Zhou S, Zhang L, Ding S. The effects of three different microplastics on enzyme activities and microbial communities in soil. Water Environment Research. 2021;93(1):24-32.##Bauer F, Nielsen TD, Nilsson LJ, Palm E, Ericsson K, Fråne A, et al. Plastics and climate change-Breaking carbon lock-ins through three mitigation pathways. One Earth. 2022;5(4):361-76.##Agenda I, editor The new plastics economy rethinking the future of plastics. The World Economic Forum: Geneva, Switzerland; 2016.##Bauer F, Ericsson K, Hasselbalch J, Nielsen T, Nilsson LJ. Climate innovations in the plastic industry: Prospects for decarbonisation. IMES/EEES report series. 2018.##Mohanan N, Montazer Z, Sharma PK, Levin DB. Microbial and enzymatic degradation of synthetic plastics. Frontiers in microbiology. 2020;11:580709.##Kebede G, Tafese T, Abda EM, Kamaraj M, Assefa F. Factors influencing the bacterial bioremediation of hydrocarbon contaminants in the soil: mechanisms and impacts. J Chem. 2021;2021.##Yoshida S. A bacterium that degrades and assimilates poly (ethylene terephthalate). Science. 2016;351.##Muhonja CN, Makonde H, Magoma G, Imbuga M. Biodegradability of polyethylene by bacteria and fungi from Dandora dumpsite Nairobi-Kenya. PloS one. 2018;13.##Watkins E, Schweitzer J-P, Leinala E, Börkey P. Policy approaches to incentivise sustainable plastic design.2019.##Kadhim Noor J, Chamani A, Najm Abdallh Al-Mosawy A, Kargari N. Evaluation of risk and pollution load of heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu, Mn, and Mo) in surface soil of Al-Qasim city, Babylon governate, Iraq. Iranian Journal of Health and Environment. 2024;17(3):417-40.##Joseph A, Edet U, Asanga E, Udoeyop FA, Ubi BI, Bebia G, et al. Spice-induced metal contamination and microbiological risk assessment of instant noodles prepared for human consumption. Biological Trace Element Research. 2024;202(10):4787-801.##de Souza Machado AA, Lau CW, Till J, Kloas W, Lehmann A, Becker R, et al. Impacts of microplastics on the soil biophysical environment. Environmental science & technology. 2018;52(17):9656-65.##Ghazali Z, Nadimi H, Noruzmehr P, Saghi M, Hekmatshoar R. Investigation of the Management of Special Liquid Waste (Chemical-Pharmaceutical) in Hospitals of Sabzevar City. Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences. 2025;32(4):424-38.##Nadimi H, Alahabadi A, Zarei A, Riahimanesh F, Salari M. Investigating the indicators of corrosiveness and sedimentation of drinking water in the villages of East Kakhk. Journal of Environmental Health Engineering. 2024;11(4):394-405.##Sarkhel R, Sengupta S, Das P, Bhowal A. Comparative biodegradation study of polymer from plastic bottle waste using novel isolated bacteria and fungi from marine source. J Polym Res. 2020;27.##Elahi A, Bukhari DA, Shamim S, Rehman A. Plastics degradation by microbes: A sustainable approach. J King Saud Univ-Sci. 2021;33.##Zhang X. Systematical review of interactions between microplastics and microorganisms in the soil environment. J Hazard Mater. 2021;418.##Zhang M, Guo P, Wu B, Guo S. Change in soil ion content and soil water-holding capacity during electro-bioremediation of petroleum contaminated saline soil. J Hazard Mater. 2020;387.##Yan Y, Yang H, Du Y, Li X, Li X. Effects and molecular mechanisms of polyethylene microplastic oxidation on wheat grain quality. J Hazard Mater. 2024;474.##Saghi MH, Nadimi H, Eslami A, Alavi Bakhtiarvand SN, Oghazyan A, Setoudeh S, et al. Characteristics and pollution indices of leachates from municipal solid waste landfills in Iranian metropolises and their implications for MSW management. Scientific Reports. 2024;14(1):27285.##Haghollahi A, Fazaelipoor MH, Schaffie M. The effect of soil type on the bioremediation of petroleum contaminated soils. J Environ Manag. 2016;180.##Adedeji JA. Microbial bioremediation and biodegradation of petroleum products-a mini review. Appl Sci. 2022;12.##Kang J. Degradation of cosmetic microplastics via functionalized carbon nanosprings. Matter. 2019;1.##Giacomucci L, Raddadi N, Soccio M, Lotti N, Fava F. Polyvinyl chloride biodegradation by Pseudomonas citronellolis and Bacillus flexus. N Biotechnol. 2019;52.##Shahbeiki Z, Nadimi H, Khodadadi M, Shahamat YD. Integrated persulfate/ozonation process using Fe3O4/AC catalyst for antibiotic degradation: optimization and kinetic insights. Scientific Reports. 2025.##Jeon JM. Biodegradation of polyethylene and polypropylene by Lysinibacillus species JJY0216 isolated from soil grove. Polym Degrad Stab. 2021;191.##Tareen A, Saeed S, Iqbal A, Batool R, Jamil N. Biodeterioration of microplastics: A promising step towards plastics waste management. Polymers. 2022;14.##Bao H. Effects of biochar and organic substrates on biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and microbial community structure in PAHs-contaminated soils. J Hazard Mater. 2020;385.##Zhang J. Biodegradation of polyethylene microplastic particles by the fungus Aspergillus flavus from the guts of wax moth Galleria mellonella. Sci Total Environ. 2020;704.##He P, Chen L, Shao L, Zhang H, Lü F. Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill: A source of microplastics?-Evidence of microplastics in landfill leachate. Water Res. 2019;159.##Shams A, Fischer A, Bodnar A, Kliegman M. Perspectives on Genetically Engineered Microorganisms and Their Regulation in the United States. ACS Synth Biol. 2024;13. ##

ارزیابی تطبیقی راهکارهای کنترل ریزگرد در مناطق خشک ایران: مروری بر نقش آبخیزداری و پیامدهای سلامت Comparative Evaluation of Dust Control Strategies in Arid Regions of Iran: A Review on the Role of Watershed Management and Health Consequences 1 1 زمینه: طوفان‌های ریزگرد و ذرات معلق، چالش‌های بزرگ زیست‌محیطی و بهداشتی در مناطق خشک ایران هستند که به تخریب خاک، کاهش پایداری اکوسیستم و بیابان‌زایی می‌انجامند. این مرور نظام‌مند، اثربخشی راهکارهای کنترل ریزگرد را با تأکید بر مدیریت جامع آبخیز مقایسه کرده است. مواد و روش‌ها: بر اساس دستورالعمل PRISMA 2020، پایگاه‌های SID، مگیران، سیویلیکا، PubMed، ScienceDirect، Scopus  و Google Scholar با کلیدواژه‌های «ریزگرد»، «مدیریت آبخیز» و «سلامت» جستجو شد. از ۲۴۷ منبع، ۳۵ مقاله معتبر وارد تحلیل شدند. اقدامات به چهار گروه زیستی (گیاهان مقاوم)، مکانیکی (مالچ و بادشکن)، مدیریتی (قرق و تغییر کاربری) و آبخیزداری (کنترل رواناب، حفاظت آب‌خاک و احیای پوشش) تقسیم و از نظر هزینه، کارایی، پایداری و پیامدهای سلامت مقایسه شدند. یافته‌ها: اقدامات آبخیزداری، به‌ویژه مدیریت رواناب و احیای پوشش با گونه‌های بومی مقاوم (تاغ، گز، قره‌داغ)، در تثبیت کانون‌های ریزگرد، افزایش رطوبت خاک و تاب‌آوری اکوسیستم مؤثر بودند. در مقایسه با مالچ‌های شیمیایی، رویکردهای آبخیز پایداری بیشتر و عوارض کمتری بر سلامت و محیط داشتند. مواجهه با ریزگرد با افزایش ۲۳ تا ۴۰ درصدی بیماری‌های تنفسی (آسم، برونشیت مزمن) و تشدید بیماری‌های قلبی‑عروقی همراه بود. نتیجه‌گیری: مدیریت جامع آبخیز، پایدارترین و کم‌خطرترین راهبرد کنترل ریزگرد در ایران است. بازنگری سیاست‌ها در غرب و جنوب‌غرب، تقویت همکاری‌های فرامرزی و دیپلماسی آب با کشورهای همسایه برای کاهش منابع گردوغبار و حفظ سلامت عمومی ضروری است. 2 Background: Dust storms and particulate matter are major environmental and health threats in Iran's arid regions, causing soil degradation, ecosystem instability, and land loss. This systematic review compared the effectiveness and health impacts of dust mitigation strategies, focusing on integrated watershed management. Methods: Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we systematically searched SID, Magiran, Civilica, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Google Scholar using keywords "Dust," "Watershed Management," and "Health." From 247 initial records, 35 peer‑reviewed articles met inclusion criteria. Interventions were classified as biological (drought‑tolerant vegetation), mechanical (mulches, windbreaks), managerial (grazing exclusion, land‑use change), and watershed‑based (runoff control, soil‑water conservation, vegetation restoration). These were compared for cost, efficacy, sustainability, and health consequences. Results: Watershed interventions, especially runoff management and restoration with native species like Haloxylon, Tamarix, and Nitraria, effectively stabilized dust sources, increased soil moisture, enhanced vegetation, and boosted ecosystem resilience. Compared to chemical mulching, watershed approaches showed greater long‑term sustainability and fewer adverse health/ecological effects. Dust exposure was linked to a 23–40% rise in respiratory diseases (asthma, chronic bronchitis) and exacerbation of cardiovascular conditions. Conclusion: Integrated watershed management is one of the most sustainable and least harmful dust‑control strategies for Iran. The findings urge policy revision in western/southwestern Iran, promotion of ecosystem‑based transboundary cooperation, and stronger water diplomacy with neighboring countries to address dust sources and protect public health. 66 85 2025/12/122026/02/182026/02/112026/04/182026/04/20 1405/1/31 2026/04/292026/05/262026/05/202026/06/32026/05/31 1405/3/10 محمدرضا شیخ ربیعی Mohammad Reza Sheykh Rabiee گروه کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه جامع علمی ـ کاربردی ، تهران، ایران ایران rabiee@uast.ac.ir رضا غلام نیا Reza Gholamnia گروه سلامت، ایمنی و محیط زیست (HSE ) دانشکده بهداشت و ایمنی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران ایران Dust Air Pollution Watershed Management Health Consequences ریزگرد آلودگی هوا آبخیزداری پیامدهای سلامت Ashrafi K, Shafiepour-Motlagh M, Aslemand A, Ghader S. Dust storm simulation over Iran using HYSPLIT. J Environ Health Sci Eng. 2014;12(1):9.