Alborz University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2383-3211 2588-4239 2 3 2015 6 1 Survey Removal Efficiency of Cadmium from Aqueous Solutions Using Commercial Aluminum nano oxide: Kinetic Study of the Equilibrium 166 176 FA Mehdi Ebrahimi N Mehrdad Farrokhi Y Kamran Taghavi N Mehdi Shirzad Siboni N 10.18869/acadpub.jehe.2.3.166 Background: Human activities often diffuse heavy metal to the environment, which bring hazards up for human health when the concentration of these metals reaches high levels. The purpose of this study is evaluation effect of aluminum oxide Nano particles on cadmium removal from aquatic environment. Methods: This is a fundamental applied study which has been performed in order to investigation cadmium removal by using gamma aluminum nano oxide commercially prepared. In present study effects of pH, nano aluminum oxide concentration, initial concentration of cadmium, and contact time on kinetics and adsorption isotherm of cadmium by gamma Nano aluminum oxide were studied. Results: The results of experiments showed that cadmium ion had maximum adsorption over nano aluminum oxide on pH=3. Also by increasing adsorbent dose, adsorption efficiency was increased as by addition nano aluminum oxide from 0.5 g up to 4 g, the adsorption efficiency reached to 33%. By increasing cadmium initial concentration from 5 to 10 mg, removal efficiency was decreased from 29% to 25%. However the best time for adsorption was obtained at 60 minutes and the remaining time had no more effect on the removal efficiency. Data related to isotherm test for nano aluminum oxide has more conformity with Freundlich isotherm model (R2=0.9998). The results of cadmium adsorption kinetic showed that nano aluminum oxide has followed second order kinetic model (R2=0.9879). Conclusion: Nano Gamma-aluminum oxide adsorbent can introduce as an adsorbent for removal of cadmium from aquatic environment. Adsorption, Cadmium, Nano Aluminum Oxide, Al2O3 http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-170-en.html http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-170-en.pdf

Alborz University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2383-3211 2588-4239 2 3 2015 6 1 Survey the Waste Management of Qom City in 2014 177 185 FA Mahdi Farzadkia N Hossein Azari Y Ehsan Ahmadi N Babak Kakavandi N Emad Dehghanifard N Shahram Nazari N 10.18869/acadpub.jehe.2.3.177 Background and objectives: Lack of proper management, increasing waste production and non-normative disposal of waste in addition to misspend the national capital, cause loss of precious natural resources. To address this problem we need a coherent and dynamic management program. The goal of this project is to reduce environmental pollution, cost saving, promoting citizen participation, revenue and reduce land loss. Methods: In this study, check lists, interviews and field report were used to collect data at period of one year. To determine the waste components, sampling technique was used then sampling data was imported into Excel software and was analyzed. Results: At the beginning of the project, the average per capita of generated waste was 580 g/day and at the end of the project will 660 g/day. The waste materials determined as %66.8 putrescible, %4.3 paper and cardboard, %7.2 plastic, %2.3 glass, %2 textiles, %0.2 metals, %1.6 wood, and also, hospital waste was equal to 4400 Kg. According to estimates made annual cost of solid waste management services per capita in Qom is 70 Rial and the cost of collection, transportation, separation and disposal of garbage for every Kilogram per day is 280 Rial. Conclusion: Amount of waste per capita in Qom was less than of Tehran, Delijan and Mallayer cities, and more than Esfahan and Kashan cities. Hospital waste was desirable as compared to the average of Iran. Waste Management, Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis, Solid Waste, Qom City http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-171-en.html http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-171-en.pdf

Alborz University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2383-3211 2588-4239 2 3 2015 6 1 Application of Statistical Model in Wastewater Treatment Process Modeling Using Data Analysis 186 194 FA Alireza Raygan Shirazinezhad N Morteza Zare N Fahime Zare N Mohammad Mehdi Baneshi Y Soheila Rezaei N 10.18869/acadpub.jehe.2.3.186 Background: Wastewater treatment includes very complex and interrelated physical, chemical and biological processes which using data analysis techniques can be rigorously modeled by a non-complex mathematical calculation models. Materials and Methods: In this study, data on wastewater treatment processes from water and wastewater company of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad were used. A total of 3306 data for COD, TSS, PH and turbidity were collected, then analyzed by SPSS-16 software (descriptive statistics) and data analysis IBM SPSS Modeler 14.2, through 9 algorithm. Results: According to the results on logistic regression algorithms, neural networks, Bayesian networks, discriminant analysis, decision tree C5, tree C & R, CHAID, QUEST and SVM had accuracy precision of 90.16, 94.17, 81.37, 70.48, 97.89, 96.56, 96.46, 96.84 and 88.92, respectively. Discussion and conclusion: The C5 algorithm as the best and most applicable algorithms for modeling of wastewater treatment processes were chosen carefully with accuracy of 97.899 and the most influential variables in this model were PH, COD, TSS and turbidity. Wastewater Treatment Process Modeling, Data Analyzing, Classification, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-172-en.html http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-172-en.pdf

