Alborz University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2383-3211 2588-4239 9 3 2022 6 1 Evaluation of Concentration of BTEX and PAHs and Its Effective Parameters in Gasoline Fuel Distribution Stations: A Case Study in Single Purpose Stations in Karaj 279 294 FA Mehdi alimohammadi PhD Student Department of Environment, Faculty of Agriculture and Basic Sciences, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran N 0000-0002-4551-7009 Azita Behbahaninia Assistant Professor, Department of Environment, Faculty of Agriculture and Basic Sciences, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran Y 0000-0002-6568-5560 Maryam farahani Assistant Professor, Department of Environment, Faculty of Agriculture and Basic Sciences, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran N Saeed Motahari Assistant Professor, Department of Environment, Faculty of Agriculture and Basic Sciences, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran N 10.61186/jehe.9.3.279 Background and Objective: One of the sources of emissions of BTEX and PAHs is fuel distribution stations in cities. This study aimed to evaluate and monitor the concentrations of BTEX and PAHs and the parameters affecting them in gasoline distribution stations in Karaj. Materials and Methods: Sampling was performed to determine the concentration of BTEX and PAHs and the parameters affecting it in the winter of 2020 from 5 fuel distribution stations in the morning, noon, evening, and night at intervals of zero, 50, and 100 meters. The standard method 1501 provided by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health was used to measure the concentration of BTEX compounds, and the TO-17 EPA standard method was used to measure PAHs. Dwyer measured temperature and humidity at the sampling points. Results: Most of the BTEX concentration values ​​were related to the fuel station in the city center. The concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene at zero distance from the source in the morning were 133, 311, 207, and 266 μg.m-3, respectively (maximum concentration compared to other times). The minimum concentration was determined at night. The benzene concentration in all the studied sites was higher than the environmental permissible limits. There was a significant relationship between BTEX concentration and site location, the time interval during the day, distance from the site, and psychometric parameters such as temperature and humidity. Conclusion: Benzene concentration was higher than the environmental allowable limit in all stations. Climatic parameters and the variables of population density, location, distance from the place of release, and time interval were effective parameters in the exposure rate. Therefore, by controlling the above variables, a practical step can be taken to plan control measures and reduce the emission of these pollutants. Also, the present study's findings can help predict daily changes in the concentration of these compounds in different parts of the city and determine the points and times with a high probability of exposure. BTEX, PAHs, Fuel Station, Environment, http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-938-en.html http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-938-en.pdf

Alborz University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2383-3211 2588-4239 9 3 2022 6 1 Investigating the Effectiveness of Different Disinfectants in Removing the Coronavirus: A Review Study 295 312 FA Maryam Nouri Goushki Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran N 0000-0001-5547-0059 Majid Nozari Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Y 0000-0003-2319-1930 10.61186/jehe.9.3.295 Viral infections have caused various diseases and deaths worldwide. In recent years, the emergence of the coronavirus has caused severe respiratory tract infections and led to a global concern. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of various disinfectants that have been used to control the coronavirus. Methods: The present study is a systematic review. Data was collected through searching articles in databases, including Springer, Google Scholar, Prospero, Cochrane, ISI, Scopus, Embase, PubMed, and DOAJ. After searching and collecting articles related to the goal, the articles were categorized. The required data were extracted and finally analyzed. Results: The review of various studies showed that the coronavirus could remain infectious on inanimate surfaces for 9 days. Also, some studies have reported the presence of the coronavirus in feces. The articles' findings revealed that the coronavirus infectivity on surfaces is reduced by 62-71% ethanol, 0.5% hydrogen peroxide, and 0.1% sodium hypochlorite at 1 min. Also, the coronavirus in septic tank wastewater is inactivated by 800 to 6700 g/m3 of sodium hypochlorite at a contact time of 1.5 hours. In addition, the coronavirus in air aerosols is reduced under UVC radiation by 5 logs at 4 to 9 seconds. Conclusion: Effective drugs and vaccines have been made for the covid-19 disease to date. However, due to the unexpected mutations of the coronavirus, identifying disinfectants effective in removing different strains of the coronavirus from different surfaces and environments can be a suitable measure to prevent the spread of the covid-19 disease. Disinfectants, Disinfection, Coronavirus, Covid-19, Wastewater, Metals nanoparticle http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-939-en.html http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-939-en.pdf