##Rashki A, Kaskaoutis DG, Goudie AS, Kahn RA. Dryness of ephemeral lakes and consequences for dust activity: the case of the Hamoun drainage basin, southeastern Iran. Sci Total Environ. 2013; 463:552-564.##Shahbazi A, Salehi Komroudi M. The estimation of the willingness to pay to decrease haze in Ahvaz and its determinants. J Environ Sci Stud. 2019;4(3):1125-1131. [In Persian]##Birjandi N, Ghiyadi M. Evaluation of climatic effects of dust on air pollution in southwestern Iran. J Environ Health Eng. 2021;9(2):211-220. [In Persian]##Rahimi R, Seddough SN. Patterns and internal sources of Tehran dust. Res Earth Sci. 2021;12(48):86-107. [In Persian]##Ahmady-Birgani H, Engelbrecht J, Bazgir M. What different source regions across the Middle East change aerosol and dust particle characteristics. Desert. 2019;24(1):61-73.##Aghababaeian H, Ostadtaghizadeh A, Ardalan A, et al. Global health impacts of dust storms: a systematic review. Environ Health Insights. 2021; 15:11786302211018390.##Middleton N. Sand and dust storms: a global problem requiring international cooperation. Nat Hazards. 2023;117(2):1085-1105.##Molamiri S, Rashki A, Kaskaoutis DG. Assessment of heavy metal contamination and ecological risk in dust fall around cement industry, Kerman province. J Environ Health Eng. 2025;13(1):45-62. [In Persian]##Davari M, Khabiri MM, Fallah Tafti M. The effect of pollutants, dust and dune sand covered over the surface of asphalt pavements on road safety (Case study: Sistan and Blouchestan province, Iran). J Environ Sci Stud. 2019;4(1):1123-1129. [In Persian]##Tobias A, Karanasiou A, Amato F, et al. Short-term exposure to desert dust and sandstorms and all-cause and cause-specific mortality and morbidity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Int. 2025; 196:109277.##Tobias A, Rodríguez-Miguel A, Pérez-García M, et al. Desert dust, sandstorms, and infectious diseases: a scoping review. Environ Res. 2025; 268:122582.##Bredeck G, Schmid O, Wick P, et al. Models to evaluate the pulmonary toxicity of desert dust and what we have learned from them so far: a mini-review. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2025;398(9):11349-11356.##Lwin KS, Tobias A, Chua PL, et al. Effects of desert dust and sandstorms on human health: a scoping review. Geohealth. 2023;7(3): e2022GH000728.##World Health Organization. WHO air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Geneva: WHO; 2021.##Goudarzi G, Shirmardi M, Naimabadi A, et al. Chemical and organic characteristics of PM2.5 particles and their in-vitro cytotoxic effects on lung cells: the Middle East dust storms in Ahvaz, Iran. Sci Total Environ. 2019; 655:434-445.##Hamidian M, Mousavi Bideleh S, Rahmani A. Dust air pollution and hospital visits for respiratory, cardiovascular, and eye diseases in Eastern Iran. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):2237.##Kamani H, Ashrafi SD, Isazadeh S, et al. Heavy metal contamination in street dusts with various land uses in Zahedan, Iran. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2015;94(3):382-386.##Saeedi M, Li LY, Salmanzadeh M. Heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: pollution and ecological risk assessment in street dust of Tehran. J Hazard Mater. 2012; 227:9-17.##Sadeghdoust F, Ghanavati N, Nazarpour A, Babaenejad T. Hazard, ecological, and human health risk assessment of heavy metals in street dust in Dezful, Iran. Arab J Geosci. 2020;13(19):1-14.##Soltani N, Keshavarzi B, Moore F, et al. Ecological and human health hazards of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in road dust of Isfahan metropolis, Iran. Sci Total Environ. 2015; 505:712-723.##Sobhanardakani S. Ecological and human health risk assessment of heavy metal content of atmospheric dry deposition, a case study: Kermanshah, Iran. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2019;187(2):602-610.##Keshavarzi B, Tazarvi Z, Rajabzadeh MA, Najmeddin A. Chemical speciation, human health risk assessment and pollution level of selected heavy metals in urban street dust of Shiraz, Iran. Atmos Environ. 2015; 119:1-10.##Nature of Iran Journal. Challenging dialogue on the history, process and consequences of dust in Iran and the world. Nature Iran. 2021;5(6):69-80. [In Persian]##Querol X, Tobias A, Pérez N, et al. Monitoring and forecasting of desert dust events in the Mediterranean. Atmosphere. 2023;14(8):1256.##Sarani A, Miri M, Rakhshani T, et al. Mitigation strategies of healthcare centers for dust hazard: a systematic review. J Educ Health Promot. 2025; 14:87.##Faraydoni Gavasaraei M, Sorahinobar M, Kiarostami K. Application of plants in the removal of oil contaminants. J Biosci. 2022;7(77):31-45. [In Persian]##Zhang Z, Zhou Q, Peng S, Cai Z. Remediation of petroleum contaminated soils by joint action of Pharbitis nil L. and its microbial community. Sci Total Environ. 2010;408(22):5600-5605.##Abdollahinejad B, Pasalari H, Farzadkia M. Ecological risk assessment of soils contaminated with heavy metals around landfill sites in Iran: a systematic review. J Environ Health Eng. 2025;13(3):251-267. [In Persian]##Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst Rev. 2015;4(1):1.##Li T, Wang Y, Zhang Y, et al. Sand and dust storms: a growing global health threat calls for international health studies to support policy action. Lancet Planet Health. 2025;9(1): e1-e3.##Annesi-Maesano I, D'Amato G, Cecchi L, et al. Natural disasters and respiratory health. Eur Respir J. 2025;66(4):2402563.##Mohammadi MJ, Farhadi M, Ghanbari S, et al. Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in urban dust in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Toxicol Rep. 2023; 11:471-480.##Ghanavati N, Nazarpour A, Watts MJ. Ecological and human health risk assessment of toxic metals in street dusts and surface soils in Ahvaz, Iran. Environ Geochem Health. 2019;41(2):875-890.##Nazarpour A, Ghanavati N, Watts MJ. Spatial distribution and human health risk assessment of mercury in street dust resulting from various land-use in Ahvaz, Iran. Environ Geochem Health. 2018;40(2):693-704.##Ashrafi K, Shafiepour-Motlagh M, Aslemand A, Ghader S. Dust storm simulation over Iran using HYSPLIT. J Environ Health Sci Eng. 2014;12(1):9.##Rashki A, Kaskaoutis DG, Goudie AS, Kahn RA. Dryness of ephemeral lakes and consequences for dust activity: the case of the Hamoun drainage basin, southeastern Iran. Sci Total Environ. 2013; 463:552-564.##Shahbazi A, Salehi Komroudi M. The estimation of the willingness to pay to decrease haze in Ahvaz and its determinants. J Environ Sci Stud. 2019;4(3):1125-1131. [In Persian]##Birjandi N, Ghiyadi M. Evaluation of climatic effects of dust on air pollution in southwestern Iran. J Environ Health Eng. 2021;9(2):211-220. [In Persian]##Rahimi R, Seddough SN. Patterns and internal sources of Tehran dust. Res Earth Sci. 2021;12(48):86-107. [In Persian]##Ahmady-Birgani H, Engelbrecht J, Bazgir M. What different source regions across the Middle East change aerosol and dust particle characteristics. Desert. 2019;24(1):61-73.##Aghababaeian H, Ostadtaghizadeh A, Ardalan A, et al. Global health impacts of dust storms: a systematic review. Environ Health Insights. 2021; 15:11786302211018390.##Middleton N. Sand and dust storms: a global problem requiring international cooperation. Nat Hazards. 2023;117(2):1085-1105.##Molamiri S, Rashki A, Kaskaoutis DG. Assessment of heavy metal contamination and ecological risk in dust fall around cement industry, Kerman province. J Environ Health Eng. 2025;13(1):45-62. [In Persian]##Davari M, Khabiri MM, Fallah Tafti M. The effect of pollutants, dust and dune sand covered over the surface of asphalt pavements on road safety (Case study: Sistan and Blouchestan province, Iran). J Environ Sci Stud. 2019;4(1):1123-1129. [In Persian]##Tobias A, Karanasiou A, Amato F, et al. Short-term exposure to desert dust and sandstorms and all-cause and cause-specific mortality and morbidity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Int. 2025; 196:109277.##Tobias A, Rodríguez-Miguel A, Pérez-García M, et al. Desert dust, sandstorms, and infectious diseases: a scoping review. Environ Res. 2025; 268:122582.##Bredeck G, Schmid O, Wick P, et al. Models to evaluate the pulmonary toxicity of desert dust and what we have learned from them so far: a mini-review. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2025;398(9):11349-11356.##Lwin KS, Tobias A, Chua PL, et al. Effects of desert dust and sandstorms on human health: a scoping review. Geohealth. 2023;7(3): e2022GH000728.##World Health Organization. WHO air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Geneva: WHO; 2021.##Goudarzi G, Shirmardi M, Naimabadi A, et al. Chemical and organic characteristics of PM2.5 particles and their in-vitro cytotoxic effects on lung cells: the Middle East dust storms in Ahvaz, Iran. Sci Total Environ. 2019; 655:434-445.