2026-10-06T20:18:11+03:30 http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/browse.php?mag_id=50&slc_lang=fa&sid=1

50-1133 2026-10-06 10.1002

Journal of Environmental Health Engineering J Environ Health Eng 2383-3211 2588-4239 10.66224/jehe 2025 13 3 Behnaz Abdollahinejad Hasan Pasalari Mahdi Farzadkia farzadkia.m@iums.ac.ir Background: Over the recent decades, the growth of urbanization and production of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Iran has led to severe soil pollution with heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu, As and Hg) around the landfill sites. The heavy metals are highly stable and pose a threat to ecosystems, food chains, and human health. This comprehensive review examines the concentration levels of heavy metals in soils around the landfill sites of Iran and the ecological risk assessment. Materials and Methods: The methodology was performed based on the PRISMA guidelines, and the global databases Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed and the Iranian database SID and Magiran were used using relevant keywords such as "Soil*", "heavy metal*" and "landfill*". In addition, risk assessment indicators including contamination factor (CF), contamination degree (CD) and Ecological Risk Index (URI) were calculated. Results: Of 102 initial studies, 11 eligible studies were selected and metals concentration data were extracted. The results indicated that the highest concentration of heavy metal was related to cadmium (180 mg/kg) with a CF equal to 782.61 and a total URI of 23480.89 creating an extremely severe risk in the soils around the landfill site of Chaloos city. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that there was little data on soil contamination at landfill sites in Iran. In addition, the existing data also had a lack of integrity in the number and type of heavy metals measured. This makes the ecological risk assessment of soils difficult; there are some quantitative and qualitative challenges in the data presented in the selected studies and make it difficult to judge points with high, medium and low levels of contaminants. Therefore, it is necessary to take action in coherent planning for the design of an integrated study model for continuous monitoring of soils around the landfill sites with emphasis on pollution caused by heavy metals. Ecological Risk Assessment Soil Landfill Pollution Factor Heavy Metals 2025 12 01 251 267 http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-1133-en.pdf 10.66224/jehe.13.3.251

50-1131 2026-10-06 10.1002

Journal of Environmental Health Engineering J Environ Health Eng 2383-3211 2588-4239 10.66224/jehe 2025 13 3 Ahmad Reza Yari Hamid Reza Soheil Arezoomand Azam Nadali Yadollah Ghafuri Background: The toxicity and persistence of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) lead to its entry into water resources, raising health concerns. This study evaluated the efficiency of a photocatalytic process using Fe₂O₃/Mn3O4 and sodium persulfate (PS) activation under ultraviolet irradiation for removing this contaminant. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, Mn₃O₄ and Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles were synthesized via chemical precipitation and hydrothermal methods, respectively. The effects of initial pH (4–10), PS concentration (0–0.8 mg/L), and nanoparticle dosage (0.0–0.04 g/L) on the removal of 10 mg/L 2,4-D were investigated in a batch system. Experimental design and optimization were performed using the response surface methodology (RSM) with a central composite design (CCD). Results:  Under optimal conditions (neutral pH, PS: 0.4 mg/L, nanoparticle dosage: 0.02 g/L), the process achieved 67% removal after 120 minutes. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated the quadratic model had excellent accuracy and fit (R2 = 0.99). pH and PS concentration had the greatest influence on efficiency, with reduced performance at extremely low or high values of these parameters. Conclusion: The photocatalytic process effectively degrades 2,4-D in water. RSM proved valuable for modeling, optimization, and understanding interactions among operational parameters, aiding in process comprehension and improvement. Herbicide Sodium Persulfate Water treatment Response surface 2 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2025 12 01 268 281 http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-1131-en.pdf 10.66224/jehe.13.3.268