Alborz University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2383-3211 2588-4239 9 3 2022 6 1 Health Risk Assessment of Metals in Street Dust of Karaj City in 2018 313 332 FA Rokhsareh Azimi-Yancheshmeh Ph.D. in Environmental Science, Environmental pollutions Expert of Department of Environment, Tehran, Iran Y 0000-0002-9841-7730 Mazaher Moeinaddini Ph.D. in Environmental science, Associate Professor, Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran N Sohrab Mazloomi Ph.D. in Environmental Science, Coastal ecosystems Expert of Department of Environment, Tehran, Iran N Sadat Feyz Nia Ph.D. in Geology, Retired Professor, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran N Reza Shahbazi Ph.D. in Natural Resources, Researcher in Geological Survey & Mineral Explorations of Iran (GSI), Tehran, Iran N 10.61186/jehe.9.3.313 Background: In the last two decades, air pollution has become a serious problem, leading to a variety of harmful health effects. Street dust is a complex combination of pollutants from different sources, which can be a good indicator of air quality in the urban environment. So, this study was conducted to assess the health risk of toxic metals associated with street dust and identify their emission sources. Materials and Method: Dust samples were collected from three high-traffic districts in Karaj. After acid digestion, Cu, Zn, Cr, Mn, Ni, Ca, Ba, Sr, Li, Ti, Na, Mg, K, Fe, Al and V were measured using ICP-OES and Cd, Co, W and Pb were measured using ICP-MS. Results: The results of the measurement of elements in the street dust of Karaj indicated that compared to the amounts of elements in the earth's crust, the concentration (mg/kg) of Cd (X =0.9), Zn (X =479.15), Cu (X =159.37) and Pb (X =113.57) were at a very high level and the concentration (mg/kg) of Ni (X =69.36), Cr (X =93.96), Co (X =21.06), W (X =5.73) and Ca (X =75900) were at a relatively high level. In contrast, the concentrations of other elements (Ba, Mn, V, Sr, Ti, Li, Mg, Na, Ka, Fe, and Al) were in the range of values found in the earth's crust. Cluster analysis showed that Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Co, and Ca were mainly caused by anthropogenic activities, while other studied metals were associated with natural sources. Ingestion of dust particles was the main exposure pathway of toxic metals for both adults and children in Karaj. The Hazard Index (HI) in the children was higher than the adults, but it was lower than the safe level (HI≤1) in the both groups. Co, Cr and Cd had the highest carcinogenic risk among the studied metals. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that the street dust of Karaj is highly contaminated with toxic metals that long-term exposure with them can cause harmful effects, especially in children. Therefore, continuous monitoring of metal pollutants especially Co, Cr and Cd is recommended. Metals, Health risk, Street dust, Karaj http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-940-en.html http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-940-en.pdf

Alborz University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2383-3211 2588-4239 9 3 2022 6 1 Health Risk Assessment: A Case Study In One of the Adhesives Manufacturing Industries of Alborz Province in 2020 333 348 FA Seyedeh Azar Mousavi fard 1Assistant Professor, Department of safety and Occupational Health engineering, School of health, alborz university of medical science, Alborz, Iran-Assistant Professor, Research Center for Health, Safety and Environment, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran N 0000-0003-0806-4191 Mozghan Ardestani Msc in occupational health,Nestle iran SSHE manager,Ghazvin, Iran N Seyedeh Fatemeh Mousavi kia BS in safety and Occupational Health engineering, Khorram Abad health center, Lorestan university of medical science, Lorestan, N Fatemeh Zarei Msc in occupational health, school of health, alborz university of medical science, Alborz, Iran Y 0000-0002-3433-2578 10.61186/jehe.9.3.333 Background & Objective: Adhesive industry workers exposed to different harmful agents. Unfortunately, working conditions and related health issues have not improved. Therefore, a comprehensive risk assessment program seems necessary to identify the risk factors and tasks. Accordingly, this study was conducted to assess the health risk in one of the adhesive industries. Materials & Methods: The cross-sectional case study was conducted in 2020 in an adhesive production and packaging industry. A total of 68 people were working in various parts. The instrument studied was the method provided by the Ministry of Human Resources of the Malaysian Department of Occupational Safety and Health and a sample of health risk assessment in the oil and gas industry. Result: Based on the results of this study, 24 chemical risks and 74 non-chemical risks identified and evaluated. The chemical risk assessment showed that 69.56% (16 people) were exposed to low and insignificant risk levels, 26.1% (6 people) with medium risk levels and 4.34% (1 person) with high-risk levels. The highest level of chemical hazards risk (risk degree = 3.87) is assigned to the tape printing unit and the job of the tape printing operator. Released toluene in this job is a significant factor in this level of risk. After toluene, benzene and methylene chloride had the highest risk. Among the non-chemical risks studied, ergonomic health risk was the priority, and the warehouse worker had the highest level of risk. Conclusion: Although, there is no very high level of health risk (requiring immediate action). However, we may see adverse health effects on employees' health in the future, due to the chemical nature of the materials used and the synergistic effects between these materials and other harmful factors (such as sound). Risk assessment, Health risk assessment, Adhesives, Industry http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-941-en.html http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-941-en.pdf

