Volume 12, Issue 2 (3-2025)
J Environ Health Eng 2025, 12(2): 191-210 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Hosseini Sanjari R, Mafigholami R. Comparison of the conventional chemical coagulation process and electrocoagulation and flotation efficiency in cosmetics industry wastewater treatment. J Environ Health Eng 2025; 12 (2) :191-210
URL: http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-1081-en.html
URL: http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-1081-en.html
PhD, College of Environmental science and engineering, West Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad university, Tehran, Iran
Abstract: (333 Views)
Background: Cosmetic and personal care industry wastewater contains chemicals and non-biodegradable organic compounds that must be treated before discharge into the environment. This study aimed to compare the efficiency of conventional chemical coagulation and electrocoagulation-flotation processes in treating wastewater from the cosmetic industry.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, both processes were designed using a central composite design (CCD) approach. For the chemical coagulation process, the variables optimized included pH (5-9), rapid mixing time (30-60 sec), slow mixing time (10-20 min), settling time (30-60 min), and the dose of the coagulant (0.5-1 g/L). For the electrocoagulation process, the optimized variables were pH (5-9), direct current intensity (2-4 A), reaction time (40-80 min), the number of electrodes (4-8 n), and the distance between electrodes (2-4 cm).
Results: In both processes, the designed model followed a quadratic model with a high correlation coefficient. The efficiency of the electrocoagulation process in reducing COD levels in cosmetic industry wastewater was significantly higher than the conventional chemical coagulation process. Under optimal conditions, the COD concentration decreased from 570 mg/L to 57 mg/L in the electrocoagulation process. In contrast, the conventional chemical coagulation process achieved 65% efficiency under optimal conditions, reducing COD levels to 199.8 mg/L.
Conclusion: The results indicated that after treatment using the aforementioned processes, the effluent can be safely discharged into the environment
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, both processes were designed using a central composite design (CCD) approach. For the chemical coagulation process, the variables optimized included pH (5-9), rapid mixing time (30-60 sec), slow mixing time (10-20 min), settling time (30-60 min), and the dose of the coagulant (0.5-1 g/L). For the electrocoagulation process, the optimized variables were pH (5-9), direct current intensity (2-4 A), reaction time (40-80 min), the number of electrodes (4-8 n), and the distance between electrodes (2-4 cm).
Results: In both processes, the designed model followed a quadratic model with a high correlation coefficient. The efficiency of the electrocoagulation process in reducing COD levels in cosmetic industry wastewater was significantly higher than the conventional chemical coagulation process. Under optimal conditions, the COD concentration decreased from 570 mg/L to 57 mg/L in the electrocoagulation process. In contrast, the conventional chemical coagulation process achieved 65% efficiency under optimal conditions, reducing COD levels to 199.8 mg/L.
Conclusion: The results indicated that after treatment using the aforementioned processes, the effluent can be safely discharged into the environment
Keywords: Chemical coagulation, Electrochemical coagulation, Optimization, Central Composite Design, Cosmetic-sanitary, wastewater
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Special
Received: 2024/11/30 | Accepted: 2025/01/18 | Published: 2025/03/2
Received: 2024/11/30 | Accepted: 2025/01/18 | Published: 2025/03/2
References
1. Aljohani MM, Al-Qahtani SD, Alshareef M, El-Desouky MG, El-Bindary AA, El-Metwaly NM, et al. Highly efficient adsorption and removal bio-staining dye from industrial wastewater onto mesoporous Ag-MOFs. Process Safety and Environmental Protection. 2023; 395-407;172. [DOI:10.1016/j.psep.2023.02.036]
2. Kishor R, Purchase D, Saratale GD, Saratale RG, Ferreira LFR, Bilal M, et al. Ecotoxicological and health concerns of persistent coloring pollutants of textile industry wastewater and treatment approaches for environmental safety. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2021;9(2):105012. [DOI:10.1016/j.jece.2020.105012]
3. Abidemi BL, James OA, Oluwatosin AT, Akinropo OJ, Oraeloka UD, Racheal AE. Treatment technologies for wastewater from cosmetic industry-A review. Int J Chem Biomol S. 2018;4(4):69-80.
