Volume 13, Issue 3 (12-2025)
J Environ Health Eng 2025, 13(3): 282-297 |
Back to browse issues page
Ethics code: IR.MUMS.FHMPM.REC.1402.059
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Shams M, Jamali J, Dehghan A A, Alidadi H, Davoudi M, Hassanzadeh F, et al . Investigation of corrosion, scaling potential, and Water Quality Index in storage tanks of hotels in Mashhad. J Environ Health Eng 2025; 13 (3) :282-297
URL: http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-1109-en.html
URL: http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-1109-en.html
Mahmoud Shams1 
, Jamshid Jamali *2 , Ali Akbar Dehghan1 , Hossein Alidadi1 , Mojtaba Davoudi1 , Farzaneh Hassanzadeh3 , Somayeh Rahdar3 , Ali Akbar Mohammadi4
, Jamshid Jamali *2 , Ali Akbar Dehghan1 , Hossein Alidadi1 , Mojtaba Davoudi1 , Farzaneh Hassanzadeh3 , Somayeh Rahdar3 , Ali Akbar Mohammadi4
1- Social Determinants of Health research center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran & Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
2- Social Determinants of Health research center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran & Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
3- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
4- Workplace Health research center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran & Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
2- Social Determinants of Health research center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran & Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
3- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
4- Workplace Health research center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran & Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
Abstract: (32 Views)
Background: Corrosion and scaling phenomena are among the most important factors affecting water quality, economics, and the lifespan of water transfer and distribution equipment.
Materials and Methods: This study aimed to evaluate the corrosion and scaling potential of water in storage tanks at hotels around the Holy Shrine of Imam Reza, and assess the water quality using the drinking Water Quality Index (WQI) in Mashhad. Random water sampling was conducted from 10 hotels, and the physicochemical parameters of the water, i.e. pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), total alkalinity (T.ALK), carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, and sulfate were measured. Water stability indices, including the Langelier Saturation Index (LSI), Ryznar Stability Index (RSI), Puckorius Scaling Index (PSI), Larson-Skold Index (LS), and Aggressiveness Index (AI) were calculated and analyzed at the sampling temperature and other temperature scenarios.
Results: The results showed that the average pH of the water ranged from 8.00 to 8.80, with most samples falling within the alkaline range. The Langelier Saturation Index indicated that 90% of the water sources were in equilibrium, with only one hotel showing a corrosion potential (LSI<0). As the temperature scenarios increased from 10 to 30 °C, the LSI value increased from 0.59 to 0.79 but remained in equilibrium state. The RSI indicated that the water in all hotels tended towards corrosion (RSI>7). LS and AI, respectively, showed that 100% of the samples have no corrosive properties and that 90% of the hotels had non-aggressive water (AI>12), with a very low probability of corrosion. The correlation matrix revealed a strong positive correlation between the AI and LSI, while a strong negative correlation was observed between the RSI and AI. Based on the WQI classification, the water sources in the hotels generally fell within 73-76 range.
Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of regular water quality monitoring in distribution and storage systems, especially in populated areas like Mashhad.
Materials and Methods: This study aimed to evaluate the corrosion and scaling potential of water in storage tanks at hotels around the Holy Shrine of Imam Reza, and assess the water quality using the drinking Water Quality Index (WQI) in Mashhad. Random water sampling was conducted from 10 hotels, and the physicochemical parameters of the water, i.e. pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), total alkalinity (T.ALK), carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, and sulfate were measured. Water stability indices, including the Langelier Saturation Index (LSI), Ryznar Stability Index (RSI), Puckorius Scaling Index (PSI), Larson-Skold Index (LS), and Aggressiveness Index (AI) were calculated and analyzed at the sampling temperature and other temperature scenarios.
Results: The results showed that the average pH of the water ranged from 8.00 to 8.80, with most samples falling within the alkaline range. The Langelier Saturation Index indicated that 90% of the water sources were in equilibrium, with only one hotel showing a corrosion potential (LSI<0). As the temperature scenarios increased from 10 to 30 °C, the LSI value increased from 0.59 to 0.79 but remained in equilibrium state. The RSI indicated that the water in all hotels tended towards corrosion (RSI>7). LS and AI, respectively, showed that 100% of the samples have no corrosive properties and that 90% of the hotels had non-aggressive water (AI>12), with a very low probability of corrosion. The correlation matrix revealed a strong positive correlation between the AI and LSI, while a strong negative correlation was observed between the RSI and AI. Based on the WQI classification, the water sources in the hotels generally fell within 73-76 range.
Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of regular water quality monitoring in distribution and storage systems, especially in populated areas like Mashhad.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Special
Received: 2025/04/10 | Accepted: 2025/12/3 | Published: 2025/12/13
Received: 2025/04/10 | Accepted: 2025/12/3 | Published: 2025/12/13
References
1. Honarbakhsh A, Soori, M. M., & Ostovari, Y. Qualitative Assessment and Mapping of Corrosion and Sedimentation Potential of Marvdasht Groundwater. Environment and Water Engineering, 2018;4(3): 229-40.
2. Berry L, Steffy Y, Shank K. Development of a water quality index (WQI) for the Susquehanna River basin. SRBC, New York USA 2020.
3. Hadi M, Z. Aboosaedi, and H. Pasalari. Corrosion or scaling tendency and trend for water resources in rural areas of Kashan. Iranian Journal of Health & Environment 2019;12(1).
4. Kazempour A, Tabasideh, F., & Shokri Dariyan, F. Survey on Potential Sedimentation and Corrosion in Drinking Water Resources of Malekshahi City Using Stability Indexes in. Beyhagh 2017;22(3): 1-15.
