Volume 9, Issue 3 (6-2022)
J Environ Health Eng 2022, 9(3): 377-398 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Naghdi S, Mirmohammadi M, Karimzadegan H, Ghodusi J. Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling of Benzene, Toluene, Xylene, and Ethyl Benzene Output from the Automotive Industries and Determining Ozone Formation Potential (Case Study of Saipa). J Environ Health Eng 2022; 9 (3) :377-398
URL: http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-944-en.html
URL: http://jehe.abzums.ac.ir/article-1-944-en.html
Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran Iran
Abstract: (1433 Views)
automotive industries are one of the important sources of chemical pollutants in the air through the use of solvents in painting process. The purpose of this study is to investigate the distribution of benzene, toluene, xylene and Etil benzene from the output of Saipa automotive industry and determining the ozone formation potential in the surrounding areas.
Methods: In this study, after monthly sampling pollutants the concentrations of pollutants from Saipa plant chimneys using USEPA method31, during 2021, the distribution of pollutants was performed for annual period in Saipa and surrounding area using AERMOD and ozone formation potential was calculated using Carter 's way. Sampling pollutants in ambient environment was performed daily for validation and evaluation of the results of the model’s output
Results: result showed that the maximum BTEX concentration was 3631.76 µg/m3 in 515725.71 and 3953590.95 in Saipa campus and minimum one was in KHADIJE park located in north west of Saipa, validation result showed that in all pollutants FB and NMSE is lower than 0.5 and there is good correlation between ambient sampling pollutants and model results, maximum ozone formation potential was in Saipa campus while minimum OFP occurred in KHADIJEH park.
Conclusion: BTEX compounds have an impact on the quality of air in the area around the Saipa auto group as well as the negative effects of health. The cumulative effects of different industries in the region can reduce air quality and possibly increase health risks in communities around the automotive group
Methods: In this study, after monthly sampling pollutants the concentrations of pollutants from Saipa plant chimneys using USEPA method31, during 2021, the distribution of pollutants was performed for annual period in Saipa and surrounding area using AERMOD and ozone formation potential was calculated using Carter 's way. Sampling pollutants in ambient environment was performed daily for validation and evaluation of the results of the model’s output
Results: result showed that the maximum BTEX concentration was 3631.76 µg/m3 in 515725.71 and 3953590.95 in Saipa campus and minimum one was in KHADIJE park located in north west of Saipa, validation result showed that in all pollutants FB and NMSE is lower than 0.5 and there is good correlation between ambient sampling pollutants and model results, maximum ozone formation potential was in Saipa campus while minimum OFP occurred in KHADIJEH park.
Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Special
Received: 2022/01/18 | Accepted: 2022/06/8 | Published: 2022/09/21
Received: 2022/01/18 | Accepted: 2022/06/8 | Published: 2022/09/21
References
1. Hassanvand MS, Naddafi K, Faridi S, Arhami M, Nabizadeh R, Sowlat MH, Pourpak Z, Rastkari N, Momeniha F, Kashani H, Gholampour A. Indoor/outdoor relationships of PM10, PM2. 5, and PM1 mass concentrations and their water-soluble ions in a retirement home and a school dormitory. Atmospheric Environment. 2014 Jan 1;82:375-82. [DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.10.048]
2. Li G, Wei W, Shao X, Nie L, Wang H, Yan X, Zhang R. A comprehensive classification method for VOC emission sources to tackle air pollution based on VOC species reactivity and emission amounts. Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2018 May 1;67:78-88. [DOI:10.1016/j.jes.2017.08.003]
3. Weis JS. Tolerance to environmental contaminants in the mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment. 2002 Jul 1;8(5):933-53. [DOI:10.1080/1080-700291905756]
4. Salihoglu G, Salihoglu NK. A review on paint sludge from automotive industries: Generation, characteristics and management. Journal of environmental management.2016Mar15;169:223-35. [DOI:10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.12.039]
5. Trozzi C, Lauretis RD. EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2016. European Environment Agency. Retrieved from: https://www. eea. europa. eu/ds_resolveuid/WQ7UPR94CF. 2016.