Alborz University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2383-3211 2588-4239 9 3 2022 6 1 Pollution and Potential Ecological Risk Assessment of Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni in Surface Soils Along some Roads of City of Hamedan 349 364 FA Nayereh Sadat Hosseini PhD. in Environmental Science, Department of the Environment, College of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran N 0000-0002-8062-2728 Soheil Sobhanardakani Ph.D. in Environmental Science, Professor in Environmental Science, Department of the Environment, College of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran. Y 0000-0002-6038-0514 10.61186/jehe.9.3.349 Background & Objective: The road traffic has become one of the main sources of metal pollution and could affect roadside soils. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the pollution and toxicity potential of Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni in surface soils along some roads of city of Hamedan in 2019. Materials & Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, a total of 63 surface soil samples were collected along 700 m of a 9 km section of Goltepe, Razan and Kermanshah roads. After samples preparation, Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni contents were determined using ICP-OES. The enrichment factor (EF), mean effect range-median quotient (mERM-Q), mean probable effect level quotient (mPEL-Q) and cumulative potential ecological risk (RI) indices were also calculated. Also, all statistical analyses of the obtained data were performed using SPSS software. Results: The results showed that the maximum mean contents of Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni in the soil samples with 26.4, 0.320, 17.3 and 22.2 mg/kg, respectively, were found to be in Kermanshah, Razan, Razan and Kermanshah sampling sites (i.e. the sites with high vehicle traffic), indicaing the effect of traffic volume. The mean EF values of Pb, Cr and Ni were higher than 1.50, showed that soil samples could be classified as 'moderate' to 'severe' category in the sampling sites with high traffic volume (i.e. Razan and Kermanshah) which represents the effect of traffic emmissions on the soil contamination, while for all the sampling sites the mean EF values for Cd indicated that soil samples could be classified as 'non-contaminated' or 'no enrichment' matrices. Also, the mean values of mERM-Q and mPEL-Q of analyzed elements indicated that the elemental probability toxicity of soil samples was 21%. On the other hand, the values of Er showed a 'low ecological risk' of all analyzed elements. Also, the average values of potential ecological risk factor increase in the following descending order: Cd > Ni > Pb > Cr. Besides, the average value of RI with 31.9 indicating that the analyzed elements in all the sampling sites were classified as 'low ecological risk'. Conclusion: Although the average values of RI were shown the acceptable soil quality in all the sampling sites, Cd with 82.4% of the mean values of RI showed significant potential to occurrence the ecological risk; therefore, therefore, source identification and especially source control of this toxic element with potentially adverse effects on humans and also environmental health is recommended. Soil contamination, Potential risk, Toxicity, Enrichment factor, Traffic http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-942-en.html http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-942-en.pdf

Alborz University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2383-3211 2588-4239 9 3 2022 6 1 Investigating the Performance of Peroxymonosulfate to 4-Chlorophenol removal from Aqueous Solutions in the Presence of Manganese-containing Catalyst 365 376 FA Sobhan Ghanbari Student Research Committee, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran-School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran N 0000-0002-1348-0758 Ali Fatehizadeh School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran-Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran N Ensiyeh Taheri School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran-Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Y 0000-0003-3794-4147 10.61186/jehe.9.3.365 background and objective: Advanced oxidation processes based on peroxymonosulfate (PMS) have shown significant potential for the degradation of hazardous organic pollutants in wastewater. Manganese compounds are considered as environmentally friendly and desirable catalysts for PMS activation. In this study, MnOOH catalyst was synthesized in laboratory and used as a PMS activator to remove 4-chlorophenol (4-CP), which is one of the most important derivatives of the chlorophenol family. Materials and Methods: effective operational parameters including MnOOH dose (0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.5 g/L), PMS dose (0.2, 1, 2, and 4 mmol), initial 4-chlorophenol concentration (25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/L) and the initial pH of the reaction solution (3, 5, 7, 9, and 11) on the 4-CP removal efficiency were studied. Also, the effect of coexisting anions (bromide (Brˉ) and phosphate (PO43ˉ)) and humic acid was studied in order to identify how the process works in different conditions. Finally, the catalyst reusability experiment was carried out in order to determine the stability and reusability of the MnOOH. Results: The results showed that the best performance of PMS/MnOOH process (4-chlorophenol degradation efficiency equal to 94.88%) is obtained in neutral pH conditions, PMS dose equal to 2 mmol and MnOOH dose equal to 0.3 g/L. in the presence of phosphate, the degradation efficiency of 4-chlorophenol in PMS/MnOOH was significantly decreased. Also, MnOOH showed acceptable stability in reusability tests. Conclusion: Advanced oxidation process of PMS/MnOOH as a powerful, sustainable and environmentally friendly system can be used in the treatment of wastewater containing phenolic compounds, especially 4-chlorophenol. 4-Chlorophenol, Peroxymonosulfate, MnOOH http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-943-en.html http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-943-en.pdf