50-1109 2026-10-06 10.1002

Journal of Environmental Health Engineering J Environ Health Eng 2383-3211 2588-4239 10.66224/jehe 2025 13 3 Mahmoud Shams Jamshid Jamali Ali Akbar Dehghan Hossein Alidadi Mojtaba Davoudi Farzaneh Hassanzadeh Somayeh Rahdar Ali Akbar Mohammadi Background: Corrosion and scaling phenomena are among the most important factors affecting water quality, economics, and the lifespan of water transfer and distribution equipment. Materials and Methods: This study aimed to evaluate the corrosion and scaling potential of water in storage tanks at hotels around the Holy Shrine of Imam Reza, and assess the water quality using the drinking Water Quality Index (WQI) in Mashhad. Random water sampling was conducted from 10 hotels, and the physicochemical parameters of the water, i.e. pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), total alkalinity (T.ALK), carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, and sulfate were measured. Water stability indices, including the Langelier Saturation Index (LSI), Ryznar Stability Index (RSI), Puckorius Scaling Index (PSI), Larson-Skold Index (LS), and Aggressiveness Index (AI) were calculated and analyzed at the sampling temperature and other temperature scenarios. Results: The results showed that the average pH of the water ranged from 8.00 to 8.80, with most samples falling within the alkaline range. The Langelier Saturation Index indicated that 90% of the water sources were in equilibrium, with only one hotel showing a corrosion potential (LSI<0). As the temperature scenarios increased from 10 to 30 °C, the LSI value increased from 0.59 to 0.79 but remained in equilibrium state. The RSI indicated that the water in all hotels tended towards corrosion (RSI>7). LS and AI, respectively, showed that 100% of the samples have no corrosive properties and that 90% of the hotels had non-aggressive water (AI>12), with a very low probability of corrosion. The correlation matrix revealed a strong positive correlation between the AI and LSI, while a strong negative correlation was observed between the RSI and AI. Based on the WQI classification, the water sources in the hotels generally fell within 73-76 range. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of regular water quality monitoring in distribution and storage systems, especially in populated areas like Mashhad. Langelier Ryznar Puckorius Larson-Skold Aggressiveness Index Water Quality 2025 12 01 282 297 http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-1109-en.pdf 10.66224/jehe.13.3.282

50-1138 2026-10-06 10.1002

Journal of Environmental Health Engineering J Environ Health Eng 2383-3211 2588-4239 10.66224/jehe 2025 13 3 Roghayeh Noroozi dr.norozi@yahoo.com Ebrahim Mohammadi Kalhori Mansur Zarrabi Background: Antibiotics have been raised as one of the most controversial issues in the field of environment due to their high hydrophobicity, bioaccumulation and their resistance to biodegradation. Recently, by adding an external agent to the titanium (TiO2) catalyst, its band gap energy is reduced and electron recombination is prevented. The composite made under visible light can be used with low energy. Therefore, the main aim of this research is to investigate the photocatalytic removal of tetracycline from aqueous solutions using a hybrid composite of copper and carbon quantum dots (CQD) doped with TiO2 under visible light irradiation. Materials and Methods: In the synthesis of Cu-TiO2-CQD composite, first, Cu-TiO2 catalyst was prepared by sol-gel method, and then carbon quantum dots (CQD) were deposited on it. The properties of the synthesized photocatalyst were determined through FESEM, FTIR and XRD analyses. The reactor used in this study was a batch-type reactor and the effect of effective parameters on the process such as pH, initial antibiotic concentration, photocatalyst dosage, reaction kinetics and the ability to recover and reuse the photocatalyst were investigated. Results: The results of FESEM, FTIR and XRD analyses showed that the synthesis of Cu-TiO2-CQD photocatalyst was successful. The highest removal rate of tetracycline antibiotic was achieved at a concentration of 20 mg/L and a contact time of 60 min, at pH=7 and a photocatalyst dosage of 0.8 g/L, which was above 99%. Comparison of kinetic data with pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models showed that the pseudo-first-order model described the tetracycline removal process with better agreement (R2=0.977). The synthesized photocatalyst was reusable for 6 consecutive cycles, and in the sixth step, tetracycline was degraded with an efficiency of 93%. Conclusion: Structural and chemical investigation of the photocatalyst showed that Cu-TiO2-CQD was well synthesized. The Cu-TiO2-CQD photocatalytic process can be used as an effective and efficient process in the treatment of antibiotic-containing wastewater or industrial wastewater due to its good recyclability and high photocatalytic activity. Tetracycline photocatalyst visible light carbon quantum dots 2025 12 01 298 308 http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-1138-en.pdf 10.66224/jehe.13.3.298