Alborz University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2383-3211 2588-4239 2 3 2015 6 1 Investigation of Heterognous Fenton with nZVI Perfomance in Dimethylphthalate Removal from Aqueous Solutions 195 197 FA Ali Reza Rahmani N Mohammad Taghi Samadi N Reza Shokoohi N Hassan Zolghadr Nasab Y 10.18869/acadpub.jehe.2.3.195 Background and purpose: Stability of new synthetic compounds such as Dimethyl phthalate increased their concentration in the environment and food chain and caused health risks. Therefore, achieve effective and efficient methods to removal of pollutants are one of the environmental researchers concern. This study investigates efficiency of heterognous Fenton process using  nZVI in dimethylphthalate removal from aqueous solutions. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was conducted in batch reactor in laboratory scale and the efficiency of heterognous Fenton process was analyzed in a batch system with the effect of changes in operating parameters such as reaction time (15 to 120 min), pH (2 to10), H2O2 concentration (0.01 to 1 mmol/L), nZVI dose (0.01 to 0.5 mg/L) and initial concentration of Dimethyl phthalate (2 – 50 mg /L). Then the effect of each heterogeneous Fenton regent in dimethyl phthalateremoval was determined. Results: The results showed that the maximum efficiency of heterognous Fenton process in removal of Dimethyl phthalate is at pH=4. Also in optimal conditions, the parameters affecting reaction was determined  as H2O2 concentration 0.1 mmol/L, nZVI dose 0.05 gr/L, Dimethyl phthalate concentration 2 mg/L and 120 minute, amount of Dimethyl phthalate removal was 92.8%. Conclusion: According to the results, heterognous Fenton process using  nZVI has an optimal efficiency in removal of Dimethyl phthalate from aquatic solutions and can be considered as an acceptable and low Cost method for the removal of similar compounds. Dimethyl phthalate, Heterogeneous Fenton, Nanoscale zero-valent iron, Aqueous solutions http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-173-en.html http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-173-en.pdf

Alborz University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2383-3211 2588-4239 2 3 2015 6 1 Evaluation of the Removal of 2،4 Dichlorophenol by Chitosan from Aqueous Solutions 198 210 FA Mehdi Salari N Fazlollah Changani Y Mohamad Darvish Motevali N Saeed Akbari N 10.18869/acadpub.jehe.2.3.198 Background: 2،4 dichlorophenol (DCP), one of the most chlorophenol compounds family with highly toxic effect, exists in agricultural areas, chlorinated waters, discharging wastewater of pulp industries and paper factories. Chlorophenols can cause damages to the kidneys, liver, pancreas and weaken the central nervous system (CNS). In the current study we would evaluate the adsorption of DCP by chitosan in aqueous environments. Materials and Methods: In this study we evaluated the effect of operational parameters such as time (15-90min), pH values (3-9), initial concentration of DCP(15-100mg/l)and the dose of chitosan (0.1-0.9g) in a batch reactor. A spectrophotometer at wavelength of 280nm was used to measure the concentration of DCP. Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models and Pseudo-first order kinetic models and Pseudo-second-order kinetic was drawn by using of the results obtained in the absorption process. Results: Equilibrium time in the adsorbtion process was estimated to be 75 minutes (DCP Concentration- 15mg/l, Chitosan Concentration – 0.5g and pH- 6.5) with 76% removal efficiency. PH=3 was calculated as the optimal PH in absorption process (DCP Concentration- 15mg/l, Chitosan Concentration- 0.5g and Time Equilibrium-75 min) with efficiency 79% and the value of efficiency decreased by increasing PH. In 15 mg/l concentration of DCP maximum adsorption with an efficiency of 79% was observed. (Chitosan Concentration – 0.5g, Time Equilibrium -75 min and pH-3) and the maximum 87% adsorption efficiency of DCP was observed at the 0.08mg/l absorbent dose of chitosan. (DCP Concentration - 15mg/l, time equilibrium-75 min and pH=3). Adsorption process follows of Freundlich isotherm with correlation coefficient of 0.9599 and the pseudo second order kinetic model with correlation coefficient of 0.9649. Conclusion: According to results of the study, chitosan can be used to remove of DCP from industrial wastewater due to of its perfect characteristics such as biodegradability, resurgent ability, low cost and adsorption acceptable efficiency. 2,4 dichlorophenol, Chitosan, Industrial Wastewater, Absorption process http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-174-en.html http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-174-en.pdf