Alborz University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2383-3211 2588-4239 9 3 2022 6 1 Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling of Benzene, Toluene, Xylene, and Ethyl Benzene Output from the Automotive Industries and Determining Ozone Formation Potential (Case Study of Saipa) 377 398 FA Soudabe Naghdi PhD student in Environmental Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Research Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran N 0000-0001-5932-3355 Mohsen Mirmohammadi Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran Iran Y 0000-0002-6734-7426 Hassan Karimzadegan Associate Professor Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Islamic Azad University Lahijan Campus, Lahijan, Iran N Jamal Ghodusi Visiting Professor, Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Tehran, Iran N 10.61186/jehe.9.3.377 automotive industries are one of the important sources of chemical pollutants in the air through the use of solvents in painting process. The purpose of this study is to investigate the distribution of benzene, toluene, xylene and Etil benzene from the output of Saipa automotive industry and determining the ozone formation potential in the surrounding areas. Methods: In this study, after monthly sampling pollutants the concentrations of pollutants from Saipa plant chimneys using USEPA method31, during 2021, the distribution of pollutants was performed for annual period in Saipa and surrounding area using AERMOD and ozone formation potential was calculated using Carter 's way. Sampling pollutants in ambient environment was performed daily for validation and evaluation of the results of the model’s output Results:  result showed that the maximum BTEX concentration was 3631.76 µg/m3 in 515725.71 and 3953590.95 in Saipa campus and minimum one was in KHADIJE park located in north west of Saipa, validation result showed that in all pollutants FB and NMSE is lower than 0.5 and there is good correlation between ambient sampling pollutants and model results, maximum ozone formation potential was in Saipa campus while minimum OFP occurred in KHADIJEH park. Conclusion: BTEX compounds have an impact on the quality of air in the area around the Saipa auto group as well as the negative effects of health. The cumulative effects of different industries in the region can reduce air quality and possibly increase health risks in communities around the automotive group Automotive industry, air pollution, Aromatic hydrocarbon, tropospheric ozone http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-944-en.html http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-944-en.pdf

Alborz University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2383-3211 2588-4239 9 3 2022 6 1 Phytoremediation to Remove ethylbenzene from Contaminated Media 399 416 FA Soheila Alizadeh Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran N 0000-0002-4982-3767 Majid Hashemi Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Y 0000-0003-3254-2296 10.61186/jehe.9.3.399 Background and Aim: Ethyl benzene is an environmental pollutant that is produced from various sources and can pollute water, soil, and air. There are several ways to clean this pollutant from the environment. Phytoremediation is a suitable method for removing environmental pollutants due to its environmentally friendly nature and cost-effectiveness. The present study is a review of previous studies on the phytoremediation of ethylbenzene in literature from Medline, Web of Science, ProQuest, Scopus, and PubMed databases. Methods: In the initial search, a total of 45 articles were found in the period 2009 to 2022, and in the first screening stage, the title and abstract of the articles were reviewed simultaneously, leaving 26 articles at the end of this stage. The full text of 8 articles was reviewed and 3 of them remained. Finally, out of 45 articles, 29 articles remained. After removing the duplicates, 12 related articles were registered. Our criteria for selecting articles was the use of a live plant to purify ethylbenzene from the environment by various phytoremediation methods. Findings and Conclusions: Studies showed that plants can remove ethyl benzene from various environments of water, air, and soil. Removal of airborne ethylbenzene through plant leaves is one of the most important phytoremediation applications of ethylbenzene. In phytoremediation, the effect of microorganisms on plants should not be ignored. They can increase phytoremediation efficiency; however, the use of some species may be ineffective or even hurt phytoremediation. In addition to bacteria, the effect of some fungi has also been observed in the absorption of ethylbenzene from the microcrystalline zone, which increases the plant's ability to absorb. Phytoremediation can be a good option to remove ethylbenzene pollution from the environment, especially the gaseous form of this pollutant in closed environments. Microorganisms can be used to help increase the efficiency of this method. Ethylbenzene, Phytoremediation, Air, Water, Soil http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-945-en.html http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-945-en.pdf