##Hamidian M, Mousavi Bideleh S, Rahmani A. Dust air pollution and hospital visits for respiratory, cardiovascular, and eye diseases in Eastern Iran. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):2237.##Kamani H, Ashrafi SD, Isazadeh S, et al. Heavy metal contamination in street dusts with various land uses in Zahedan, Iran. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2015;94(3):382-386.##Saeedi M, Li LY, Salmanzadeh M. Heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: pollution and ecological risk assessment in street dust of Tehran. J Hazard Mater. 2012; 227:9-17.##Sadeghdoust F, Ghanavati N, Nazarpour A, Babaenejad T. Hazard, ecological, and human health risk assessment of heavy metals in street dust in Dezful, Iran. Arab J Geosci. 2020;13(19):1-14.##Soltani N, Keshavarzi B, Moore F, et al. Ecological and human health hazards of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in road dust of Isfahan metropolis, Iran. Sci Total Environ. 2015; 505:712-723.##Sobhanardakani S. Ecological and human health risk assessment of heavy metal content of atmospheric dry deposition, a case study: Kermanshah, Iran. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2019;187(2):602-610.##Keshavarzi B, Tazarvi Z, Rajabzadeh MA, Najmeddin A. Chemical speciation, human health risk assessment and pollution level of selected heavy metals in urban street dust of Shiraz, Iran. Atmos Environ. 2015; 119:1-10.##Nature of Iran Journal. Challenging dialogue on the history, process and consequences of dust in Iran and the world. Nature Iran. 2021;5(6):69-80. [In Persian]##Querol X, Tobias A, Pérez N, et al. Monitoring and forecasting of desert dust events in the Mediterranean. Atmosphere. 2023;14(8):1256.##Sarani A, Miri M, Rakhshani T, et al. Mitigation strategies of healthcare centers for dust hazard: a systematic review. J Educ Health Promot. 2025; 14:87.##Faraydoni Gavasaraei M, Sorahinobar M, Kiarostami K. Application of plants in the removal of oil contaminants. J Biosci. 2022;7(77):31-45. [In Persian]##Zhang Z, Zhou Q, Peng S, Cai Z. Remediation of petroleum contaminated soils by joint action of Pharbitis nil L. and its microbial community. Sci Total Environ. 2010;408(22):5600-5605.##Abdollahinejad B, Pasalari H, Farzadkia M. Ecological risk assessment of soils contaminated with heavy metals around landfill sites in Iran: a systematic review. J Environ Health Eng. 2025;13(3):251-267. [In Persian]##Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst Rev. 2015;4(1):1.##Li T, Wang Y, Zhang Y, et al. Sand and dust storms: a growing global health threat calls for international health studies to support policy action. Lancet Planet Health. 2025;9(1): e1-e3.##Annesi-Maesano I, D'Amato G, Cecchi L, et al. Natural disasters and respiratory health. Eur Respir J. 2025;66(4):2402563.##Mohammadi MJ, Farhadi M, Ghanbari S, et al. Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in urban dust in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Toxicol Rep. 2023; 11:471-480.##Ghanavati N, Nazarpour A, Watts MJ. Ecological and human health risk assessment of toxic metals in street dusts and surface soils in Ahvaz, Iran. Environ Geochem Health. 2019;41(2):875-890.##Nazarpour A, Ghanavati N, Watts MJ. Spatial distribution and human health risk assessment of mercury in street dust resulting from various land-use in Ahvaz, Iran. Environ Geochem Health. 2018;40(2):693-704. ##

فایکونانوجاذب پلیمری بیوکامپوزیتی پایه مگنتیت به‌منظور کنترل یوتریفیکاسیون و حذف همزمان آلاینده‌های فسفاته و نیتراته از آب و پساب صنایع شیلاتی Polymeric phyconanosorbed magnetite-based biocomposite for eutrophication control and simultaneous removal of nitrate and phosphate pollutants from water & wastewater in fishery industry 1 1 زمینه و هدف: امروزه افزایش غلظت یون‌های نیترات و فسفات در منابع آبی، به‌دلیل مصرف بی‌رویه کودهای کشاورزی و تصفیه ناکافی فاضلاب، به یک چالش جدی زیست‌محیطی بدل شده است. لذا ساخت نانوفیلم‌های جاذب بیوکامپوزیتی پایه مگنتیت برای حذف یون‌های فسفات، نیترات و نیتریت از آب، هدفگیری این تحقیق شد. مواد و روش ها: به منظور سنتز نانوفیلم‌ها، از نانوذرات اکسیدآهن مگنتیت فایکوسنتز شده توسط  جلبک ‌سبز (Ulva prolifera)، در طیف غلظتی (۰/۳۷۵-۶ گرم) و غنی شده توسط اسانس رزماری، عسل و پلی‌اتیلن‌گلیکول استفاده شد. سپس این محلول، طی فرآیند کوپلیمریزاسیون با ماتریکس پلیمری آلژینات سدیم-گلیسرول۳۰% تلفیق شده و نانوجاذب‌ بیوکامپوزیتی تولید گردید. صحت فرآیند سنتز، توسط آنالیز‌های PSA، ZP، AFM،XRD ، VSM، TGA/DTA، BET و آزمون قابلیت کشسانی ارزیابی شده و کارایی موثر نانوجاذب‌ها در حذف آلاینده‌های فسفاته و نیتراته (با غلظت ۲۵mg/l) در بازه زمانی ۶۰ دقیقه سنجش گردید. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد، شاخص کارایی جذب یون‌های آلاینده، تابع روندی وابسته به دوز مصرفی جاذب، زمان مواجهه با آلاینده‌، ظرفیت تعادلی جذب و پارامترهای محیطی شوری و دما بوده است. از نظر سینتیک، فرآیند حذف هر سه نوع آلاینده، تابع مدل جذبی شبه‌مرتبه اول بوده، ولیک برازش ایزوترم‌ جذب برای فسفات، از مدل‌ تک لایه و برای نیترات و نیتریت، از هر دو الگوی تک‌لایه و چندلایه تبعیت نمود.  نتیجه‌گیری: نظر به حذف کارآمد آلاینده‌های مرسوم صنایع آبزی‌پروری توسط این نانوجاذب، تسهیل فرآیند زدایش جاذب بنابر قابلیت‌های مغناطش‌پذیری القایی و ماهیت زیست سازگاری، چشم‌انداز روشنی برای تولید این محصول در قالب نانوفیلترهای تصفیه آب متصور می‌گردد. 2 Background: Rising nitrate and phosphate levels in water bodies—driven by excessive agricultural fertilizer use and inadequate wastewater treatment—have become a serious environmental concern. This study aimed to develop magnetite-based bio-composite nanofilms for the efficient removal of phosphate, nitrate, and nitrite ions from water. Materials and Methods: Magnetite iron oxide nanoparticles were phycosynthesized using the green alga Ulva prolifera, enriched with rosemary essential oil, honey, and polyethylene glycol, and tested at concentrations ranging from 0.375 to 6 g. The resulting solution was copolymerized with a sodium alginate–30% glycerol polymer matrix to produce bio-composite nanoadsorbents. Synthesis was confirmed via PSA, ZP, AFM, XRD, VSM, TGA/DTA, BET, and elasticity testing. Removal efficiency for phosphate and nitrate (initial concentration 25 mg/L) was assessed over 60 minutes. Results: Adsorption efficiency depended on adsorbent dosage, exposure time, equilibrium adsorption capacity, salinity, and temperature. Kinetically, the removal of all three contaminants followed a pseudo-first-order model. Isotherm fitting showed that phosphate adsorption followed a monolayer model, while nitrate and nitrite adsorption fitted both monolayer and multilayer models. Conclusion: Given the efficient removal of common aquaculture pollutants, easy magnetic separation, and biocompatibility, this nanoadsorbent offers a promising basis for developing nanofilter water treatment systems. 86 112 2025/12/122026/02/182026/02/112026/04/182026/04/202026/02/21 1404/12/2 2026/04/292026/05/262026/05/202026/06/32026/05/312026/05/17 1405/2/27 سکینه مشجور Sakineh Mashjoor مرکز تحقیقات علوم دارویی دریایی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی جندی‌شاپور اهواز، اهواز، ایران ایران mashjoor.s@gmail.com زهره رحیمی Zohreh Rahimi گروه شیلات، دانشکده علوم و فنون دریایی، دانشگاه هرمزگان، بندرعباس، ایران ایران محمدرضا شوشی زاده Mohammad Reza Shushizadeh مرکز تحقیقات علوم دارویی دریایی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی جندی‌شاپور اهواز، اهواز، ایران ایران ابوالفضل ناجی Abolfazl Naji گروه شیلات، دانشکده علوم و فنون دریایی، دانشگاه هرمزگان، بندرعباس، ایران ایران هادی فراهانی Hadi Farahani پژوهشگاه صنعت نفت، تهران، ایران ایران Nano-adsorbent Green algae Iron nanoparticles Biocomposite Phosphate/Nitrate removal Aquatic ecosystem نانوجاذب جلبک سبز نانوذرات آهن بیوکامپوزیت حذف نیترات/فسفات اکوسیستم آبی Føre M, Frank K, Norton T, et al. Precision fish farming: A new framework to improve production in aquaculture. Biosyst Eng 2018; 173: 176-193.##Carlino-Costa C, Belo MAdA. Ensuring fish safety through sustainable aquaculture practices. Hygiene 2025; 5(4):51.##Storck TR, Sippert LR, Seben D. et al. Intensive fish farming: changes in water quality and relationship with zooplankton community. Acta Limnol Bras 2023; 35: e28.##Ahmed N, Turchini GM. Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS): Environmental solution and climate change adaptation. J Clean Prod 2021; 297: 126604.##Ruben MO, Akinsanola AB, Okon ME, et al. Emerging challenges in aquaculture: Current perspectives and human health implications. Vet World 2025; 18(1):15-28.##Singh B, Craswell E. Fertilizers and nitrate pollution of surface and ground water: an increasingly pervasive global problem. SN Appl Sci 2021; 3: 518.##Abdel-Fatah MA. Integrated management of industrial wastewater in the food sector. Sustainability 2023; 15(23):16193.##Ahmad AL, Chin JY, Harun MHZM, et al. Environmental impacts and imperative technologies towards sustainable treatment of aquaculture wastewater: A review. J Water Process Eng 2022; 46:102553.##Martinez-Porchas M, Martinez-Cordova LR. World aquaculture: Environmental impacts and troubleshooting alternatives. Sci World J 2012; 2012:389623.##Gong B, Kim HS, Choi CY, et al. Toxic effects of waterborne nitrite on LC50, hematological parameters, and plasma biochemistry in starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus). Toxics 2025; 3(9):748.