Alborz University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2383-3211 2588-4239 2 3 2015 6 1 Compost Management in Iran: Opportunities and Challenges 211 223 FA Mahdi Farzadkia N Sevda Fallah Jokandan N Mojtaba Yegane Badi Y 10.18869/acadpub.jehe.2.3.211 Background: According to report of the World Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), between 33 to 60 percent increase in agricultural production in the world due to the use of chemical fertilizers. Negative effects of fertilizers on the environment and health of living organisms, especially humans, has encountered the country whit challenges such as increasing the number of cancer. Therefore, it is necessary to replace chemical fertilizers whit biofertilizers such as compost. Compost Causes increases in productivity and controls soil erosion. Methods: In order to achieve the objectives of the research, literature review was conducted and to investigate the status of chemical fertilizers and compost in Iran and developed countries through internal and external databases, documents were collected. Results: Use of fertilizers in Europe forecasted to decline 16 million tons in 2030, while in the Iran, rate of fertilizer forecast increases to 6700 thousand tons in 2020. Total supply of compost in the country is 164 thousand tons in 2009 and will be to 590 thousand tons in 2016. The total demand is 472 thousand tons in 2009 and will be to 661 thousand tons in 2016. This indicates that there is 71 thousand tons deficiency in the supply until 2016. Conclusion: Use more of compost in the country, need to a multi-faceted management issue that Ministries, municipalities and recycle of organizations must be working together. Therefore necessary awareness aboute the adverse effects of indiscriminate use of fertilizers and also promote the use compost, in addition to reducing the use of chemical fertilizers, will be cause more demand for consumption of compost. Compost, Fertilizer, Waste Management, Iran http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-175-en.html http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-175-en.pdf

Alborz University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2383-3211 2588-4239 2 3 2015 6 1 Investigation of Pb(II) Removal from Synthetic Wastewater by Using Azolla Filiculoides Biomass 224 237 FA Davoud Balarak Y Edris Bazrafshan N Ferdos Kord Mostafapour N 10.18869/acadpub.jehe.2.3.224 Background and Aim: Discharge of industrial wastewater containing Pb into the environment can have harmful effects in the live organisms. Therefore, Pb must be removed from polluted water using an effective method before being discharged into the environment. The purpose of the present study was to examine Pb removal using alga Azolla biomass. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, removal of Pb(II) was performed using Azolla biomass considering changes in time, pH, adsorbent dose, initial concentration of Pb and mixing speed. Experiments were performed in batch reactor in flasks on Shaker. , Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used for Pb determination. All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the mean removal percent was reported. Finally, biosorption kinetic and equilibrium isotherms of adsorbent was investigated. Results: It was found that the higher removal efficiency of Pb occurred in pH 6 and aoptimum dsorbent dose 7 g/L. With increase in the initial concentration of Pb, removal efficincy decreased and with increasing of contact time and mixing speed,efficincy increased. Data also showed that the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo second-order kinetic are compliance. Conclusion: Azolla biomass is an efficient and low-cost adsorbent for removing of Pb (II) from water and wastewater. Synthetic Wastewater, Isotherm Adsorption, Pb (II), Azolla biomass http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-176-en.html http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-176-en.pdf

Alborz University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2383-3211 2588-4239 2 3 2015 6 1 Investigation of Fluoride Removal Efficiency from Aqueous Solution by Pistachio and Almonds Crust 238 248 FA Maryam Khodadadi N Amir Hossein Mahvi N Hossien Vazieni N Rasoul Khosravi N Hadigheh Dorri N Mohammad Hossien Saghi Y 10.18869/acadpub.jehe.2.3.238 Introduction: Fluoride and its compounds are widely used in industries and then through effluent are released into the environment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate Efficiency of low cost adsorbents (pistachios coal) in the removal of fluoride from aqueous solutions.  Methods: For the preparation of adsorbent, crust of pistachios deride, then washed with distilled water, then powder in the furnace for burning for 2 hours at temperatures of 500, 600, and 700 °C. The effect of changing pH, burning temperature of adsorbent, stirring speed, initial concentration of fluoride, retention time and adsorbent dose was studied. Concentration of fluoride measured according to standard method using spectrophotometer the data were analyzed using Excel software. Results: The results of these experiments showed that the burning adsorbent, temperature 500 ° C, PH of solution in the neutral range (pH = 7), adsorbent dose of 2 g/L for absorbing almonds and adsorbent dose of 3 g pistachio, contact time of 40 minutes for both adsorbent, initial fluoride concentration (5ppm) for both absorbent without mixing, the optimal conditions for the efficiency of the absorber is as much as 90-80 percent. Discussion: According to the results, pistachio coal can be used with high efficiency for fluoride removal.  Pistachio coal, Fluoride, Aquatic environments, Adsorbent http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-177-en.html http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-177-en.pdf