Alborz University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2383-3211 1 4 2014 9 1 Comparison of the Performance of Corn Starch Coagulant Aid Accompany with Alum, Polyaluminum Chloride and Ferric Chloride Coagulants in Turbidity Removal from Water 248 258 FA Leila Mosleh Department of Environmental Pollutant, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Seyed Hossein Seyed Hossein Department of Environmental Pollutant, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Reza Deihim Fard Korous Khoshbakht Department of Environmental Pollutant, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Afsane Shahbazi Department of Environmental Pollutant, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Background: The most important process in water treatment plant is coagulation and flocculation. Regular chemical coagulant which used in Iran are aluminum sulfate (Alum) and ferric chloride. Chemical coagulants have hazardous effect on human health and their cost is high for developing country. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the comparison of chemical coagulants accompany with corn starch as a coagulant aid, for the turbidity removal from water. Methods: This study was accomplished in pilot-scale with synthetic turbid water using clay. In this research, initial turbidity of 250 and 500 NTU was experimented. Chemical coagulant dose during the experiment was 1, 2 and 5 ppm and natural coagulant dose was 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 ppm. Results: The results showed that maximum removal efficiency of turbidity in initial turbidity of 250 NTU belonged to poly aluminum chloride with 5 ppm dosage and corn starch with 0.7 ppm dosage which removed and reduced the initial turbidity to 98.48% and 3.73 NTU, respectively. Moreover, in initial turbidity of 500 NTU the maximum removal efficiency was 98.52% which belonged to ferric chloride and corn starch (5 and 0.7 ppm respectively) and reduced the initial turbidity to 7.4 NTU. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that using natural coagulant aid reduce the chemical coagulant consumption, and also does not have significant effect on pH range and reduce the health risks. While huge amount of required polyelectrolytes for water treatment plant imported to the country and the production of corn starch in our country is high, it is hope that the results of this project can be used in industrial scale.

Alborz University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2383-3211 1 4 2014 9 1 Removal of 2,4 Di-Chlorophenol Using Persulfate Activated with Ultrasound from Aqueous Solutions 259 270 FA Abdolmotaleb Seid Mohammadi Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Ghorban Asgari Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Halime Almasi Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Background: Chlorophenols are an abundant class of xenobiotic compounds which is excessively available in industrial effluent which are resist to biological degradation and stable in the environment for exceptionally long periods of time. Therefore, the removal of 2,4 di-chlorophenol (2,4 DCP) from aqueous solutions is recommended due to its toxicity and health risks. Methods: In this study, the removal of 2,4 DCP using persulfate activated with ultrasonic waves in frequency of 40 kHz was studied. The effects of operational parameters such as pH of solution (3-10), initial concentration of 2,4 DCP (50- 100mg/L), the amount of persulfate concentration (1-5 mM) and different ionic strength in different contact time were investigated. Results: Results of the study indicated that the 2,4 DCP removal rate was influenced by operational parameters such as pH of solutions, persulfate concentration, contact time and initial concentration of 2,4 DCP and is not related to ionic strength in different amount. The optimal conditions were achieved in pH=3, persulfate concentration of 4 mM and initial concentration of 50mg/L of th organic matter which more than 95% of 2,4 DCP was removed in 60 min. Conclusion: The result of this study indicated that combined ultrasonic and persulfate process in optimal conditions, as a acceptable alternative, can be used as an alternative technology for treatment of various industrial wastewater contained 2,4 DCP.