##Khan SK, Dutta J, Ahmad I, et al. Nanotechnology in aquaculture: Transforming the future of food security. Food Chem X 2024; 24: 101974.##Kumar VS, Vidhyasri R, Dhevasenaa PR, et al. Reduction of toxic elements in marine environment using nano adsorbent materials. Mater Today: Proc 2021; 37:1554-1557.##Bozorgpour F, Ramandi H F, Jafari P, et al. Removal of nitrate and phosphate using chitosan/Al2O3/Fe3O4 composite nanofibrous adsorbent: Comparison with chitosan/Al2O3/Fe3O4beads. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 93: 557-565.##Worku AK, Ayele DW, Teshager MA, et al. Recent advances in wastewater treatment technologies: Innovations and new insights. Energy Rev 2025; 4(4):100164.##Akhtar MS, Ali S, Zaman W. Innovative adsorbents for pollutant removal: exploring the latest research and applications. Molecules 2024; 29(18):4317.##Pal M, De A. Polymer-iron oxide based magnetic nanocomposites. In: Merhari, L. (eds) Hybrid nanocomposites for nanotechnology. springer, Boston, MA.##Marcelo L R, de Gois J S, da Silva A A. et al. Synthesis of iron-based magnetic nanocomposites and applications in adsorption processes for water treatment: A review. Environ Chem Lett 2021; 19: 1229-1274.##Wang Y, Lu Y. Sodium alginate-based functional materials toward sustainable applications: water treatment and energy storage. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023; 62: 11279−11304.##Salomonsen T, Jensen H M, Stenbæk D, et al. Chemometric prediction of alginate monomer composition: A comparative spectroscopic study using IR, Raman, NIR and NMR, Carbohydr Polym 2008; 72: 730-739.##Makarova A O, Derkach S R, Khair T, et al. Ion-induced polysaccharide gelation: Peculiarities of alginate egg-box association with different divalent cations. Polymers 2023; 15: 1243.##Wang W, Huang Y, Pan Y, et al. Sodium alginate modifications: A critical review of current strategies and emerging applications. Foods 2025; 14(22):3931.##Tordi P, Ridi F, Samorì P, et al. Cation-alginate complexes and their hydrogels: A powerful toolkit for the development of next-generation sustainable functional materials. Adv Funct Mater 2025; 35(9): 2416390.##Zhang W, An Y, Li S, et al. 2020. Enhanced heavy metal removal from an aqueous environment using an eco‑friendly and sustainable adsorbent. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16453.##Mashjoor S, Yousefzadi M, Zolgharnain H, et al. Organic and inorganic Nano-Fe3O4: Alga Ulva flexuosa -based synthesis, antimicrobial effects and acute toxicity to briny water rotifer Brachionus rotundiformis. Environ Pollut 2018; 237: 50-64.##Trono G C. Field guide and atlas of the seaweed resources of the Philippines. Makati City Philippines: Bookmark Inc; 2003.##Mashjoor S, Yousefzadi M, Zolgharnain H, et al. Phyco-linked vs chemogenic magnetite nanoparticles: route selectivity in nano-synthesis, antibacterial and acute zooplanktonic responses. Mater Sci Eng C 2019; 102: 324-340.##Yan P, Lan W, Xie J. Modification on sodium alginate for food preservation: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2024; 143: 104217.##Becer E, Altund E M, Guranc M, et al. Composition and antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil. South African J Botany 2023; 160: 437-445.##Griess P. Bemerkungen zu der Abhandlung der HH. Weselsky und Benedikt, "Ueber einige Azoverbindungen"?. Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1879; 12: 426-428.##Alimohammadi V, Sedighi M, Jabbari E. Response surface modeling and optimization of nitrate removal from aqueous solutions using magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes. J Environ Chem Eng 2016; 4: 4525-4535.##Murray E, Nesterenko E P, McCaul M, et al. A colorimetric method for use within portable test kits for nitrate determination in various water matrices. Anal Methods 2017; 9: 680.##United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Method 352.1: Nitrogen, nitrate (colorimetric, brucine) by spectrophotometer. 1971.##Jenkins D, Medsker L L. Brucine method for determination of nitrate in ocean, estuarine, and fresh waters. Anal Chem 1964; 36(3): 610-612.##Strickland J D H, Parsons T R. Determination of reactive phosphorus. In: A practical handbook of seawater analysis. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Bulletin 1968; 167: 49-56.##Rashmi S H, Madhu G M, Kittur A A, et al. Synthesis, characterization and application of zero valent iron nanoparticles for the removal of toxic metal hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)] from aqueous solution. Int J Curr Eng Technol 2013; 37-42.##Nodeh H R, Sereshti H, Afsharian E Z, et al. Enhanced removal of phosphate and nitrate ions from aqueous media using nanosized lanthanum hydrous doped on magnetic graphene anocomposite. J Environ Manag 2017; 197: 265-274.##Han R, Li Y, Zhang J, Zhang L, et al. Langmuir isotherm and pseudo second order kinetic model for the biosorption of methylene blue onto rice husk. 2nd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai, China, 2008, pp. 3545-3548, doi: 10.1109/ICBBE.2008.389.##Kloster GA, Muraca D, Mosiewicki MA, et al. Magnetic composite films based on alginate and nanoiron oxide particles obtained by synthesis "in situ". Eur Polym J 2017; 94:43-55.##Gao C, Pollet E, Avérous L. Properties of glycerol-plasticized alginate films obtained by thermo-mechanical mixing, Food Hydrocoll 2017; 63: 414-420.##Matet M, Heuzey M C, Pollet E, et al. Innovative thermoplastic chitosan obtained by thermo-mechanical mixing with polyol plasticizers, Carbohydr Polym 2013; 95: 241-251.##Alamier W M, El-Moselhy M M, Bakry A M, et al. Biogenic synthesis of zero valent Fe/Magnetite Fe3O4 nanoparticles using caralluma acutangula andapplication for methylene blue dye degradation under UV light irradiation. Crystals 2022; 12: 1510.##Zaki S A, Eltarahony M M, Abd-El-Haleem D A. Disinfection of water and wastewater by biosynthesized magnetite and zerovalent iron nanoparticles via NAP-NAR enzymes of Proteus mirabilis 10B. Environ Sci Pollut Res 2019; 26: 23661-23678.##Tella J O, Adekoya J A, Ajanaku K O. Mesoporous silica nanocarriers as drug delivery systems for anti-tubercular agents: a review. Roy Soc Open Sci 2022; 9: 220013.##Sreeram K J, Nidhin M, Nair B U. Synthesis of aligned hematite nanoparticles on chitosan-alginate films, Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces 2009; 71: 260-267.##Mohammadi A, Daemi H, Barikani M. Fast removal of malachite green dye using novel superparamagnetic sodium alginate-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles, Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 69: 447-455.##Shaw J. Introduction to colloid and surface chemistry, Fourth ed., Butterworth Heinemann (a division of Reed Educational and Professional Publishers), Woburn, 1992.##Salarizadeh P, Javanbakht M, Pourmahdian S. Enhancing the performance of SPEEK polymer electrolyte membranes using functionalized TiO2 nanoparticles with proton hopping sites. RSC Adv 2017; 7: 8303.##Hari T, Montazer M. TiO2/hematite or magnetite/Ag nanoparticles synthesized on polyester fabric at various temperatures producing different superparamagnetic, self-cleaning and antibacterial textiles. Sci Iran 2014; 21(6):2490-2498.##Ma H, Qi X, Maitani Y, Nagai T. Preparation and characterization of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles stabilized by alginate. Int J Pharm 2007; 333: 177-186.##Nathan M, Suganya R. Investigation on the morphological and magnetic properties of Fe3O4 nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Int J Pure Appl Math 2018; 119(12):6515-6524.##Yew Y, Shameli K, Miyake M, et al. Green biosynthesis of superparamagnetic magnetite Fe3O4 nanoparticles and biomedical applications in targeted anticancer drug delivery system: A review. Arab J Chemother 2020; 13:2287-2308.##Denizot B, Tanguy G, Hindre F, et al. Phosphorylcholine coating of iron oxide nanoparticles. J colloid interface sci 1999; 209: 66-71.##Tesnim D, Hédi B A, Ridha D, et al. Green low-cost synthesis of zero-valent iron nanoparticles from Palm Petiole Extract for Cr (VI) removal from water. Environ Sci Pollut Res 2024; 31: 44272-44288.##Kloster GA, Muraca D, Meiorin C, et al. Magnetic characterization of chitosan - magnetite nanocomposite films, Eur Polym J 2015; 72: 202-211.##Kim YJ, Choi J H. Selective removal of nitrate ion using a novel composite carbon electrode in capacitive deionization. Water Res 2012; 46: 6033-6039.##Boparai H K, Joseph M, O'Carroll D M. Kinetics and thermodynamics of cadmium ion removal by adsorption onto nano zerovalent iron particles. J Hazard Mater 2011; 186: 458e465.##Luo S, Xu X, Zhou G, et al. Amino siloxane oligomer-linked graphene oxide as an efficient adsorbent for removal of Pb(P) from wastewater. J Hazard Mater 2014; 274: 145e155.##Wang W, Li M, Zeng Q. Thermodynamics of Cr (VI) adsorption on strong alkaline anion exchange fiber. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc 2012; 22: 2831e2839.##Sereshti H, Zamiri Afsharian E, Esmaeili Bidhendi M, et al. Afzal Kamboh M, Yilmaz M. Removal of phosphate and nitrate ions aqueous using strontium magnetic graphene oxide nanocomposite: Isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics studies. