Alborz University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2383-3211 2588-4239 8 3 2021 5 1 Concentration and health risk assessment of phthalate esters in indoor dust- A case study on pre-elementary and elementary schools of city of Tehran, Iran 224 244 FA Somayeh Abdi PhD. Candidate in Environmental Science, Department of the Environment, College of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran N 0000-0001-9822-5408 Soheil Sobhanardakani Ph.D. in Environmental Science, Professor in Environmental Science, Department of the Environment, College of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran Y 0000-0002-6038-0514 Bahareh Lorestani Ph.D. in Environmental Science, Associate Professor in Environmental Science, Department of the Environment, College of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran. N Mehrdad Cheraghi Ph.D. in Environmental Science, Associate Professor in Environmental Science, Department of the Environment, College of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran. N Homayon Ahmad Panahi Ph.D. in Analytical Chemistry, Professor in Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Basic Sciences, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran N 10.52547/jehe.8.3.224 Background & Objective: Individuals spend a lot of time indoors; thus they are generally exposed to phthalates used in consumer products. Therefore, those exposed to phthalates as indoor contaminants are at high risks. Therefore, the present study was performed to evaluate the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic hazard of phthalate esters (PAEs) in the indoor dust collected from 9 pre-elementary and elementary schools of central and southern parts of city of Tehran in 2019. Materials & Methods: A total of 27 indoor dust specimens were collected using a vacuum cleaner. After transferring dust samples to the laboratory, 100 mg of each sample was centrifuged and mixed with 20 ml acetone, and kept through a night and ultrasonicated within 30 min. Finally, analyte contents were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: Based on the results obtained, mean concentrations (mg/kg) of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di(nbutyl) phthalate (DnBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and dioctyl phthalate (DnOP) were found to be 1.14, 0.11, 6.15, 0.71, 421 and 9.31 respectively. Moreover, the overall PAEs average daily exposure doses (ADD) via dust ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation were 2.16E-03, 2.35E-06 and 2.15E-07 mg/kg, respectively, and the lifetime average daily exposure doses (LADD) were 2.52E-04, 5.01E-07 and 3.40E-08 mg/kg, respectively. Conclusion: In general, non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of DnBP, DEHP and DnOP congeners were considerable for children and adults and ingestion of dust particles was found to be the main pathway of exposure to PAEs for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks. Although, based on the results except for DEHP the carcinogenic risks of the studied samples were below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency threshold of 1.00E-06, due to the disadvantages of phthalates in human safety, these kinds of investigations are helpful in understanding the main ways of exposure to PAEs and providing a science-based framework for the future attempts for mitigating the PAEs indoor emissions. Indoor dust, Phthalate esters, Health risk assessment, Pre-elementary school, Tehran http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-853-en.html http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-853-en.pdf

Alborz University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2383-3211 2588-4239 8 3 2021 5 1 Assessment of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic hazards of heavy metals in surface soils of Bandar Mahshahr industrial zone in 1398 245 256 FA Farzaneh Nikfar Department of Environment, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran N 0000-0000-4202-138x Sima Sabzalipour Department of Environment, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran Y 0000-0000-5583-0031 Ali Gholami Department of Soil science, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran N Ahad Nazarpour Department of Geology, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran N 10.52547/jehe.8.3.245 Background: Non-biodegradation in nature and the creation of adverse health effects in humans is important features of heavy metals. The main purpose of this study was to determine the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of heavy metals As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni, V, and Zn in the soils of industrial areas of Mahshahr port for adults and children. Methods: To study the environmental effects of the petrochemical industry in the study area, sampling was performed from 47 soil points in the study area. Samples were taken from a depth of 0-10 cm of soil and analyzed according to the required acidic digestion method of Esposito et al. Ecological risk indices for determining the level of contamination and proposed relationships proposed by the US Environmental Protection Agency were used to assess the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks. Results: Descriptive statistics of heavy metal concentration showed that the highest average concentration of metals in the soil of the study area is related to Ni metal (70.89 mg/kg) and the lowest to as metal (0.32 mg/kg). The carcinogenic risk of nickel and chromium in children and adults was estimated to be higher than other metals (CRI >1). In both age groups, the risk index for children was higher than for adults. Conclusion: The results show that the presence of heavy elements in the soil of the industrial area of ​​Mahshahr port requires the implementation of bioremediation projects such as phytoremediation. Heavy metals, Soil pollution, Carcinogenic risk, Non-carcinogenic risk, Mahshahr Port Industrial http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-854-en.html http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-854-en.pdf

