|
Evaluation of Concentration of BTEX and PAHs and Its Effective Parameters in Gasoline Fuel Distribution Stations: A Case Study in Single Purpose Stations in Karaj
|
Mehdi Alimohammadi    , Azita Behbahaninia * , Maryam Farahani , Saeed Motahari |
| Assistant Professor, Department of Environment, Faculty of Agriculture and Basic Sciences, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran |
|
|
Abstract: (1396 Views) |
Background and Objective: One of the sources of emissions of BTEX and PAHs is fuel distribution stations in cities. This study aimed to evaluate and monitor the concentrations of BTEX and PAHs and the parameters affecting them in gasoline distribution stations in Karaj.
Materials and Methods: Sampling was performed to determine the concentration of BTEX and PAHs and the parameters affecting it in the winter of 2020 from 5 fuel distribution stations in the morning, noon, evening, and night at intervals of zero, 50, and 100 meters. The standard method 1501 provided by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health was used to measure the concentration of BTEX compounds, and the TO-17 EPA standard method was used to measure PAHs. Dwyer measured temperature and humidity at the sampling points.
Results: Most of the BTEX concentration values were related to the fuel station in the city center. The concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene at zero distance from the source in the morning were 133, 311, 207, and 266 μg.m-3, respectively (maximum concentration compared to other times). The minimum concentration was determined at night. The benzene concentration in all the studied sites was higher than the environmental permissible limits. There was a significant relationship between BTEX concentration and site location, the time interval during the day, distance from the site, and psychometric parameters such as temperature and humidity.
Conclusion: Benzene concentration was higher than the environmental allowable limit in all stations. Climatic parameters and the variables of population density, location, distance from the place of release, and time interval were effective parameters in the exposure rate. Therefore, by controlling the above variables, a practical step can be taken to plan control measures and reduce the emission of these pollutants. Also, the present study's findings can help predict daily changes in the concentration of these compounds in different parts of the city and determine the points and times with a high probability of exposure. |
|
| Keywords: BTEX, PAHs, Fuel Station, Environment |
|
|
Full-Text [PDF 810 kb]
(776 Downloads)
|
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Special
Received: 2022/03/18 | Accepted: 2022/06/26 | Published: 2022/09/21
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| References |
1. 1. Khomenko S, Cirach M, Pereira-Barboza E, Mueller N, Barrera-Gómez J, Rojas-Rueda D, et al. Premature mortality due to air pollution in European cities: a health impact assessment. Lancet Planet Health. 2021;5(3):e121-e34. [ DOI:10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30272-2] [ PMID] 2. Ma Y, Zhao Y, Yang S, Zhou J, Xin J, Wang S, et al. Short-term effects of ambient air pollution on emergency room admissions due to cardiovascular causes in Beijing, China. Environmental Pollution. 2017;230:974-80. [ DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.104] [ PMID] 3. Moshiran VA, Karimi A, Golbabaei F, Yarandi MS, Sajedian AA, Koozekonan AG. Quantitative and Semiquantitative Health Risk Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Styrene in a Petrochemical Industry. Saf Health Work. 2021. [ DOI:10.1016/j.shaw.2021.01.009] [ PMID] [ ] 4. Sadeghi-Yarandi M, Golbabaei F, Karimi A. Evaluation of pulmonary function and respiratory symptoms among workers exposed to 1, 3-Butadiene in a petrochemical industry in Iran. Arch Environ Occup Health. 2020;75(8):483-90. [ DOI:10.1080/19338244.2020.1749018] [ PMID] 5. Sadeghi-Yarandi M, Karimi A, Ahmadi V, Sajedian AA, Soltanzadeh A, Golbabaei F. Cancer and non-cancer health risk assessment of occupational exposure to 1, 3-butadiene in a petrochemical plant in Iran. Toxicol Ind Health. 2020;36(12):960-70. [ DOI:10.1177/0748233720962238] [ PMID] 6. Ahmadi-Moshiran V, Sajedian AA, Soltanzadeh A, Seifi F, Koobasi R, Nikbakht N, et al. Carcinogenic and health risk assessment of respiratory exposure to Acrylonitrile, 1, 3-Butadiene and Styrene (ABS) in a Petrochemical Industry Using the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method. Int J Occup Saf Ergon. 2022(just-accepted):1-21. [ DOI:10.1080/10803548.2022.2059171] [ PMID] 7. Zhang K, Li L, Huang L, Wang Y, Huo J, Duan Y, et al. The impact of volatile organic compounds on ozone formation in the suburban area of Shanghai. Atmos Environ X. 2020;232:117511. [ DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117511] 8. Liu Y, Song M, Liu X, Zhang Y, Hui L, Kong L, et al. Characterization and sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their related changes during ozone pollution days in 2016 in Beijing, China. Environmental Pollution. 