1. Vinti G, Bauza V, Clasen T, Medlicott K, Tudor T, Zurbrügg C, et al. Municipal solid waste management and adverse health outcomes: A systematic review. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2021;18(8):4331. [
DOI:10.3390/ijerph18084331]
2. Vyas S, Prajapati P, Shah AV, Varjani S. Municipal solid waste management: Dynamics, risk assessment, ecological influence, advancements, constraints and perspectives. Science of the Total Environment. 2022;814:152802. [
DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152802]
3. Khosravani F, Abbasi E, Choobchia S. A Study on the behavioral pattern of sustainable municipal food waste management in Tehran. 2025.
4. Zhang Z, Chen Z, Zhang J, Liu Y, Chen L, Yang M, et al. Municipal solid waste management challenges in developing regions: A comprehensive review and future perspectives for Asia and Africa. Science of the Total Environment. 2024;930:172794. [
DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172794]
5. Ghobadi S, Khosravani F, Bahmani Z. Technical, environmental and economic assessment of composting technology in municipal solid waste management: a case study of Tehran, 2023. 2025.
6. Nejadsadeghi E, Yousefi M, Ansarizadeh M, Ghasemi A. Study of the impact of citizens' perceived behavioral control on waste littering behavior and the resulting environmental status. Scientific Reports. 2025;15(1):32062. [
DOI:10.1038/s41598-025-17710-x]
7. Heravi MD, Haddadi M, Nejad FK, Yazdanabadi ZI, Haghighat GA. A comparative study of indexes used for litter pollution assessment in urban and public environments. Heliyon. 2024;10(3). [
DOI:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24954]
8. Okuku E, Kiteresi L, Owato G, Otieno K, Mwalugha C, Mbuche M, et al. The impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on marine litter pollution along the Kenyan Coast: a synthesis after 100 days following the first reported case in Kenya. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2021;162:111840. [
DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111840]
9. Darabi K, Moein H, Kazembeigi F, Nakhaei S, Badeenezhad A. A review of key factors influencing anthropogenic litter density and associated risks in Urban area. Discover Sustainability. 2025;6(1):1018. [
DOI:10.1007/s43621-025-02011-0]
10. Hayati R, Ghasemi A, Hassani G, Norozi D, Mohammadi H, Alinejad N, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on coastal environment: positive or negative? A 1-year study on litter in Caspian coasts. Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 2022;15(21):1623. [
DOI:10.1007/s12517-022-10886-w]
11. Hoang AQ, Nguyen HD. Improper disposal of cigarette butts in a southeast Asian megacity (Hanoi, Vietnam): Pollution indexes, distribution profiles, and preliminary physicochemical characterization. Science of The Total Environment. 2024;954:176253. [
DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176253]
12. Jokar Z, Banavi N, Taghizadehfard S, Hassani F, Solimani R, Azarpira N, et al. Marine litter along the shores of the Persian Gulf, Iran. Heliyon. 2024;10(9). [
DOI:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30853]
13. Terzi Y, Gündoğdu S, Yandi İ, Altinpinar İ, Öztürk RÇ, Gedik K. Marine litter on the Turkish Black Sea shoreline: abundance, composition, and sources. Waste Management. 2025;205:115027. [
DOI:10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115027]
14. Panwanitdumrong K, Chen C-L. Are tourists willing to pay for a marine litter-free coastal attraction to achieve tourism sustainability? Case study of Libong Island, Thailand. Sustainability. 2022;14(8):4808. [
DOI:10.3390/su14084808]
15. Cintra MM, Silva-Cavalcanti JS, Araujo MCB, Mazzini PL, Rollnic M, Mendes D. Sudden arrival of marine litter on the northeastern coast of Brazil: Physical forcings and associated transport. Regional Studies in Marine Science. 2024;71:103382. [