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 2020; 39(2): e13332.##Esmaeili Bidhendi M, Asadi Z, Bozorgian A. et al. New magnetic Co3O4/Fe3O4 doped polyaniline nanocomposite for the effective and rapid removal of nitrate ions from ground water samples. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 2020; 39: e13306.##Lee J H, Velmurugan P, Ravi A V, et al. Green and hydrothermal assembly of reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-coated ZnO and Fe hybrid nanocomposite for the removal of nitrate and phosphate. Environ Chem Ecotoxicol 2020; 2: 141-149.##Føre M, Frank K, Norton T, et al. Precision fish farming: A new framework to improve production in aquaculture. Biosyst Eng 2018; 173: 176-193.##Carlino-Costa C, Belo MAdA. Ensuring fish safety through sustainable aquaculture practices. Hygiene 2025; 5(4):51.##Storck TR, Sippert LR, Seben D. et al. Intensive fish farming: changes in water quality and relationship with zooplankton community. Acta Limnol Bras 2023; 35: e28.##Ahmed N, Turchini GM. Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS): Environmental solution and climate change adaptation. J Clean Prod 2021; 297: 126604.##Ruben MO, Akinsanola AB, Okon ME, et al. Emerging challenges in aquaculture: Current perspectives and human health implications. Vet World 2025; 18(1):15-28.##Singh B, Craswell E. Fertilizers and nitrate pollution of surface and ground water: an increasingly pervasive global problem. SN Appl Sci 2021; 3: 518.##Abdel-Fatah MA. Integrated management of industrial wastewater in the food sector. Sustainability 2023; 15(23):16193.##Ahmad AL, Chin JY, Harun MHZM, et al. Environmental impacts and imperative technologies towards sustainable treatment of aquaculture wastewater: A review. J Water Process Eng 2022; 46:102553.##Martinez-Porchas M, Martinez-Cordova LR. World aquaculture: Environmental impacts and troubleshooting alternatives. Sci World J 2012; 2012:389623.##Gong B, Kim HS, Choi CY, et al. Toxic effects of waterborne nitrite on LC50, hematological parameters, and plasma biochemistry in starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus). Toxics 2025; 3(9):748.##Khan SK, Dutta J, Ahmad I, et al. Nanotechnology in aquaculture: Transforming the future of food security. Food Chem X 2024; 24: 101974.##Kumar VS, Vidhyasri R, Dhevasenaa PR, et al. Reduction of toxic elements in marine environment using nano adsorbent materials. Mater Today: Proc 2021; 37:1554-1557.##Bozorgpour F, Ramandi H F, Jafari P, et al. Removal of nitrate and phosphate using chitosan/Al2O3/Fe3O4 composite nanofibrous adsorbent: Comparison with chitosan/Al2O3/Fe3O4beads. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 93: 557-565.##Worku AK, Ayele DW, Teshager MA, et al. Recent advances in wastewater treatment technologies: Innovations and new insights. Energy Rev 2025; 4(4):100164.##Akhtar MS, Ali S, Zaman W. Innovative adsorbents for pollutant removal: exploring the latest research and applications. Molecules 2024; 29(18):4317.##Pal M, De A. Polymer-iron oxide based magnetic nanocomposites. In: Merhari, L. (eds) Hybrid nanocomposites for nanotechnology. springer, Boston, MA.##Marcelo L R, de Gois J S, da Silva A A. et al. Synthesis of iron-based magnetic nanocomposites and applications in adsorption processes for water treatment: A review. Environ Chem Lett 2021; 19: 1229-1274.##Wang Y, Lu Y. Sodium alginate-based functional materials toward sustainable applications: water treatment and energy storage. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023; 62: 11279−11304.##Salomonsen T, Jensen H M, Stenbæk D, et al. Chemometric prediction of alginate monomer composition: A comparative spectroscopic study using IR, Raman, NIR and NMR, Carbohydr Polym 2008; 72: 730-739.##Makarova A O, Derkach S R, Khair T, et al. Ion-induced polysaccharide gelation: Peculiarities of alginate egg-box association with different divalent cations. Polymers 2023; 15: 1243.##Wang W, Huang Y, Pan Y, et al. Sodium alginate modifications: A critical review of current strategies and emerging applications. Foods 2025; 14(22):3931.##Tordi P, Ridi F, Samorì P, et al. Cation-alginate complexes and their hydrogels: A powerful toolkit for the development of next-generation sustainable functional materials. Adv Funct Mater 2025; 35(9): 2416390.##Zhang W, An Y, Li S, et al. 2020. Enhanced heavy metal removal from an aqueous environment using an eco‑friendly and sustainable adsorbent. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16453.##Mashjoor S, Yousefzadi M, Zolgharnain H, et al. Organic and inorganic Nano-Fe3O4: Alga Ulva flexuosa -based synthesis, antimicrobial effects and acute toxicity to briny water rotifer Brachionus rotundiformis. Environ Pollut 2018; 237: 50-64.##Trono G C. Field guide and atlas of the seaweed resources of the Philippines. Makati City Philippines: Bookmark Inc; 2003.##Mashjoor S, Yousefzadi M, Zolgharnain H, et al. Phyco-linked vs chemogenic magnetite nanoparticles: route selectivity in nano-synthesis, antibacterial and acute zooplanktonic responses. Mater Sci Eng C 2019; 102: 324-340.##Yan P, Lan W, Xie J. Modification on sodium alginate for food preservation: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2024; 143: 104217.##Becer E, Altund E M, Guranc M, et al. Composition and antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil. South African J Botany 2023; 160: 437-445.##Griess P. Bemerkungen zu der Abhandlung der HH. Weselsky und Benedikt, "Ueber einige Azoverbindungen"?. Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 1879; 12: 426-428.##Alimohammadi V, Sedighi M, Jabbari E. Response surface modeling and optimization of nitrate removal from aqueous solutions using magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes. J Environ Chem Eng 2016; 4: 4525-4535.##Murray E, Nesterenko E P, McCaul M, et al. A colorimetric method for use within portable test kits for nitrate determination in various water matrices. Anal Methods 2017; 9: 680.##United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Method 352.1: Nitrogen, nitrate (colorimetric, brucine) by spectrophotometer. 1971.##Jenkins D, Medsker L L. Brucine method for determination of nitrate in ocean, estuarine, and fresh waters. Anal Chem 1964; 36(3): 610-612.##Strickland J D H, Parsons T R. Determination of reactive phosphorus. In: A practical handbook of seawater analysis. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Bulletin 1968; 167: 49-56.##Rashmi S H, Madhu G M, Kittur A A, et al. Synthesis, characterization and application of zero valent iron nanoparticles for the removal of toxic metal hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)] from aqueous solution. Int J Curr Eng Technol 2013; 37-42.##Nodeh H R, Sereshti H, Afsharian E Z, et al. Enhanced removal of phosphate and nitrate ions from aqueous media using nanosized lanthanum hydrous doped on magnetic graphene anocomposite. J Environ Manag 2017; 197: 265-274.##Han R, Li Y, Zhang J, Zhang L, et al. Langmuir isotherm and pseudo second order kinetic model for the biosorption of methylene blue onto rice husk. 2nd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai, China, 2008, pp. 3545-3548, doi: 10.1109/ICBBE.2008.389.##Kloster GA, Muraca D, Mosiewicki MA, et al. Magnetic composite films based on alginate and nanoiron oxide particles obtained by synthesis "in situ". Eur Polym J 2017; 94:43-55.##Gao C, Pollet E, Avérous L. Properties of glycerol-plasticized alginate films obtained by thermo-mechanical mixing, Food Hydrocoll 2017; 63: 414-420.##Matet M, Heuzey M C, Pollet E, et al. Innovative thermoplastic chitosan obtained by thermo-mechanical mixing with polyol plasticizers, Carbohydr Polym 2013; 95: 241-251.##Alamier W M, El-Moselhy M M, Bakry A M, et al. Biogenic synthesis of zero valent Fe/Magnetite Fe3O4 nanoparticles using caralluma acutangula andapplication for methylene blue dye degradation under UV light irradiation. Crystals 2022; 12: 1510.##Zaki S A, Eltarahony M M, Abd-El-Haleem D A. Disinfection of water and wastewater by biosynthesized magnetite and zerovalent iron nanoparticles via NAP-NAR enzymes of Proteus mirabilis 10B. Environ Sci Pollut Res 2019; 26: 23661-23678.##Tella J O, Adekoya J A, Ajanaku K O. Mesoporous silica nanocarriers as drug delivery systems for anti-tubercular agents: a review. Roy Soc Open Sci 2022; 9: 220013.##Sreeram K J, Nidhin M, Nair B U. Synthesis of aligned hematite nanoparticles on chitosan-alginate films, Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces 2009; 71: 260-267.##Mohammadi A, Daemi H, Barikani M. Fast removal of malachite green dye using novel superparamagnetic sodium alginate-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles, Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 69: 447-455.##Shaw J. Introduction to colloid and surface chemistry, Fourth ed., Butterworth Heinemann (a division of Reed Educational and Professional Publishers), Woburn, 1992.##Salarizadeh P, Javanbakht M, Pourmahdian S. Enhancing the performance of SPEEK polymer electrolyte membranes using functionalized TiO2 nanoparticles with proton hopping sites. RSC Adv 2017; 7: 8303.