Alborz University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2383-3211 1 4 2014 9 1 The Efficiency of Residues of Rosa Damasena Powder in Removing Reactive Red 198 Dye from Synthetic Textile Effluent 271 280 FA Mohammad Miri Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Reza Ali Fallahzadeh Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Mohammad Taghi Ghaneian Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Maryam Gholami Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Abarkouh Paramedical school, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Rana Mahdavifar Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran Ali Reza Shahriyari Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran Background: Reactive dyes have extensively been used in textile industries, the effluence of the waste containing such dyes into water resources can pose hazardous effects on the environment and to the human health because of their carcinogenic, mutagenic, allergenic and toxic nature. The present research was performed to study the efficiency of residues of Rosa Damasena powder in removing Reactive red 198 dye from aqueous solutions. Methods: In the present experimental study, effects of various operating parameters such as pH (4-10), initial concentration of dye (25 and 50 mg/L), contact time (15-180 mines) and adsorbent dosage (0.2-0.6 g/L) were investigated. Results: Result showed that maximum adsorption capacity of the residues of Rosa Damasena powder was 5.19 mg/g at pH 4, contact time of 120 min and adsorbent dosage of 0.4 g/L. Besides, the equilibrium data were also fitted into the Langmuir and Freundlich equilibrium isotherm models which the data better fitted with Freundlich (R2=0.913) model than Langmuir's (R2=0.825). Conclusion: According to results of the present study, it was found that residues of Rosa damasena powder has a high capacity to remove Reactive red 198 dye from aqueous solutions and textile industry wastewater.

Alborz University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2383-3211 1 4 2014 9 1 Dispersion Modeling of CO with AERMOD in South Pars fourth Gas Refinery 281 292 FA Farideh Atabi Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of the Environment and Energy, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Farzaneh Jafarigol Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of the Environment and Energy, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Mahmoudreza Momeni Vehicle, Fuel and Environment Research Institute, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Salimian Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Gholamreza Bahmannia 4th Gas Plant -South Pars Gas Complex (SPGC), Asaluyeh, Bushehr, Khozestan, Iran Background: Air quality modeling can be considered as a useful tool to predict air quality in future and determine the control strategies of emissions abatement. In this study, AERMOD dispersion model has been applied as a tool for the analysis of the values of CO emissions from the stacks and flares of South Pars fourth Gas Refinery located in Asaluyeh. Methods: First, the values of CO  emissions from the refinery's stacks and flares were investigated by measurement and using the emission factors in four seasons of 2013. Then, dispersion of pollutants was predicted by using the AERMOD model in the region with area of 10×10 km2  in each direction of x and y, in average times of 1, 3, 8, 24-hours and for the annual statistical period. Then the predicted and field measurement values in 9 receptors have been compared. Results: Statistical evaluation showed that the correlation coefficient values for CO were 0.85 in spring, 0.89 in summer, 0.96 in fall, and 0.95 in winter. The maximum concentration of CO was occurred in local scale of 10×10 km2. Conclusion: Comparison of maximum 1-hour and 8-hour concentrations of the predicted results with the national and international standards showed that CO concentration is higher than standard values. In total, according to the evaluation of the predictions made, the performance of AERMOD model was acceptable in prediction of CO concentrations in the study area.

Alborz University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2383-3211 1 4 2014 9 1 The Relationship between Hardness of Drinking Water with High Blood Pressure Over 30 Years in Rural Population of Divandarreh City in 2014 293 300 FA Adel Zahraei Department of Disease Control, Health Center of Divandarah city, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Sanandaj, Iran Sayed Mehdi Ghasemi Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Health Center of Sari city, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Maryam Moradniya Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Qazvin, Iran Kamaladdin Karimyan Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Health Center of Divandarah city, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Sanandaj, Iran drinking water and the reduction in the risk of blood pressure (P value<0.05). Also, the results showed that the degree of correlation (R) between the two variables for drinking water hardness levels and the percentage of high blood pressure in men was (-0.496) and in women was (-0.512) and in the total population over 30 years was (-0.61). Conclusion: Use of  water with medium to high degree of  hardness can reduce the risk of high blood pressure and consequently the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Alborz University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2383-3211 1 4 2014 9 1 Removal of Tetracycline from Synthetic Solution by Natural LECA 301 311 FA Mohammad Noori Sepehr Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran Samira Mohebi Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran Shiva Abdlollahi Vahed Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran Mansur Zarrabi Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran Background: Antibiotic in environment can be accumulated in soil and sediment and then adversely affect the ecosystem function as well as decrease the natural degradation rate of pollutants by producing a antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. The antibiotic-resistant genes can also transfer to drinking water resources and then, leading untreatable human disease. Methods: Natural LECA was supported from rural resources and washed with deionized water for several time and then used as natural adsorbent. The adsorbents were characterized with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) and X ray diffract meter (XRD). All experiments were conducted in a batch reactor. Various parameters such as initial adsorbent mass (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 g/L), initial antibiotic concentration (50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/L), initial solution pH (3, 5, 7, 9, and 11) and contact time (1-210 min) were investigated. Results: The Results of present work showed the high removal efficiency of the adsorbent for adsorption of Tetracycline from aqueous solution. Higher removal efficiency was observed for Tetracycline at pH 3, 180 min contact time, 10 g/L of adsorbent dose and 200 mg/L of initial antibiotic concentration. In optimum condition, up to 49% of tetracycline was removed. Conclusion: Overall, the results of the present work well demonstrated that natural LECA as an inexpensive adsorbent could remove effectively the antibiotics namely Tetracycline from aqueous solution.