DOI:10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103382]
16. Andriolo U, Gonçalves G. Two decades of marine litter surveys on the North Atlantic Iberian coast: a spatial and temporal analysis of the OSPAR dataset for Portugal and Spain. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2025;218:118210. [
DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118210]
17. Pon JPS, Becherucci ME. Spatial and temporal variations of urban litter in Mar del Plata, the major coastal city of Argentina. Waste management. 2012;32(2):343-8. [
DOI:10.1016/j.wasman.2011.10.012]
18. Parsa S, Yousefi M, Ansarizadeh M, Moein H, Delavari Heravi M, Nejadsadeghi E, et al. The first using developed clean environment index for assessment of the environment pollution caused by littering behavior. Scientific Reports. 2025;15(1):19102. [
DOI:10.1038/s41598-025-04145-7]
19. Ribeiro VV, Lopes TC, dos Santos Pinto MA, Póvoa AA, Corrêa VR, De-la-Torre GE, et al. Cigarette butts in two urban areas from Brazil: Links among environmental impacts, demography and market. Environmental Research. 2022;213:113730. [
DOI:10.1016/j.envres.2022.113730]
20. Ansari M, Farzadkia M. Beach debris quantity and composition around the world: a bibliometric and systematic review. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2022;178:113637. [
DOI:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113637]
21. Nasab AY, Parseh I. Effect of manual cleaning system on urban pollution and litter management in developing areas. Results in Engineering. 2024;22:102089. [
DOI:10.1016/j.rineng.2024.102089]
22. Morovati M, Parsa S, Panahande M, Hossaini Motlagh A, Parseh I. Study of the impact of structural factors and cleaning efficiency in reducing hazardous litter density and its related pollution in urban environment. Scientific Reports. 2024;14(1):13934. [
DOI:10.1038/s41598-024-64645-w]
23. Nejadsadeghi E, Khosravani F, Morovati M, Delavari Heravi M, Moein H, Habibi Dowlatabad A, et al. Study of pollution status in urban environment caused by attitude and waste littering behavior of citizens. Scientific Reports. 2024;14(1):25570. [
DOI:10.1038/s41598-024-76238-8]
24. Jaafarzadeh N, Reshadatian N, Feyzi Kamareh T, Sabaghan M, Feizi R, Jorfi S. Study of the litter in the urban environment as primary and secondary microplastics sources. Scientific Reports. 2024;14(1):31645. [
DOI:10.1038/s41598-024-80611-y]
25. Dehdari T. A qualitative exploration of Iranian smokers' experiences in terms of cigarette butt littering behaviour. International Journal of Environmental Health Research. 2022;32(2):417-25. [
DOI:10.1080/09603123.2020.1769040]
26. Ong IBL, Sovacool BK. A comparative study of littering and waste in Singapore and Japan. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2012;61:35-42. [
DOI:10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.12.008]
27. Moradgholi M, Masihi N, Zare Bidoki M, Kazembeigi F. Investigation of environmental pollution in residential areas from littered wastes. Journal of Advances in Environmental Health Research. 2023;11(3):189-93. [
DOI:10.34172/jaehr.1331]
28. Darabi K, Alinejad N, Hassani G, Badeenezhad A. Study of the litter in urban environment in Behbahan in 2023 based on the clean environment index. 2025.
29. Moqbel S, El-tah Z, Haddad A. Littering in developing countries: The case of Jordan. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 2019;28(5):3819-27. [
DOI:10.15244/pjoes/94811]
30. Rahimi Hezarvand S, Morovati M, Parsa S, Torkashvand J. A case study on litter management and clean environment index in small tourism cities. Scientific Reports. 2025;15(1):36727. [
DOI:10.1038/s41598-025-20688-1]
31. Darabi K, Hayati R, Morovati M, Alinejad N, Hassani G. Impact of Covid-19 pandemic lockdown on the urban litter and clean environment index. Scientific Reports. 2023;13(1):9099. [
DOI:10.1038/s41598-023-35554-1]