4. Diver D, Nhapi I, Ruziwa WR. The potential and constraints of replacing conventional chemical coagulants with natural plant extracts in water and wastewater treatment. Environmental Advances. 2023:100421. [DOI:10.1016/j.envadv.2023.100421]
5. Silva LG, Moreira FC, Souza AA, Souza SM, Boaventura RA, Vilar VJJJoCP. Chemical and electrochemical advanced oxidation processes as a polishing step for textile wastewater treatment: A study regarding the discharge into the environment and the reuse in the textile industry. 2018;198:430-42. [DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.001]
6. Ankoliya D, Mudgal A, Sinha MK, Patel V, Patel J. Application of electrocoagulation process for the treatment of dairy wastewater: A mini review. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2023;77:117-24. [DOI:10.1016/j.matpr.2022.10.254]
7. Hu Q, He L, Lan R, Feng C, Pei X. Recent advances in phosphate removal from municipal wastewater by electrocoagulation process: A review. Separation and Purification Technology. 2023;308:122944. [DOI:10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122944]
8. Yu Y, Zhong Y, Sun W, Xie J, Wang M, Guo Z. A novel electrocoagulation process with centrifugal electrodes for wastewater treatment: Electrochemical behavior of anode and kinetics of heavy metal removal. Chemosphere. 2023;310:136862. [DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136862]
9. Yegane Badi M, Vosoughi M, Sadeghi H, Mokhtari SA, Mehralipour J. Ultrasonic-assisted H2O2/TiO2 process in catechol degradation: kinetic, synergistic and optimisation via response surface methodology. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry. 2022;102(3):757-70. [DOI:10.1080/03067319.2020.1726335]
10. Mehralipour J, Akbari H, Adibzadeh A, Akbari H. Tocilizumab degradation via photo-catalytic ozonation process from aqueous. Scientific Reports. 2023;13(1):22402. [DOI:10.1038/s41598-023-49290-z]
11. Association APH, Association AWW. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater: American public health association; 1989.
12. Kousha M, Tavakoli S, Daneshvar E, Vazirzadeh A, Bhatnagar A. Central composite design optimization of Acid Blue 25 dye biosorption using shrimp shell biomass. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2015;207:266-73. [DOI:10.1016/j.molliq.2015.03.046]
13. Pajootan E, Arami M, Mahmoodi NM. Binary system dye removal by electrocoagulation from synthetic and real colored wastewaters. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. 2012;43(2):282-90. [DOI:10.1016/j.jtice.2011.10.014]
14. Samarghandi M, Shabanloo A, Mehralipour J, Kokabian M, ASGARI SB. Comparison of electro-coagulation process (EC) and electro oxidation (EO) process for degradation of Acid Blue Dye 113 (AB113) from aqueous solutions. 2015.
15. Ding Q, Ishikawa D, Yamamura H, Watanabe Y. Causes of negatively charged meso-colloids formed in the coagulation process: Implication of the origin of foulants in the coagulation-membrane filtration process. Water Research. 2024;266:122435. [DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2024.122435]
16. Thirugnanasambandham K, Karri RR. Preparation and characterization of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. plant based natural coagulant for the application of urban sewage treatment: Modelling and cost assessment. Environmental Technology & Innovation. 2021;23:101733. [DOI:10.1016/j.eti.2021.101733]
17. Renault F, Sancey B, Badot PM, Crini G. Chitosan for coagulation/flocculation processes - An eco-friendly approach. European Polymer Journal. 2009;45(5):1337-48. [DOI:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.12.027]
18. Hassan MA, Li TP, Noor ZZ. Coagulation and flocculation treatment of wastewater in textile industry using chitosan. Journal of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering. 2009;4(1):43-53.
19. Mohamed F, Mohamed R, Abdullah A, Kholief M, Khalifa R, Roshdy M, et al. Novel method of poly aluminum chloride extraction from kaolin and its application for wastewater treatment. Desalination and Water Treatment. 2024;317:100178. [DOI:10.1016/j.dwt.2024.100178]
20. Mehdinejad MH, Bina B. Application of Moringa oleifera coagulant protein as natural coagulant aid with alum for removal of heavy metals from raw water. Desalination and Water Treatment. 2018;116:187-94. [DOI:10.5004/dwt.2018.22546]
21. Mateus GAP, Paludo MP, dos Santos TRT, Silva MF, Nishi L, Fagundes-Klen MR, et al. Obtaining drinking water using a magnetic coagulant composed of magnetite nanoparticles functionalized with Moringa oleifera seed extract. Journal of environmental chemical engineering. 2018;6(4):4084-92. [DOI:10.1016/j.jece.2018.05.050]
22. Hoa NT, Hue CT. Enhanced water treatment by Moringa oleifera seeds extract as the bio-coagulant: role of the extraction method. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua. 2018;67(7):634-47. [DOI:10.2166/aqua.2018.070]
23. Alnawajha MM, Abdullah SRS, Hasan HA, Othman AR, Kurniawan SB. Effectiveness of using water-extracted Leucaena leucocephala seeds as a coagulant for turbid water treatment: effects of dosage, pH, mixing speed, mixing time, and settling time. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. 2024;14(10):11203-16. [DOI:10.1007/s13399-022-03233-2]
24. Malkoske TA, Bérubé PR, Andrews RC. Impact of extended versus typical rapid mixing HRTs on continuous-flow coagulation-ultrafiltration. Separation and Purification Technology. 2023;319:124041. [DOI:10.1016/j.seppur.2023.124041]
25. Bhatia S, Othman Z, Ahmad AL. Coagulation-flocculation process for POME treatment using Moringa oleifera seeds extract: optimization studies. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2007;133(1-3):205-12. [DOI:10.1016/j.cej.2007.01.034]
26. Renault F, Sancey B, Badot P-M, Crini G. Chitosan for coagulation/flocculation processes-an eco-friendly approach. European Polymer Journal. 2009;45(5):1337-48. [DOI:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.12.027]
27. Belibagli P, Akbay HEG, Arslan S, Mazmanci B, Dizge N, Senthilkumar N, et al. Enhanced biogas yield in anaerobic digestion of citric acid wastewater by pre-treatment: The effect of calcium hydroxide precipitation and electrocoagulation process. Process Safety and Environmental Protection. 2024;184:1344-56. [DOI:10.1016/j.psep.2024.02.050]
28. Yunos FHM, Nasir NM, Jusoh HHW, Khatoon H, Lam SS, Jusoh A. Harvesting of microalgae (Chlorella sp.) from aquaculture bioflocs using an environmental-friendly chitosan-based bio-coagulant. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 2017;124:243-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.ibiod.2017.07.016]
29. Samarghandi MR, Shahbazi Z, Bahadori R, Mehralipour J, Miveh ZA. The survey of ultrasound-electrocoagulation process in removal of ciprofloxacin from aqueous through central composite design. Journal of Health in the Field. 2018;6(1):9-19.