5. Mazani H, and G. Mahmoodlu. "M, Jandaghi, N, Raghimi, M, Heshmatpour, A,. Evaluation of the corrosiveness and precipitation potential in the drinking water supply wells of Gorgan city. Water Resources Engineering Journal, 2024;17(61): 52-64.
6. Mukate S, Wagh V, Panaskar D, et al. Development of new integrated water quality index (IWQI) model to evaluate the drinking suitability of water. Ecological indicators 2019;101: 348-54. [DOI:10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.01.034]
7. Kkhalili R, Parvinnia M, Zali A. Water quality assessment of Garmarood River using the national sanitation foundation water quality index (NSFWQI), river pollution index (RPI) and weighted arithmetic water quality index (WAWQI). Environment and Water Engineering 2020;6(3): 274-84.
8. Hussein Farh HM, Ben Seghier MEA, Taiwo R, Zayed T. Analysis and ranking of corrosion causes for water pipelines: a critical review. NPJ Clean Water 2023;6(1): 65. [DOI:10.1038/s41545-023-00275-5]
9. Anshar AM, Musa B, Ayaz M, et al. A Critical Review on Corrosion and Fouling of Water in Water Distribution Networks and Their Control. Acta Chimica Slovenica 2023;70(2). [DOI:10.17344/acsi.2022.7939]
10. Palazzo A, van der Merwe J, Combrink G. The accuracy of calcium-carbonate-based saturation indices in predicting the corrosivity of hot brackish water towards mild steel. Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 2015;115(12): 1229-38. [DOI:10.17159/2411-9717/2015/v115n12a12]
11. Mahmoodpour Moteshakker P, Hasani, A., Torabian, A., & Poorrajab, R. Comparative survey on Physico-Chemical parameters of underground waters in Malard county villages with the use of GWQI index and studying the trend of their changes in GIS system. Iranian Journal of Environmental Geology 2018;12(42): 71-85.
12. Vasconcelos HC, Fernández-Pérez BM, González S, et al. Characterization of the corrosive action of mineral waters from thermal sources: a case study at Azores Archipelago, Portugal. Water 2015;7(7): 3515-30. [DOI:10.3390/w7073515]
13. SAHIROU BM, LAOUALI MS, MAHAMANE AA, IDI AAB. Maximum, minimum and typical concentration of copper, iron, lead and zinc that can be leached in tap water. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 2022;14(1): 419-26. [DOI:10.30574/wjarr.2022.14.1.0341]
14. MAHMOUDI M, et al. Investigation of Sedimentation and Corrosion Indices of Drinking Water Resources in the Cities of Mazandaran Province. Journal of health research in community, 2018;4(2): 57-67.
15. Hoseinzadeh E, Yusefzadeh A, Rahimi N, Khorsandi H. Evaluation of corrosion and scaling potential of a water treatment plant. 2013.
16. Shankar B. Determination of scaling and corrosion tendencies of water through the use of Langelier and Ryznar indices. Scholars Journal of Engineering and Technology 2014;2(2): 123-27.
17. Taghipour H, Shakerkhatibi M, Pourakbar M, Belvasi M. Corrosion and scaling potential in drinking water distribution system of Tabriz, northwestern Iran. Health promotion perspectives 2012;2(1): 103.
18. Mahmoudi M. Investigation of Sedimentation and Corrosion Indices of Drinking Water Resources in the Cities of Mazandaran Province. Journal of health research in community 2018;4(2): 57-67.
19. Shams M, Mohamadi A, Sajadi SA. Evaluation of corrosion and scaling potential of water in rural water supply distribution networks of Tabas, Iran. World Appl Sci J 2012;17(11): 1484-89.
20. Hosseini H, Shakeri A, Rezaei M, et al. Application of water quality index (WQI) and hydro-geochemistry for surface water quality assessment, Chahnimeh reservoirs in the Sistan and Baluchestan Province. 2019.
21. Shahvi S, Torabian A. Studying Iranian Drinking Water Quality Guidelines Compared to the Authentic World Standards. Journal of Water and Wastewater Science and Engineering 2017;2(2): 3-13.
22. Council NR, Earth Do, Studies L, et al. Fluoride in drinking water: a scientific review of EPA's standards. 2007.
23. Pontius F. Drinking water regulation and health: John Wiley & Sons; 2003. [DOI:10.1002/0471721999]
24. Palma L, Hatam F, Di Nardo A, Prévost M. Contaminations in water distribution systems: a critical review of detection and response methods. AQUA-Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society 2024;73(6): 1285-302. [DOI:10.2166/aqua.2024.125]
25. Kheradmand Y, Baft F, Moghanizadeh A. Evaluating the potential of corrosion and sedimentation in drinking water distribution system. 2014.
26. Kazempour A, Tabasideh F, Shokri Dariyan F. Survey on Potential Sedimentation and Corrosion in Drinking Water Resources of Malekshahi City Using Stability Indexes in 2014. Beyhagh 2017;22(3): 1-15.
27. Paul R, Taid TC, Bhuyan B. A Software Generated Chart for Balancing Water Indices with Respect to Langelier Saturation Index: A Study in and Around the Tea Gardens of Lakhimpur District, Assam, India. Ecology, Environment & Conservation (0971765X) 2024;30. [DOI:10.53550/EEC.2024.v30i06s.050]
28. Jahangiri-Rad M, Rafiee M. Factors affecting scale formation in water distribution networks of Semnan city and preventive measures. 2021.
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