##Hari T, Montazer M. TiO2/hematite or magnetite/Ag nanoparticles synthesized on polyester fabric at various temperatures producing different superparamagnetic, self-cleaning and antibacterial textiles. Sci Iran 2014; 21(6):2490-2498.##Ma H, Qi X, Maitani Y, Nagai T. Preparation and characterization of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles stabilized by alginate. Int J Pharm 2007; 333: 177-186.##Nathan M, Suganya R. Investigation on the morphological and magnetic properties of Fe3O4 nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Int J Pure Appl Math 2018; 119(12):6515-6524.##Yew Y, Shameli K, Miyake M, et al. Green biosynthesis of superparamagnetic magnetite Fe3O4 nanoparticles and biomedical applications in targeted anticancer drug delivery system: A review. Arab J Chemother 2020; 13:2287-2308.##Denizot B, Tanguy G, Hindre F, et al. Phosphorylcholine coating of iron oxide nanoparticles. J colloid interface sci 1999; 209: 66-71.##Tesnim D, Hédi B A, Ridha D, et al. Green low-cost synthesis of zero-valent iron nanoparticles from Palm Petiole Extract for Cr (VI) removal from water. Environ Sci Pollut Res 2024; 31: 44272-44288.##Kloster GA, Muraca D, Meiorin C, et al. Magnetic characterization of chitosan - magnetite nanocomposite films, Eur Polym J 2015; 72: 202-211.##Kim YJ, Choi J H. Selective removal of nitrate ion using a novel composite carbon electrode in capacitive deionization. Water Res 2012; 46: 6033-6039.##Boparai H K, Joseph M, O'Carroll D M. Kinetics and thermodynamics of cadmium ion removal by adsorption onto nano zerovalent iron particles. J Hazard Mater 2011; 186: 458e465.##Luo S, Xu X, Zhou G, et al. Amino siloxane oligomer-linked graphene oxide as an efficient adsorbent for removal of Pb(P) from wastewater. J Hazard Mater 2014; 274: 145e155.##Wang W, Li M, Zeng Q. Thermodynamics of Cr (VI) adsorption on strong alkaline anion exchange fiber. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc 2012; 22: 2831e2839.##Sereshti H, Zamiri Afsharian E, Esmaeili Bidhendi M, et al. Afzal Kamboh M, Yilmaz M. Removal of phosphate and nitrate ions aqueous using strontium magnetic graphene oxide nanocomposite: Isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics studies. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 2020; 39(2): e13332.##Esmaeili Bidhendi M, Asadi Z, Bozorgian A. et al. New magnetic Co3O4/Fe3O4 doped polyaniline nanocomposite for the effective and rapid removal of nitrate ions from ground water samples. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 2020; 39: e13306.##Lee J H, Velmurugan P, Ravi A V, et al. Green and hydrothermal assembly of reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-coated ZnO and Fe hybrid nanocomposite for the removal of nitrate and phosphate. Environ Chem Ecotoxicol 2020; 2: 141-149. ##

مرور روایتی فرآیندهای اکسیداسیون پیشرفته مبتنی بر ازن در تصفیه فاضلاب Narrative review of Ozone-Based Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater Treatment 1 1 زمینه و هدف: افزایش آلاینده‌های آلی دیرتجزیه‌پذیر در منابع آبی، ضرورت به‌کارگیری فناوری‌های تصفیه پیشرفته را بیش از پیش آشکار ساخته است. فرآیندهای اکسیداسیون پیشرفته مبتنی بر ازن به‌عنوان یکی از راه‌حل‌ها موثر وپایدار مطرح می‌باشند. این مطالعه با هدف ارزیابی نقادانه کارایی این فرآیندها و مقایسه پیشرفت‌های جهانی با وضعیت کنونی ایران انجام شده است. مواد و روش‌ها: این مرور روایی با جستجوی نظام‌مند در پایگاه‌های  ScienceDirect، PubMed،  Web of Science و Scopus  با کلیدواژه‌های مرتبط با فاضلاب، اکسیداسیون پیشرفته، ازن و ایران انجام شد. از میان ۱۷۸ مقاله بازیابی‌شده در بازه زمانی ۲۰۱۰ تا اوایل ۲۰۲۶، پس از غربالگری، ۸۳ مطالعه اصیل داوری‌شده با معیارهای ورود مطابقت داشته و تحلیل گردیدند. یافته‌ها: فرآیندهای اکسیداسیون پیشرفته مبتنی بر ازن، شامل ازن‌زنی تنها، ازن/پراکسید هیدروژن، ازن/فرابنفش، ازن‌زنی کاتالیستی، ازن/پرسولفات، الکترو-پراکسِن و سامانه‌های ترکیبی به‌کمک کاویتاسیون، از طریق سازوکار دوگانه اکسیداسیون مستقیم و تولید رادیکال‌های رادیکال‌های هیدروکسیل و سولفات ، راندمان حذف بیش از ۹۰ تا ۱۰۰ درصد را برای ترکیبات دارویی، رنگ‌ها و آفت‌کش‌ها حاصل می‌نمایند. سامانه‌های ترکیبی در مقایسه با ازن‌زنی تنها، سینتیک واکنش را ۲ تا ۱۰ برابر افزایش و مصرف ازن را ۳۰ تا ۷۰ درصد کاهش می‌دهند، ضمن آنکه زیست‌تجزیه‌پذیری پساب را بهبود بخشیده و تشکیل محصولات جانبی سمی را به حداقل می‌رسانند. فناوری‌های نوینی مانند نانوحباب‌های ازن و کاویتاسیون، انتقال جرم و مقرون‌به‌صرفگی را ارتقا می‌دهند. در ایران، مطالعات پایلوت عملکرد فنی قابل‌قیاسی با معیارهای جهانی نشان می‌دهند، اما پذیرش مقیاس کامل به دلیل تقاضای بالای انرژی (۲۰-۱۲ کیلووات‌ساعت به ازای هر کیلوگرم ازن)، ضعف چارچوب‌های نظارتی و کمبود زیرساخت‌ها محدود مانده است. نتیجه‌گیری: فرآیندهای اکسیداسیون پیشرفته مبتنی بر ازن، فناوری‌ای مؤثر، چندمنظوره و به‌طور فزاینده‌ای پایدار برای تصفیه پیشرفته فاضلاب و بازاستفاده از آب هستند. پر کردن شکاف‌های پژوهشی در پایش سمیت بلندمدت، تدوین پروتکل‌های استاندارد و ارزیابی اقتصادی، همراه با مشوق‌های سیاستی، می‌تواند نقشی محوری در ارتقای کیفیت منابع آب در ایران و جهان ایفا نماید. 2 Background: The increasing presence of recalcitrant organic pollutants in wastewater necessitates advanced treatment technologies capable of achieving thorough degradation. Ozone-based advanced oxidation processes (O3-based AOPs) have emerged as promising and increasingly sustainable solutions for this purpose. This narrative review critically evaluates their application and effectiveness, comparing global advancements with the current status and specific challenges observed in Iran. Materials and Methods: A narrative review was conducted using systematic literature searches in ScienceDirect, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, employing keywords related to wastewater treatment, advanced oxidation processes, ozone, and Iran. Of 178 articles retrieved (published between 2010 and 2025), 83 original peer-reviewed studies met the inclusion criteria following title/abstract and full-text screening and were included in the final analysis. Results: O3-based AOPs—including standalone ozonation, O3/H2O2, O3/UV, catalytic ozonation, O3/persulfate, electro-peroxone, and cavitation-assisted hybrid systems—achieved removal efficiencies of 90–100% for pharmaceuticals, dyes, and pesticides, primarily through the dual mechanism of direct molecular ozone attack combined with indirect oxidation via hydroxyl (•OH) and sulfate (SO4•⁻) radicals. Hybrid configurations generally outperformed standalone ozonation, with reaction rate constants increasing 2- to 10-fold and ozone consumption reduced by 30–70%, alongside improved biodegradability and reduced formation of toxic by-products. Emerging approaches such as ozone nanobubbles and cavitation-assisted systems further enhanced mass transfer efficiency and cost-effectiveness. In Iran, pilot-scale studies reported technical performance broadly comparable to international findings; however, full-scale implementation remains constrained by high energy demand (12–20 kWh/kg O3), limited regulatory frameworks, and inadequate infrastructure. Conclusion: Ozone-based AOPs represent effective and versatile technologies with growing potential for sustainable wastewater treatment and water reuse. Addressing existing research gaps—particularly regarding long-term toxicity monitoring, standardized experimental protocols, and comprehensive economic assessment—together with targeted policy support, could accelerate their broader adoption in addressing water quality challenges in Iran and globally. 113 130 2025/12/122026/02/182026/02/112026/04/182026/04/202026/02/212026/04/25 1405/2/5 2026/04/292026/05/262026/05/202026/06/32026/05/312026/05/172026/06/7 1405/3/17 حجت ندیمی Hojjat Nadimi گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران، تهران، ایران ایران hojat.nadimi2910@gmail.com فاطمه مرتضی زاده Fatemeh Mortezazadeh گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران، تهران، ایران ایران مهدی احمدی نسب Mahdi Ahmadi Nasab گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران، تهران، ایران ایران فضل اله چنگانی Fazlollah Changani گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران، تهران، ایران ایران Wastewater Treatment Oxidation-Reduction Ozone Water Pollutants تصفیه فاضلاب رادیکال‌های هیدروکسیل آلاینده‌های نوظهور ازن زنی Mortezazadeh F, Nasab MA, Javid A, Changani F, Dehghani MH. 