30. Hussein TK, Jasim NA. A comparison study between chemical coagulation and electro-coagulation processes for the treatment of wastewater containing reactive blue dye. Materials Today: Proceedings. 2021;42:1946-50. [DOI:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.240]
31. TAKDASTAN A, AZIMI A, SALARI Z. The use of electrocoagulation process for removal of turbidity, COD, detergent and phosphorus from carwash effluent. 2011.
32. Katal R, Pahlavanzadeh H. Influence of different combinations of aluminum and iron electrode on electrocoagulation efficiency: Application to the treatment of paper mill wastewater. Desalination. 2011;265(1):199-205. [DOI:10.1016/j.desal.2010.07.052]
33. Issaka E. From Complex Molecules to Harmless Byproducts: Electrocoagulation Process for Water Contaminants Degradation. Desalination and Water Treatment. 2024:100532. [DOI:10.1016/j.dwt.2024.100532]
34. Yavuz Y, Ögütveren Ü. Treatment of industrial estate wastewater by the application of electrocoagulation process using iron electrodes. Journal of environmental management. 2018;207:151-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.11.034]
35. Mohammadi AS, Mehralipour J, Shabanlo A, Roshanaie G, Barafreshtepour M, Asgari G. Comparing the electrocoagulation and electro-Fenton processes for removing nitrate in aqueous solution for Fe electrodes. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2013;230(104).
36. Alinsafi A, Khemis M, Pons M, Leclerc J, Yaacoubi A, Benhammou A, et al. Electro-coagulation of reactive textile dyes and textile wastewater. Chemical engineering and processing: Process intensification. 2005;44(4):461-70. [DOI:10.1016/j.cep.2004.06.010]
37. van Genuchten CM, Addy SE, Peña J, Gadgil AJ. Removing arsenic from synthetic groundwater with iron electrocoagulation: an Fe and As K-edge EXAFS study. Environmental science & technology. 2012;46(2):986-94. [DOI:10.1021/es201913a]
38. Gomes JA, Daida P, Kesmez M, Weir M, Moreno H, Parga JR, et al. Arsenic removal by electrocoagulation using combined Al-Fe electrode system and characterization of products. Journal of hazardous materials. 2007;139(2):220-31. [DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.11.108]
39. Oturan N, Wu J, Zhang H, Sharma VK, Oturan MA. Electrocatalytic destruction of the antibiotic tetracycline in aqueous medium by electrochemical advanced oxidation processes: effect of electrode materials. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental. 2013;140:92-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.03.035]
40. Zheng X-y, Kong H-N, Wu D-y, Wang C, Li Y, Ye H-r. Phosphate removal from source separated urine by electrocoagulation using iron plate electrodes. Water Science and Technology. 2009;60(11):2929-38. [DOI:10.2166/wst.2009.309]
41. Zeboudji B, Drouiche N, Lounici H, Mameri N, Ghaffour N. The influence of parameters affecting boron removal by electrocoagulation process. Separation Science and Technology. 2013;48(8):1280-8. [DOI:10.1080/01496395.2012.731125]
42. Bazrafshan E, Moein H, Kord Mostafapour F, Nakhaie S. Application of electrocoagulation process for dairy wastewater treatment. Journal of Chemistry. 2013;2013. [DOI:10.1155/2013/640139]
43. Akbal F, Camcı S. Comparison of electrocoagulation and chemical coagulation for heavy metal removal. Chemical Engineering & Technology. 2010;33(10):1655-64. [DOI:10.1002/ceat.201000091]
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