Alborz University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2383-3211 2588-4239 8 3 2021 5 1 Solidification/Stabilization of Lead Contaminated Soil Using Magnesia Phosphate cement and Ordinary Portland cement 257 270 FA Mohamad Javad Zoqi Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran Y 0000-0002-6999-4221 Mohamad Reza Doosti Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran. N 10.52547/jehe.8.3.257 Background and objectives: Solidification/stabilization is an effective technique for reducing the leachability of contaminants in soils. Magnesia phosphate cement and ordinary Portland cement can be used to remediate soils contaminated. In this study, the performance of the solidified/stabilized soil was compared for mixtures composed of magnesia phosphate and ordinary Portland cement. Materials & Methods: In this study, the experimental soil were contaminated with 500, 1000 and 5000 mg/kg of lead. Lead-contaminated soils were stabilized by mixing magnesia phosphate and Portland cement in proportions of 25% and 50% by weight. Cement and soil mortars were prepared with water-to-cement ratio 0.5 of distilled water. The performance was assessed using unconfined compressive strength (UCS), toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), initial and final setting and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). Results: The results showed that use of magnesia phosphate cement instead of Portland cement could significantly reduce the concentration of lead in TCLP leachate, the setting time and increase the buffer capacity and the formation of crystals in samples containing lead. In 28-day samples containing soil with 5000 mg Pb/kg, Pb concentration in TCLP leachate of samples stabilized with 50% and 25% cement had been determined as 0.41 mg/L and 1.15 mg/L for magnesia phosphate cement and 4.92 mg/L and 12.04 mg/L for Portland cement, respectively. However, using this type of cement instead of Portland cement reduces the compressive strength of 7 and 28 days. Conclusion: The substitution of Portland cement with magnesium phosphate cement for stabilization and solidification of contaminated soil revealed a significant decrease in leachability of heavy metals, setting time, maintenance and equipment cost. Magnesia phosphate cement, Lead, Solidification/Stabilization, Soil, Portland ceme http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-855-en.html http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-855-en.pdf

Alborz University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2383-3211 2588-4239 8 3 2021 5 1 Contamination, Toxicity and Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments of Coastal Areas of Bushehr Province: A Systematic Review Study 271 291 FA Masoud Hatami-manesh PhD Student of Environment and Aquatic ecology expert of the Environment Organization of the country, Tehran, Iran N 0000-0002-6518-1848 Fariba Hedayatzadeh PhD Candidate of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources & Environment, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran Y 0000-0003-1941-5970 Nahid Mahmoodi MSc Student of Environment. Dept. of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Kordestan University, Sanndaj, Iran N 10.52547/jehe.8.3.271 Background: Heavy metals due to their ecological risks and high toxicity to living organisms are considered as one of the most dangerous pollutants. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the level of pollution, toxicity and the ecological risks of heavy metals in the coastal surface sediments of Bushehr province using systematic review. Methods: To conduct this review study, the concentration level of heavy metals in the surface sediments of Bushehr coastal was obtained by searching for published studies during the 9 years (2012-2020) through databases (Springer, Google Scholar, ProQuest, Web of Science, SID, Magiran). Finally, a comprehensive description of heavy metal pollution, toxicity and risks in coastal sediments was investigated using various indicators. Results: As a result of reviewing the extracted studies from the databases, 24 papers were selected. The survey results showed that the order of mean concentration of heavy metals in sediments was as Zn>Ni>Cr>Cu>Pb>Cd, and the amount of metals Pollution load index in different coastal sediments ranged from 0.15 to 1.99. The order of ecological risks for metals was observed as Cd>Pb>Ni>Cu>Cr>Zn, and the potential ecological risks for metals was obtained in the range of 3.76-257.38. In addition, the results of Toxic unit analysis and modified Hazard quotient of metals showed that the degree of toxicity and risk of contamination varies from very low to severely contaminated. Conclusion: Based on the findings from the perspective of toxicity control and ecological risks of metals, it is necessary to prevent the transfer of heavy metals, especially Cd, Pb and Ni due to dominant human activities in the coastal areas of Bushehr. Also, due to the maximum pollution load and ecological risks in Bidkhon (Assaluyeh) coasts, pollution sources should be determined to effectively control and manage the entry of pollutants in this area. Heavy metals, Surface sediments, Ecological risks, mHQ, Coastal of Bushehr province http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-856-en.html http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-856-en.pdf