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پایش زیستی و تعیین منشاء غلظت فلزات سنگین( سرب، کروم، مس و نیکل) در نواحی شهری و صنعتی شهر یاسوج با استفاده از برگ درخت چنار (Platanus orientalis) و تحلیل مولفه های اصلی (PCA) Biomonitoring and source identification of heavy metal concentrations (Pb, Cr, Cu and Ni) in urban and industrial areas of Yasuj city using platanus orientalis leaves and Principal component analysis (PCA) 1 1 زمینه و هدف: امروزه به دنبال سمیت و خطرات اکولوژیکی فلزات سنگین در محیط­‌های انسانی، سنجش غلظت و تعیین منشاء آنها بسیار ضروری است. از این‌رو در مطالعه حاضر به تعیین منشاء و پایش زیستی غلظت فلزات سنگین (سرب، کروم، مس و نیکل) در نواحی شهری و صنعتی با استفاده از برگ درخت چنار(Platanus orientalis) و  ارزیابی خطر اکولوژیکی فلزات در خاک‌های سطحی شهر یاسوج پرداخته شد. مواد و روش­‌ها: نمونه­‌برداری از برگ درخت چنار(Platanus orientalis) در ده منطقه شهری و چهار شهرک صنعتی به همراه خاک این نواحی (در مجموع  ۴۶ ایستگاه) صورت گرفت. پس از آماده سازی و هضم اسیدی نمونه‌­ها، غلظت فلزات سنگین با استفاده از دستگاه جذب اتمی تعیین گردید. همچنین جهت تعیین مشناء فلزات سنگین برگ درخت چنار در دو منطقه شهری و صنعتی، از آنالیز تحلیل مؤلفه‌های اصلی (PCA) استفاده شد. یافته­‌ها؛ روند تغییرات میانگین کلی غلظت فلزات سنگین برگ در نواحی شهری و صنعتی یکسان و به صورت کروم > سرب >مس > نیکل مشاهده شد. در نواحی صنعتی و شهری به ترتیب میزان غلظت فلزات کروم (۱۵/۱۹±۳۱/۰۳، ۱۰/۰۹±۲۸/۸۹)، سرب (۱۴/۷۹±۲۳/۶۴، ۲/۸۱±۱۱/۲۰)، مس (۶/۱۸±۱۴/۴۶، ۴/۱۰±۶/۳۲) و نیکل (۴/۹۳±۸/۳۲، ۲/۸۲±۵/۰۷) میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم بدست آمد. ریسک اکولوژیکی فلزات بیانگر وضعیت آلودگی پایین خاک بود. یافته‌­ها نشان شاخص تغلیظ جامع فلزات (CBCI) در محدوده ۰/۱۰ ( ایستگاه شاهد) و ۰/۷۷ (نواحی آلوده) اندازه‌­گیری گردید و بیشرین مقادیر شاخص تجمع فلز(MAI) به میزان ۹/۱۰ در نواحی شهری بدست آمد. نتایج تحلیل مولفه‌­های اصلی (PCA) نشان داد غلظت فلزات سنگین در دو ناحیه شهری و صنعتی دارای همپوشانی قابل توجهی بوده است و باتوجه مولفه اول تحلیل PCA فلزات نیکل کروم و براساس مولفه دوم فلزات سرب و مس دارای منشاء به هم مرتبط هستند. نتیجه‌­گیری؛ براساس یافته­‌ها می­توان نتیجه گرفت توزیع مکانی فلزات تجمع یافته در برگ درخت چنار و خاک‌های سطحی نواحی مختلف شهر یاسوج بسته به منشاء آلایندگی، نوع و میزان فعالیت‌های انسانی محلی و شدت حمل و نقل متفاوت می باشد. علاوه بر این نتایج تحلیل مولفه­های اصلی (PCA) می­توان گفت غلظت فلزات سنگین در برگ چنار در دو ناحیه شهری و صنعتی دارای منشاء منشاء تقریبـاً یکسـان می‌­باشند این همبستگی عمدتا، ناشی از انتشار ترافیکی، صنعت حمل و نقل و صنایع مرتبط با مصرف سوخت‌­های فسیلی می‌باشد. 2 Background: Nowadays, due to the toxicity and ecological risks of heavy metals in anthropogenic environments, it is essential to measure their concentrations and determine their sources. Therefore, in the present study, the source and biological monitoring of heavy metal concentrations (Pb, Cr, Cu and Ni) in urban and industrial areas were determined using the leaves of Platanus orientalis, Additionally, the ecological risk of these metals in the surface soils of Yasouj city was evaluated. Matherials and Methods: Sampling of Platanus orientalis leaves was conducted in ten urban areas and four industrial towns along with the soil of these areas (at a total of 46 stations). After preparation and acid digestion of the samples, the concentration of heavy metals was determined using an atomic absorption spectrometer. Also, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to determine the heavy metal concentrations in Platanus orientalis leaves in two urban and industrial areas. Results: The overall mean concentration trend of heavy metals in leaves was observed to be the same in both urban and industrial areas, following the order Cr > Pb > Cu > Ni. In industrial and urban areas, the concentrations of Cr (31.03±15.19, 28.89±10.09), Pb (23.64±14.79, 20.11±2.81), Cu (14.46±18.6, 32.6±10.4) and Ni (8.32±4.93, 27.07±5.82) mg/kg were obtained, respectively. The ecological risk of metals indicated a low level of soil contamination level. The findings showed that the Comprehensive Bio-concentration Index (CBCI) of metals was measured in the range of 0.10 (control station) and 0.77 (polluted areas), and the highest values of the metal accumulation index (MAI) were obtained at 10.9 in urban areas. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the concentrations of heavy metals in the two urban and industrial areas had a significant overlap, and according to the first component of the PCA analysis, Ni and Cr, and based on the second component, Pb and Cu metals originated from related sources. Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the spatial distribution of metals accumulated in Platanus orientalis leaves and the surface soils of different areas of Yasuj city varies depending on the source of pollution, the type and amount of local human activities, and the intensity of transportation. In addition, the results of PCA show that the concentrations of heavy metals in Platanus orientalis leaves in both urban and industrial areas have approximately the same origin. This correlation is mainly due to traffic emissions, transportation industry, and industries related to fossil fuel consumption. 131 152 2025/12/122026/02/182026/02/112026/04/182026/04/202026/02/212026/04/252026/01/30 1404/11/10 2026/04/292026/05/262026/05/202026/06/32026/05/312026/05/172026/06/72026/06/3 1405/3/13 مسعود حاتمی منش Masoud Hatami-Manesh دکتری آلودگی های محیط زیست، اداره کل حفاظت محیط زیست استان کهگیلویه و بویراحمد، اداره پایش و آزمایشگاه، یاسوج، ایران ایران masoud_hatami68@yahoo.com علی مرادی Ali Moradi گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه یاسوج، یاسوج، ایران ایران Biomonitoring Heavy Metals Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Comprehensive Bio-concentration Indix (CBCI) Metal Accumulation Index (MAI) Yasuj City پایش زیستی فلزات سنگین تحلیل مولفه‌های اصلی (PCA) شاخص های تغلیظ جامع فلزات(CBCI) و شاخص تجمع فلز (MAI) شهر یاسوج Yang Q, Guo J, Wang D, Yu Y, Dou W, Liu Z, et al. 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Bioaccumulation of long-term atmospheric heavy metal pollution within the Carpathian arch: monumental trees and their leaves memoir. iForest-Biogeosciences and Forestry. 2024;17(6):370.##Teiri H, Pourzamani H, Hajizadeh Y. Phytoremediation of VOCs from indoor air by ornamental potted plants: a pilot study using a palm species under the controlled environment. Chemosphere. 2018;197:375-81.##Xu J, Jing B, Zhang K, Cui Y, Malkinson D, Kopel D, et al. Heavy metal contamination of soil and tree-ring in urban forest around highway in Shanghai, China. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal. 2017;23(7):1745-62.##Mezghani I, Trabelsi L, Touiti R, Abdallah FB, Rouina BB, Elloumi N. Comparative responses of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. and Ficus microcarpa L. to industrial air pollution: implications for biomonitoring and urban greening in contaminated environments. Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration. 2026;11(2):74.##Jorjani S, Karakaş FP. Physiological and biochemical responses to heavy metals stress in plants. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite. 2024;11(1):169-90.##Hassan RF, Jeber JN, Kareem FT. Determination of some heavy metals concentrations in green and yellow wheat crops from Iraqi fields: a comparative analysis of heavy metal accumulation. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2025;197(5):1-14.##Yap C, Ismail A, Tan S, Omar H. Correlations between speciation of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in sediment and their concentrations in total soft tissue of green-lipped mussel Perna viridis from the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Environment international. 2002;28(1-2):117-26.##MR C, EG. G. Soil sampling and methods of analysis: . CRC press. 2007.##Zhao X, Liu J, Xia X, Chu J, Wei Y, Shi S, et al. The evaluation of heavy metal accumulation and application of a comprehensive bio-concentration index for woody species on contaminated sites in Hunan, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2014;21(7):5076-85.##Liu Y-J, Zhu Y-G, Ding H. Lead and cadmium in leaves of deciduous trees in Beijing, China: development of a metal accumulation index (MAI). Environmental Pollution. 2007;145(2):387-90.##Hakanson L. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach. Water research. 1980;14(8):975-1001.##Ali MM, Ali ML, Islam MS, Rahman MZ. Preliminary assessment of heavy metals in water and sediment of Karnaphuli River, Bangladesh. Environmental nanotechnology, monitoring & management. 2016;5:27-35.##Weinmayr G, Pedersen M, Stafoggia M, Andersen ZJ, Galassi C, Munkenast J, et al. Particulate matter air pollution components and incidence of cancers of the stomach and the upper aerodigestive tract in the European Study of Cohorts of Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE). Environment international. 2018;120:163-71.##Pavlović M, Rakić T, Pavlović D, Kostić O, Jarić S, Mataruga Z, et al. Seasonal variations of trace element contents in leaves and bark of horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) in urban and industrial regions in Serbia. Archives of Biological Sciences. 2017;69(2):201-14.##Solgi E, Abbasitabar H, Hasanvand F, Bakhshi F. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals in soil and leaf of pistachio trees (Case Study: Kabootar Khaneh-Rafsanjan). Iranian Journal of Forest. 2024;16(2):243-56.##Kleckerova A, Docekalová H. Dandelion plants as a biomonitor of urban area contamination by heavy metals. 2014.##Badamasi H. Urban roadside trees as eco-sustainable filters of atmospheric pollution: A review of recent evidence from atmospheric trace elements deposition. New Paradigms in Environmental Biomonitoring Using Plants. 2022:73-94.##Ma LQ, Komar KM, Tu C, Zhang W, Cai Y, Kennelley ED. A fern that hyperaccumulates arsenic. Nature. 2001;409(6820):579-.##Uka UN, Belford EJ, Elebe FA. Effects of road traffic on photosynthetic pigments and heavy metal accumulation in tree species of Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana. SN Applied Sciences. 2021;3(1):131.##Lu X, Wang L, Li LY, Lei K, Huang L, Kang D. Multivariate statistical analysis of heavy metals in street dust of Baoji, NW China. Journal of hazardous materials. 2010;173(1-3):744-9.