6. Miller L, Xu X, Wheeler A, Atari DO, Grgicak-Mannion A, Luginaah I. Spatial variability and application of ratios between BTEX in two Canadian cities. TheScientificWorldJOURNAL.2011Dec29;11:2536-49. [DOI:10.1100/2011/167973]
7. Martins EM, Borba PF, Dos Santos NE, Dos Reis PT, Silveira RS, Corrêa SM. The relationship between solvent use and BTEX concentrations in occupational environments. Environmental monitoring and assessment. 2016 Nov;188(11):1-0.
9. International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. 1, 3-butadiene, ethylene oxide and vinyl halides (vinyl fluoride, vinyl chloride and vinyl bromide). Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2008.
10. Zou Y, Charlesworth E, Wang N, Flores RM, Liu QQ, Li F, Deng T, Deng XJ. Characterization and ozone formation potential (OFP) of non-methane hydrocarbons under the condition of chemical loss in Guangzhou, China. Atmospheric Environment. 2021 Oct 1;262:118630. [DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118630]
11. Mehta D, Hazarika N, Srivastava A. Diurnal variation of BTEX at road traffic intersection points in Delhi, India: source, ozone formation potential, and health risk assessment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2020 Apr;27(10):11093-104. [DOI:10.1007/s11356-019-07495-8]
12. Mohammadi A, Mokhtari M, Abdolahnejad A, Nemati S. A survey on variations of btex and ozone formation potential in Yazd city and mapping with GIS. Studies in Medical Sciences. 2016 Nov 10;27(8):650-60. http://umj.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-3348-en.html
13. Rivera JL, Reyes-Carrillo T. A life cycle assessment framework for the evaluation of automobile paint shops. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2016 Mar 1;115:75-87. [DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.12.027]
14. Hesami Arani M, Jaafarzadeh N, Moslemzadeh M, Rezvani Ghalhari M, Bagheri Arani S, Mohammadzadeh M. Dispersion of NO2 and SO2 pollutants in the rolling industry with AERMOD model: a case study to assess human health risk. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering. 2021 Dec;19(2):1287-98. [DOI:10.1007/s40201-021-00686-x]
15. Kalhor M, Bajoghli M. Comparison of AERMOD, ADMS and ISC3 for incomplete upper air meteorological data (case study: Steel plant). Atmospheric pollution research. 2017 Nov 1;8(6):1203-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.apr.2017.06.001]
16. Matacchiera F, Manes C, Beaven RP, Rees-White TC, Boano F, Mønster J, Scheutz C. AERMOD as a Gaussian dispersion model for planning tracer gas dispersion tests for landfill methane emission quantification. Waste Management. 2019 Mar 15;87:924-36. [DOI:10.1016/j.wasman.2018.02.007]
17. Cimorelli AJ, Perry SG, Venkatram A, Weil JC, Paine RJ, Wilson RB, Lee RF, Peters WD, Brode RW. AERMOD: A dispersion model for industrial source applications. Part I: General model formulation and boundary layer characterization. Journal of applied meteorology. 2005 May;44(5):682-93. [DOI:10.1175/JAM2227.1]
18. Perry SG, Cimorelli AJ, Paine RJ, Brode RW, Weil JC, Venkatram A, Wilson RB, Lee RF, Peters WD. AERMOD: A dispersion model for industrial source applications. Part II: Model performance against 17 field study databases. Journal of applied meteorology. 2005 May;44(5):694-708. [DOI:10.1175/JAM2228.1]
19. Rood AS. Performance evaluation of AERMOD, CALPUFF, and legacy air dispersion models using the Winter Validation Tracer Study dataset. Atmospheric Environment. 2014 Jun 1;89:707-20. [DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.02.054]
20. Ramavandi B, Ahmadi Moghaddam M, Shah Heidar N, Bighami M. Estimation of volatile organic compounds emissions from the fuel storage tanks using TANKS model and its distribution modeling by AERMOD model. Journal of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences. 2016 May 21;23(2):253-61.