Alborz University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2383-3211 2588-4239 8 3 2021 5 1 Investigation of Legionella Pneumophila bacteria in hospital water supply systems 292 300 FA Maryam Moradnia Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran-Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran N 0000-0002-1043-0624 Sheno Ghaderi Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran N Mohammad Noorisepehr Research Center for Health, Safety and Environment (RCHSE), Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran N Mehdi Salari Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran N Delnniya khani Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran N Mohammad Darvishmotevalli Research Center for Health, Safety and Environment (RCHSE), Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran Y 0000-0003-4587-517x 10.52547/jehe.8.3.292 Introduction: Legionella Pneumophila bacteria is known as one of the most important nosocomial infections and the most common cause of death in patients. This study was aimed to identify Legionella Pneumophila bacteria in hospital water supply systems. Material and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed to identify Legionella pneumophila in hot and cold-water systems of important and sensitive wards of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Divandareh city (neonatal, dialysis, obstetric, gynecological and men's surgery). A total of 60 samples were collected from these sections. Results: According to the results of this study, a total of 17 (28%) of all samples were infected by Legionella pneumophila bacteria in water supply systems including hot showers and cold water in neonatal, dialysis, delivery, surgery. gynecology and men's surgery wards were identified. Conclusion: Lack of proper water treatment system, low residual chlorine content, and presence of biofilm in water supply system and proper temperature range of growth with this bacterium could be the major causes of Legionella contamination in the studied hospital. Infection, Legionella, Hospital http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-857-en.html http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-857-en.pdf

Alborz University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2383-3211 2588-4239 8 3 2021 5 1 Development of a method for evaluating the environmental performance of ports based on the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) 301 313 FA Alijan Ali Akbari PhD Candidate in Environmental Management, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran N 0000-0001-8495-4837 Farzam Babaei Samiromi Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Management, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran Y 0000-0002-4463-7789 Reza Arjmandi Associated Professor, Department of Environmental Management, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran N Masoumeh Shojaei Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Parand Branch, Tehran, Iran N 10.52547/jehe.8.3.301 Background: Evaluating ports' environmental performance as one of the two main parts of the maritime transport system is of great importance. This study was designed and conducted to develop a method for evaluating ports' environmental performance based on the fuzzy analytical hierarchical process. Method: The present study was conducted in 2020 with the participation of 22 experts in the field of environment and marine sciences. The study steps included a comprehensive review of the literature, design of an environmental performance evaluation questionnaire, development of a questionnaire in a Delphi study, and a method for evaluating environmental performance in ports based on a fuzzy hierarchical analysis process. Results: Based on the results of the fuzzy analytical hierarchical process, the final normalized weight for six factors of environmental performance, including reactive performance, active performance, sustainability, socio-cultural, economic, and governance, were estimated to be 0.202, 0.241, 0.226, 0.070, 0.080 and 0.182 respectively. Besides, it was found that each of the parameters in the factors affecting the environmental performance has a different weight and impact. The highest and lowest effects on the environmental performance index in this study belonged to the environmental risk assessment parameters with a weight of 0.217 (active performance factor) and cultural and justice effects with a weight of 0.107 (socio-cultural factor). Conclusion: In this study, a novel method for evaluating ports' environmental performance has been developed based on 6 factors and 32 parameters, and the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process approach. Therefore, using this method can be a practical step towards improving the level of environmental performance in ports to achieve the goal of "green port." Environmental Performance, Environmental Impacts, Green Port, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Fuzzy Logic. http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-858-en.html http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-858-en.pdf