2020;257:113599. [ DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113599] [ PMID] 9. Yarandi MS, Karimi A, Sajedian AA, Ahmadi V. Comparative assessment of carcinogenic risk of respiratory exposure to 1, 3-Butadiene in a petrochemical industry by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and Singapore Health Department methods. J Health Saf Work. 2019;10(3):237-5 [In Persian] 10. Cruz LP, Santos DF, dos Santos IF, Gomes ÍV, Santos AV, Souza KS. Exploratory analysis of the atmospheric levels of BTEX, criteria air pollutants and meteorological parameters in a tropical urban area in Northeastern Brazil. Microchem J. 2020;152:104265. [ DOI:10.1016/j.microc.2019.104265] 11. Alsbou EM, Omari KW. BTEX indoor air characteristic values in rural areas of Jordan: Heaters and health risk assessment consequences in winter season. Environmental Pollution. 2020;267:115464. [ DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115464] [ PMID] 12. Capíková A, Tesařová D, Hlavaty J, Ekielski A, Mishra PK. Estimation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and human health risk assessment of simulated indoor environment consisting of upholstered furniture made of commercially available foams. Advances in Polymer Technology. 2019. [ DOI:10.1155/2019/5727536] 13. Al-Harbi M, Alhajri I, AlAwadhi A, Whalen JK. Health symptoms associated with occupational exposure of gasoline station workers to BTEX compounds. Atmos Env. 2020;241:117847. [ DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117847] 14. Nadali A, Leili M, Bahrami A, Karami M, Afkhami A. Phase distribution and risk assessment of PAHs in ambient air of Hamadan, Iran. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2021;209:111807. [ DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111807] [ PMID] 15. Mukhopadhyay S, Dutta R, Das P. A critical review on plant biomonitors for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air through solvent extraction techniques. Chemosphere. 2020;251:126441. [ DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126441] [ PMID] 16. Ellickson K, Herbrandson C, Krause M, Pratt G, Kellock K. Comparative risk estimates of an expanded list of PAHs from community and source-influenced air sampling. Chemosphere. 2020;253:126680. [ DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126680] [ PMID] 17. Nováková Z, Novák J, Kitanovski Z, Kukučka P, Smutná M, Wietzoreck M, et al. Toxic potentials of particulate and gaseous air pollutant mixtures and the role of PAHs and their derivatives. Environment International. 2020;139(10). [ DOI:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105634] [ PMID] 18. Rastkari N, Izadpanah F, Yunesian M. Exposure to benzene in gas station workers: environmental and biological monitoring. Iranian Journal of Health and Environment. 2015;8(2):163-70. 19. Javadi I, Mohammadian Y, Elyasi S. Occupational exposure of shahindej county refueling stations workers to BTEX compounds, in 2016. Journal of Research in Environmental Health. 2017;3(1):74-83. 20. Scheepers PTJ, de Werdt L, van Dael M, Anzion R, Vanoirbeek J, Duca RC, et al. Assessment of exposure of gas station attendants in Sri Lanka to benzene, toluene and xylenes. Env Res. 2019;178:108670. [ DOI:10.1016/j.envres.2019.108670] [ PMID] 21. Bahrami A, Ghorbani Shanh F, Rahimpoor R. Comparation of health risk assessment carcinogenic hydrocarbons in Workplace air in an oil-dependent industry by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Department of Human Resources Malaysia. Iran Occupational Health. 2017;14(5):107-17. [In Persian] 22. AIR IAOI. VOC METHOD UPDATE SKC APPENDICES TO EPA METHOD TO-17. 2015. 23. Badjagbo K, Loranger S, Moore S, Tardif R, Sauve S. BTEX exposures among automobile mechanics and painters and their associated health risks. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal. 2010;16(2):301-16. [ DOI:10.1080/10807031003670071] 24. Khademi F, Samaei MR, Shahsavani A, Azizi K, Mohammadpour A, Derakhshan Z, et al. Investigation of the Presence Volatile Organic Compounds (BTEX) in the Ambient Air and Biogases Produced by a Shiraz Landfill in Southern Iran. Sustainability. 2022;14(2):1040. [ DOI:10.3390/su14021040] 25. Lee S, Chiu M, Ho K, Zou S, Wang X. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban atmosphere of Hong Kong. Chemosphere. 2002;48(3):375-82. [ DOI:10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00040-1] [ PMID] 26. Haji Adineh HR, Mohammadi Rouzbehani M, Payandeh K, Ghanavati N. Investigation of The Concentration of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Compounds (PAHs) in Indoor and Outdoor Air of Urban Areas (Case study: Tehran, 2017-2018). Journal of Environmental Health Engineering. 2020;8(1):17-30. [In Persian] [ DOI:10.52547/jehe.8.1.17] 27. Qin Y, Walk T, Gary R, Yao X, Elles S. C2-C10 nonmethane hydrocarbons measured in Dallas, USA-Seasonal trends and diurnal characteristics. Atmospheric Environment. 2007;41(28):6018-32. [ DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.03.008] 28. Mohseni Bandpai A, Yaghoubi M, Hadei M, Salesi M, Shahsavani A. Concentrations of Criteria Air Pollutants and BTEX in Mehrabad International Airport. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2018;28(160):76-87. [In Persian] 29. Fernandez-Martinez G, López-Mahía P, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, Prada-Rodríguez D, Fernández-Fernández E. Measurement of volatile organic compounds in urban air of La Coruna, Spain. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. 2001;29(1): 267-88. [ DOI:10.1023/A:1010341310590] |
|
| Add your comments about this article |
|
|
|
|
alimohammadi M, Behbahaninia A, farahani M, Motahari S. Evaluation of Concentration of BTEX and PAHs and Its Effective Parameters in Gasoline Fuel Distribution Stations: A Case Study in Single Purpose Stations in Karaj. jehe 2022; 9 (3) :279-294 URL: http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-938-en.html
|