Alborz University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2383-3211 1 4 2014 9 1 Evaluation of the Removal of Ammonium by Kaolin, Synthesized Zeolite Produced from Kaolin and Magnetic Zeolit from Aqueous Solutions 312 328 FA Zahra Rahmani Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Alireza Rahmani Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of medical sciences, Hamadan, Iran Yousef Poureshgh Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Background: Ammonium has introduced to environment by various resources such as industrial, domestic and agricultural effluents. Ammonium is toxic which can lead to oxygen depletion in the water and threating aquatic. On the current method for ammonium removal from water and wastewater is ion exchange and adsorption of the ion by zeolite. The objective of this study was removing of ammonium by Kaolin, zeolite synthesized from Kaolin and magnetic zeolite from aqueous solutions. Methods: In this study, various concentrations of Kaolin and synthesized zeolite (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 g/l) within aqueous solution containing ammonium ions (1- 20 mg/l) with different contact time (10-240 min) and pH values (3, 5, 7, 9, and 11) were probed. Using SEM, XRD and FTIR analysis, chemical characterization of synthesis Zeolite were studied.  Results: The maximum ammonium adsorption occurred at pH=7 and in 240 minutes contact time. By increasing initial concentration of ammonium, its sorption capacity was increased. However, by increasing the adsorbent dose, the removal efficiency was decreased. Optimum dosage of kaolin and zeolite was 2 g/L and 1.5 g/L, respectively. The isotherm data of ammonium were correlated reasonably well by Freundlich isotherm model. It was found that the adsorption of ammonium ion on kaolin, synthesis zeolite and magnetic zeolite followed pseudo-second order kinetic model. Conclusion: This research confirmed that the adsorption of ammonium by Kaolin, synthesized Zeolite and magnetic Zeolite is a low-cost and high-efficient method.

Alborz University of Medical Sciences Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 2383-3211 1 4 2014 9 1 Optimization of Catalytic Ozonation Process for Formaldehyde Mineralization from Synthetic Wastewater by Fe/MgO Nanoparticles Synthesis by Sol-Gel Method by Response Surface Model 329 340 FA Ghorban Asgari Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Alireza Rahmani Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Javad Faredmal Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Abdol Motaleb Seyedmohammadi Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran Jamal Mehralipour Students’ Research Committee (SRC), Faculty of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Hamadan, Iran Background: Design experiment stages of formalin mineralization process by center composition design (CCD) cause ease of work, reducing the number of samples, increasing the accuracy of optimized conditions and the interaction parameters determined during the process. The aim of this study was optimization of catalytic ozonation process for formaldehyde mineralization from synthetic wastewater by Fe/MgO nanoparticles synthesis by sol-gel method by response surface model. Methods: This experimental study was conducted in a semi-batch reactor, using a RSM by taking 3 factors in the final stage of pH (7-9), reaction time (10-20 min) and catalyst dose (1.1-1.3 g/L) was investigated. Synthesis of nanoparticles was done by sol-gel method. The results were analyzed by Design Expert 7.0.1 software. Results: The results showed that the process was dependent on the parameters studied and changing each parameter, affected the process efficiency and other parameters. The optimum conditions predicted for the process was 86.51% of mineralization efficiency. Optimum condition included pH=8.82, reaction time of 20 minute and catalyst dose of 1.3 g/L. The correlation coefficient for the process was determined 0.91. Conclusion: Using a statistical model could reduce the number of experiments, the accuracy and the prediction process. The catalytic ozonation process has the ability to remove formaldehyde with high efficiency and the process was environmental friendly.