Alborz University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2383-3211 2588-4239 8 3 2021 5 1 Investigation and Comparison of physicochemical and microbiological parameters between compost and vermicompost producing through windrow method from aerobic digestion sludge of Hamedan wastewater treatment plant 314 328 FA Eisa Salami Naserian Ph.D. Candidate in Environmental Science, Department of the Environment, College of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran N 0000-0002-1457-5433 Mehrdad Cheraghi Ph.D. in Environmental Science, Associate Professor in Environmental Science, Department of the Environment, College of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran. Y 0000-0002-1457-5433 Bahareh Lorestani Ph.D. in Environmental Science, Associate Professor in Environmental Science, Department of the Environment, College of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran. N Soheil Sobhanardakani Ph.D. in Environmental Science, Professor in Environmental Science, Department of the Environment, College of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran N Maryam Kiani Sadr Ph.D. in Environmental Science, Assistant Professor in Environmental Science, Department of the Environment, College of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran. N 10.52547/jehe.8.3.314 Background & Objective: Compost production is a biological treatment process of organic solid wastes that are used to recovering and volume reducing waste and stabilization programs. The aim of this study was to compare physicochemical and microbiological parameters between compost and vermicompost producing through windrow method from aerobic digestion sludge of Hamedan wastewater treatment plant. Materials & Methods: By using the Windrow method, act to produce compost from the sludge of excreted bed of dryer sludge (lagoon) of Hamedan wastewater treatment plant and mixing with bulk materials. At the same time with this activity, vermicompost production from excreted sludge carried out by using Eisenia fetida for 15 weeks. All statistical analyses were done by SPSS software. Results: There is no significant difference in C/N ratio, pH, moisture, ash, organic matter and sodium parameters between compost and vermicompost, but there is a significant difference in Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb, Zn and temperature, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, total and fecal coliform parameters between compost and vermicompost producing from aerobic digestion sludge. Also, the average concentrations of heavy metals in both compost and vermicompost produced from aerobic digestion sludge were lower than the MPC established by EPA. Conclusion: Concentrations showed that Ni and Pb, C, N, P, Mg values and microbial population of fecal coliform in producing compost is more from vermicompost and Ni and Cu, Cd, Zn amounts and microbial population of total coliform in producing vermicompost is more from compost producing. Therefore, it is concluded that both compost fertilizers could be appropriate quality for agricultural and horticultural uses. Physicochemical and microbiological parameters, Solid waste, Wastewater sludge, Compost, Eisenia fetida http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-859-en.html http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-859-en.pdf

Alborz University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2383-3211 2588-4239 8 3 2021 5 1 Investigation of Ecological Risk (ER) and Available Ratio (AR) of some heavy metals in drill cutting of Ahvaz Oil Field in 2019 329 342 FA Zohre Lajmiri Orak Department of Environment, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran N 0000-0003-3645-7881 Sima Sabzalipour Department of Environment, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran Y 0000-0002-5583-0031 Ebrahim Panahpour Department of Soil Science, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran N Sina Attarroshan Department of Environment, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran N Haman Tavakkoli Department of Chemistry, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran N 10.52547/jehe.8.3.329   Background: Drill cutting is one of the largest volumes of waste generated in oil and gas exploration and production activities, which contain toxic substances, especially heavy metals, which are potentially harmful to the ecosystem. This study aimed to investigate the pollution indices, available ratio, and ecological risk of some heavy metals in the Drill cutting of the Ahvaz oil field in southwestern Iran. Methods: 30 samples of drill cutting were collected from 6 wells in 6 different depths (1250-2350 m), and there were sent to the laboratory. The total and available concentration of metals extracted by Aqua Regia method and by DTPA extracting solution and metals were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry(AAS). The soil chemical and physical parameters such as organic matter, EC, and pH were also measured. Results: The mean total concentration (Sr, Ba, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd) in the drill cutting samples studied 1212, 1413, 117.66, 209.83, 342.66, 2.36 mg/Kg, respectively and the available amounts of these elements 12.29, 0.50, 5.14, 14.71, 23.80 and 0.46 mg/kg were measured. The highest amount of enrichment factor 20.61 was related to Pb and the highest amount of pollution index 9.15 was related to Cd, respectively. The highest available ratio (26.40) was related to Cd. The environmental risk potential index (852.91) showed that drill cuttings have very high environmental potential risk. Also, there is a negative correlation between pH and the availability ratios of Pb, Cd, and Ba in drill cutting(p<0.05). Conclusion: The average values ​​of the potential ecological risk index (RI)  of the studied elements in the drill cutting of the Ahvaz oil field were in the range of very high environmental potential risk. The results obtained from the enrichment factor(EF) and the pollution index(PI) showed that the source of contamination of the studied metals is anthropogenic activities such as oil drilling activities in the study area. Therefore, continuous monitoring of the concentration of metal contaminants in the drill cuttings as well as the use of heavy metal stabilization methods in the drilled areas is essential. Heavy metals, Pollution factors, Ecological Risk Assessment http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-860-en.html http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-860-en.pdf