50-1125 2026-10-06 10.1002

Journal of Environmental Health Engineering J Environ Health Eng 2383-3211 2588-4239 10.66224/jehe 2025 13 3 Saeideh Moradalizadeh Asra Lalehzari Fatemeh Rahimi rahiimii.fatameh.r@gmail.com Saiedeh Haji-Maghsoudi Majid Hashemi mhashemi120@gmail.com Background: Today, water sources are contaminated by various factors, leading to different diseases, including gastrointestinal illnesses. In the process of providing drinking water, disinfection is a crucial step, especially in vulnerable small and rural communities. Therefore, special attention must be paid to raising the awareness of villagers and ensuring necessary coordination between experts and local staff in these areas. Since no study has been conducted to date in Iran on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of rural water supply providers regarding water disinfection, and thus no general conclusion can be drawn, investigating this topic seems essential. Materials and Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in selected villages of Kerman province. A total of 42 water supply providers (Water supply personnel) from 42 villages were randomly selected to participate. The data collection tool was a questionnaire with three distinct sections designed to measure participants' knowledge, attitudes, and practices. For statistical analysis, SPSS version 27 was used, and the normality of the distribution of quantitative variables was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. The relationship between the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the providers regarding chlorination was analyzed using the Spearman correlation coefficient. Results: The research showed that education level is a significant factor influencing a person's knowledge. Furthermore, an increase in knowledge can positively impact an individual's practices and attitudes. It was found that the water supply providers in the target population had poor knowledge and attitudes regarding drinking water chlorination (3.40±1.50, 25.80±4.40, respectively). However, the majority had good practices concerning water chlorination (10.40±1.50). Conclusion: The results of the study indicated that the participants' knowledge and attitude scores were weak (3.40±1.50, 25.80±4.40), with the majority not achieving an acceptable score. Given the importance of providing safe drinking water, holding training courses for rural water supply providers is crucial to enhance their knowledge and attitudes regarding water disinfection. Additionally, due to the limitations of this study and the small size of the target population, it seems necessary to conduct a more extensive study in rural communities across the country to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of water supply providers. Water supply Knowledge chlorination Attitude Practice 2025 12 01 309 321 http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-1125-en.pdf 10.66224/jehe.13.3.309

50-1142 2026-10-06 10.1002

Journal of Environmental Health Engineering J Environ Health Eng 2383-3211 2588-4239 10.66224/jehe 2025 13 3 Mahdi Moradian Roya Morovati Mostafa Karimaei mostafakarimaee@gmail.com Zahra Soleimani Mohammad Ali Shokri Background: Aquatic ecosystems are constantly exposed to a wide variety of hazardous chemicals or compounds with varying degrees of toxicity, which are released from various human sources. On the other hand, with the development of urbanization, industry and agriculture, which is a consequence of the increase in human population, various levels of pollution are created in surface waters, which affect human and animal life. Therefore, this study was conducted on the permanent Hableh River, which flows in the mountainous region north of Garmsar city, which is important and effective in terms of agriculture and ecology. Materials and Methods: The aim of this study is to assess the abundance and diversity of benthic invertebrates and ultimately determine the biological integrity status of this river. In this study, manual sampling was conducted at five points between Firouzkouh and Garmsar counties. At each point, both biological indicators (benthic invertebrates) and concentrations of organic pollution and dissolved oxygen were evaluated. Results: According to the results, various types of benthic invertebrates such as beetle larvae, fly larvae, dragonfly larvae, fly and beetle pupae, adult reef beetles, butterfly pupae and larvae, leeches, flatworms, roundworms, tapeworms, and snails were identified in this river. Conclusion: From this case study, it can be concluded that these identified benthic invertebrate groups can be selected as representative indicators in the Hablehroud River in terms of the level of water resource pollution and habitat destruction. biological integrity Hablehroud Macroinvertebrates 2025 12 01 322 332 http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-1142-en.pdf 10.66224/jehe.13.3.322