##Apeagyei E, Bank MS, Spengler JD. Distribution of heavy metals in road dust along an urban-rural gradient in Massachusetts. Atmospheric Environment. 2011;45(13):2310-23.##Piscitello A, Bianco C, Casasso A, Sethi R. Non-exhaust traffic emissions: Sources, characterization, and mitigation measures. Science of the Total Environment. 2021;766:144440.##Sinha A, Ischia G, Menapace C, Gialanella S. Experimental characterization protocols for wear products from disc brake materials. Atmosphere. 2020;11(10):1102.##Adamiec E, Jarosz-Krzemińska E, Wieszała R. Heavy metals from non-exhaust vehicle emissions in urban and motorway road dusts. Environmental monitoring and assessment. 2016;188(6):369.##Panko J, Kreider M, Unice K. Review of tire wear emissions: a review of tire emission measurement studies: identification of gaps and future needs. Non-exhaust emissions. 2018:147-60.##Li C, Wang Z, Li B, Peng Z-R, Fu Q. Investigating the relationship between air pollution variation and urban form. Building and Environment. 2019;147:559-68.##Ghasemi Aghbash F, Mortazavi S, Naderi R. Distribution of Heavy Metals in Leaf and Bark of Trees Used in Urban Forestry of Hamadan. Environmental Researches. 2020;10(20):105-14.##Romiayei L pK. Study of heavy metal accumulation in water, surface sediment and 4 aquatic plant species of Karkheh River. Wetland Ecobiology. 2017;9(3):69-84.##Mortazavi S, Ghasemi Aghbash F, Naderi Motiy R. The feasibility of biomonitoring of heavy metals by wooden species of urban areas. Forest Research and Development. 2019;5(1):55-71.##Yang Q, Guo J, Wang D, Yu Y, Dou W, Liu Z, et al. Occurrence of Trace Heavy Metals in Leaves of Urban Greening Plants in Fuxin, Northeast China: Spatial Distribution & Plant Purification Assessment. Sustainability. 2022;14(14):8445.##Bierza K, Bierza W. The effect of industrial and urban dust pollution on the ecophysiology and leaf element concentration of Tilia cordata Mill. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2024;31(48):58413-29.##Hrotkó K, Gyeviki M, Sütöriné DM, Magyar L, Mészáros R, Honfi P, et al. Foliar dust and heavy metal deposit on leaves of urban trees in Budapest (Hungary). Environmental geochemistry and health. 2021;43(5):1927-40.##Isinkaralar O, Isinkaralar K, Ambade B. Assessment of societal health risks: spatial distribution and potential hazards of toxic metals in street dust across diverse communities. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 2024;235(5):302.##Mohtadi A, Hatami-Manesh M. Assessment of resistance and biochemical responses of tree species as a biomonitor of heavy metals pollution in an urban-industrial setting (Yasouj, Iran). Chemosphere. 2025;378:144402.##Elkaee S, Shirvany A, Moeinaddini M, Sabbagh F. Assessment of particulate matter, heavy metals, and carbon deposition capacities of urban tree species in Tehran, Iran. Forests. 2024;15(2):273.##Isinkaralar K, Isinkaralar O, Koç İ, Özel HB, Şevik H. Assessing the possibility of airborne bismuth accumulation and spatial distribution in an urban area by tree bark: A case study in Düzce, Türkiye. Biomass conversion and biorefinery. 2024;14(18):22561-72.##Sawidis T, Breuste J, Mitrovic M, Pavlovic P, Tsigaridas K. Trees as bioindicator of heavy metal pollution in three European cities. Environmental pollution. 2011;159(12):3560-70.##Vasile D, Enescu R, Apafaian A, Coman S, Scarlatescu V, Crisan V. Bioaccumulation of long-term atmospheric heavy metal pollution within the Carpathian arch: monumental trees and their leaves memoir. iForest-Biogeosciences and Forestry. 2024;17(6):370.##Teiri H, Pourzamani H, Hajizadeh Y. Phytoremediation of VOCs from indoor air by ornamental potted plants: a pilot study using a palm species under the controlled environment. Chemosphere. 2018;197:375-81.##Xu J, Jing B, Zhang K, Cui Y, Malkinson D, Kopel D, et al. Heavy metal contamination of soil and tree-ring in urban forest around highway in Shanghai, China. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal. 2017;23(7):1745-62.##Mezghani I, Trabelsi L, Touiti R, Abdallah FB, Rouina BB, Elloumi N. Comparative responses of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. and Ficus microcarpa L. to industrial air pollution: implications for biomonitoring and urban greening in contaminated environments. Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration. 2026;11(2):74.##Jorjani S, Karakaş FP. Physiological and biochemical responses to heavy metals stress in plants. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite. 2024;11(1):169-90.##Hassan RF, Jeber JN, Kareem FT. Determination of some heavy metals concentrations in green and yellow wheat crops from Iraqi fields: a comparative analysis of heavy metal accumulation. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2025;197(5):1-14.##Yap C, Ismail A, Tan S, Omar H. Correlations between speciation of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in sediment and their concentrations in total soft tissue of green-lipped mussel Perna viridis from the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Environment international. 2002;28(1-2):117-26.##MR C, EG. G. Soil sampling and methods of analysis: . CRC press. 2007.##Zhao X, Liu J, Xia X, Chu J, Wei Y, Shi S, et al. The evaluation of heavy metal accumulation and application of a comprehensive bio-concentration index for woody species on contaminated sites in Hunan, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2014;21(7):5076-85.##Liu Y-J, Zhu Y-G, Ding H. Lead and cadmium in leaves of deciduous trees in Beijing, China: development of a metal accumulation index (MAI). Environmental Pollution. 2007;145(2):387-90.##Hakanson L. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach. Water research. 1980;14(8):975-1001.##Ali MM, Ali ML, Islam MS, Rahman MZ. Preliminary assessment of heavy metals in water and sediment of Karnaphuli River, Bangladesh. Environmental nanotechnology, monitoring & management. 2016;5:27-35.##Weinmayr G, Pedersen M, Stafoggia M, Andersen ZJ, Galassi C, Munkenast J, et al. Particulate matter air pollution components and incidence of cancers of the stomach and the upper aerodigestive tract in the European Study of Cohorts of Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE). Environment international. 2018;120:163-71.##Pavlović M, Rakić T, Pavlović D, Kostić O, Jarić S, Mataruga Z, et al. Seasonal variations of trace element contents in leaves and bark of horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) in urban and industrial regions in Serbia. Archives of Biological Sciences. 2017;69(2):201-14.##Solgi E, Abbasitabar H, Hasanvand F, Bakhshi F. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals in soil and leaf of pistachio trees (Case Study: Kabootar Khaneh-Rafsanjan). Iranian Journal of Forest. 2024;16(2):243-56.##Kleckerova A, Docekalová H. Dandelion plants as a biomonitor of urban area contamination by heavy metals. 2014.##Badamasi H. Urban roadside trees as eco-sustainable filters of atmospheric pollution: A review of recent evidence from atmospheric trace elements deposition. New Paradigms in Environmental Biomonitoring Using Plants. 2022:73-94.##Ma LQ, Komar KM, Tu C, Zhang W, Cai Y, Kennelley ED. A fern that hyperaccumulates arsenic. Nature. 2001;409(6820):579-.##Uka UN, Belford EJ, Elebe FA. Effects of road traffic on photosynthetic pigments and heavy metal accumulation in tree species of Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana. SN Applied Sciences. 2021;3(1):131.##Lu X, Wang L, Li LY, Lei K, Huang L, Kang D. Multivariate statistical analysis of heavy metals in street dust of Baoji, NW China. Journal of hazardous materials. 2010;173(1-3):744-9.##Apeagyei E, Bank MS, Spengler JD. Distribution of heavy metals in road dust along an urban-rural gradient in Massachusetts. Atmospheric Environment. 2011;45(13):2310-23.##Piscitello A, Bianco C, Casasso A, Sethi R. Non-exhaust traffic emissions: Sources, characterization, and mitigation measures. Science of the Total Environment. 2021;766:144440.##Sinha A, Ischia G, Menapace C, Gialanella S. Experimental characterization protocols for wear products from disc brake materials. Atmosphere. 2020;11(10):1102.##Adamiec E, Jarosz-Krzemińska E, Wieszała R. Heavy metals from non-exhaust vehicle emissions in urban and motorway road dusts. Environmental monitoring and assessment. 2016;188(6):369.##Panko J, Kreider M, Unice K. Review of tire wear emissions: a review of tire emission measurement studies: identification of gaps and future needs. Non-exhaust emissions. 2018:147-60.##Li C, Wang Z, Li B, Peng Z-R, Fu Q. Investigating the relationship between air pollution variation and urban form. Building and Environment. 2019;147:559-68.##Ghasemi Aghbash F, Mortazavi S, Naderi R. Distribution of Heavy Metals in Leaf and Bark of Trees Used in Urban Forestry of Hamadan. Environmental Researches. 2020;10(20):105-14.##Romiayei L pK. Study of heavy metal accumulation in water, surface sediment and 4 aquatic plant species of Karkheh River. Wetland Ecobiology. 2017;9(3):69-84.##Mortazavi S, Ghasemi Aghbash F, Naderi Motiy R. The feasibility of biomonitoring of heavy metals by wooden species of urban areas. Forest Research and Development. 2019;5(1):55-71.## ##