50-1137 2026-10-06 10.1002

Journal of Environmental Health Engineering J Environ Health Eng 2383-3211 2588-4239 10.66224/jehe 2025 13 3 Morad Ali Zareipour z.morad@yahoo.com Shiva Rasoulzadeh Zahra Ali Dadloo Background: The improper use of household detergents can lead to serious health complications. This study aimed to investigate the status of knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) among housewives concerning the safe use of these products. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included a sample of 416 housewives selected via simple random sampling. The required data were collected using questionnaires assessing knowledge, attitude, and safe practices related to the use of household detergents. Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation test and Backward stepwise ordinal logistic regression. Results: The findings revealed that 54.3% of participants had good knowledge, 40.1% had a neutral attitude, and 35.38% demonstrated poor safety practices regarding the use of household detergents. The regression model indicated that good knowledge (OR=3.45, P<0.001) and a positive attitude (OR=8.15, P<0.0001) increased the probability of safe detergent use by 3.45 and 8.15 times, respectively. Furthermore, having a university education (OR=2.66, P=0.03), using detergents three or more times a week (OR=1.87, P=0.02), a history of receiving formal training (OR=3.84, P<0.0001), and no poisoning with detergents (OR=2.24, P=0.006) were also significant predictors, increasing the likelihood of safer practices. Conclusion: It is recommended that future educational programs be designed based on behavior change models, combining theoretical and practical training to simultaneously enhance knowledge, correct attitudes, and promote safe practices. Background: The improper use of household detergents can lead to serious health complications. This study aimed to investigate the status of knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) among housewives concerning the safe use of these products. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included a sample of 416 housewives selected via simple random sampling. The required data were collected using questionnaires assessing knowledge, attitude, and safe practices related to the use of household detergents. Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation test and Backward stepwise ordinal logistic regression. Results: The findings revealed that 54.3% of participants had good knowledge, 40.1% had a neutral attitude, and 35.38% demonstrated poor safety practices regarding the use of household detergents. The regression model indicated that good knowledge (OR=3.45, P<0.001) and a positive attitude (OR=8.15, P<0.0001) increased the probability of safe detergent use by 3.45 and 8.15 times, respectively. Furthermore, having a university education (OR=2.66, P=0.03), using detergents three or more times a week (OR=1.87, P=0.02), a history of receiving formal training (OR=3.84, P<0.0001), and no poisoning with detergents (OR=2.24, P=0.006) were also significant predictors, increasing the likelihood of safer practices. Conclusion: It is recommended that future educational programs be designed based on behavior change models, combining theoretical and practical training to simultaneously enhance knowledge, correct attitudes, and promote safe practices. Knowledge Attitude Practice Housewives Safe Use Household Detergents 2025 12 01 333 344 http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-1137-en.pdf 10.66224/jehe.13.3.333

50-1136 2026-10-06 10.1002

Journal of Environmental Health Engineering J Environ Health Eng 2383-3211 2588-4239 10.66224/jehe 2025 13 3 Mohadeseh Miri mirimohadesea@yahoo.com Sahel Pakzad Toochaei Hashem Khandan Barani Background: Microplastic pollution has emerged as a significant environmental crisis, posing a serious challenge to human health and ecosystem sustainability, particularly within urban wastewater treatment systems. This study aimed to investigate the abundance, physical characteristics, and chemical composition of microplastics in the effluent of the Zabol urban wastewater treatment plant. Materials and Methods: Sampling of the treated effluent was conducted in the winter of 2024. Three samples, each with a volume of 10 liters, were collected from the effluent of the wastewater treatment plant. For microplastic separation, the samples were passed through sieves of various mesh sizes, followed by chemical digestion and density-based separation. Microplastics were identified and categorized using optical microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Results: The results indicated that the highest mean abundance was 26.38 ± 1.08 microplastics per liter, with particle sizes ranging from 45 to 425 μm in the treated effluent. The results of the ANOVA test showed that film particles, with a mean abundance of 27.58 ± 1.08 microplastics per liter, accounted for the largest proportion compared to other forms (fibers, fragments, and foams), with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). FTIR analysis revealed a considerable diversity of polymers among the detected particles. Among them, polyethylene (PE) showed the highest relative abundance (21.46 ± 0.9), representing the dominant polymer type. Conclusion: The results of this study provide a clear picture of the status of microplastics in the effluent of this wastewater treatment plant. They also highlight the necessity of continuous monitoring, identification of potential sources, management of lightweight plastic waste, reduction of single-use packaging consumption, and the need for further studies on the pathways and environmental impacts of microplastics in arid and water-scarce regions, especially due to the continuous use of this effluent for irrigation of surrounding agricultural lands. Microplastic Wastewater treatment Polyethylene Sistan FTIR Spectroscopy 2025 12 01 345 356 http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-1136-en.pdf 10.66224/jehe.13.3.345