21. Khalaj F, Sattler M. Modeling of VOCs and criteria pollutants from multiple natural gas well pads in close proximity, for different terrain conditions: A Barnett Shale case study. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2019 Jul 1;10(4):1239-49. [DOI:10.1016/j.apr.2019.02.007]
22. ul Haq A, Nadeem Q, Farooq A, Irfan N, Ahmad M, Ali MR. Assessment of AERMOD modeling system for application in complex terrain in Pakistan. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2019 Sep 1;10(5):1492-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.apr.2019.04.006]
23. Heckel PF, LeMasters GK. The use of AERMOD air pollution dispersion models to estimate residential ambient concentrations of elemental mercury. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 2011 Jul;219(1):377-88. [DOI:10.1007/s11270-010-0714-4]
24. Patryla L, Galeriua D. Statistical performances measures—models comparison. French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission. 2011.
25. Carter WP. Development of ozone reactivity scales for volatile organic compounds. Air & waste. 1994 Jul 1;44(7):881-99. [DOI:10.1080/1073161X.1994.10467290]
26. ACEA. The Automobile Industry Pocket Guide 2019/2020.
27. Atabi F,Ganji R.Determination volatile organic compound from paint shop of automative industry. 4th national conference on energy and environment management
28. Nissan, 2014. Sustainability Report. Nissan Motor Company, p. 143.
29. Audi, 2013. Corporate Responsibility Report, Update 2013: CR Program and Key Figures. Audi, Germany, p. 13.
30. Volkswagen, 2013. Sustainability Report. Volkswagen Company, p. 160.
31. PSA, 2010. Sustainable Development Performance Indicators. PSA Peugeot Citroen, p. 180.
32. Toyota, 2014. Sustainability Report. Toyota Company, p. 154.
33. GM, 2013. Sustainability Report. GM General Motors, p. 104.
34. BMW, 2013.Working Together: Sustainable Value Report 2013. BMW Group, p. 231.
35. Daimler, 2013. Sustainability Report 2013. Daimler Company, p. 72.
36. TOFAS-Fiat, 2012. TOFAS Environmental Report 2011-2012. Turkish Automobile Factory, p. 16 available at: http://www.tofas.com.tr/tr/hakkinda/Documents/ 2011-2012_CEVRE_RAPORU.pdf. accessed on 13.04.15.
37. Rivera JL, Reyes-Carrillo T. A framework for environmental and energy analysis of the automobile painting process. Procedia Cirp. 2014 Jan 1;15:171-5. [DOI:10.1016/j.procir.2014.06.022]
38. Chang CT, Lee CH, Wu YP, Jeng FT. Assessment of the strategies for reducing volatile organic compound emissions in the automotive industry in Taiwan. Resources, conservation and recycling. 2002 Jan 1;34(2):117-28. [DOI:10.1016/S0921-3449(01)00096-9]
39. Wei W, Cheng S, Li G, Wang G, Wang H. Characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from a petroleum refinery in Beijing, China. Atmospheric Environment. 2014 Jun 1;89:358-66. [DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.01.038]
40. Bysko S, Krystek J, Bysko S. Automotive paint shop 4.0. Computers & Industrial Engineering. 2020 Jan 1;139:105546. [DOI:10.1016/j.cie.2018.11.056]
41. Weiss KD. Paint and coatings: A mature industry in transition. Progress in polymer science. 1997 Jan 1;22(2):203-45. [DOI:10.1016/S0079-6700(96)00019-6]
42. Lambourne R, Strivens TA, editors. Paint and surface coatings: theory and practice. Elsevier; 1999 Aug 23.
43. Kim B, Yoon JH, Choi BS, Shin YC. Exposure assessment suggests exposure to lung cancer carcinogens in a painter working in an automobile bumper shop. Safety and health at work. 2013 Dec 1;4(4):216-20. [DOI:10.1016/j.shaw.2013.09.002]
44. REZAZADEH AM, NAGHAVI KZ, Zayeri F, Salehpour S, Seyedi MD. Occupational exposure of petroleum depot workers to BTEX compounds.
45. Papasavva S, Kia S, Claya J, Gunther R. Characterization of automotive paints: an environmental impact analysis. Progress in organic coatings. 2001 Nov 1;43(1-3):193-206. [DOI:10.1016/S0300-9440(01)00182-5]
46. Arce R, Galán B, Coz A, Andrés A, Viguri JR. Stabilization/solidification of an alkyd paint waste by carbonation of waste-lime based formulations. Journal of hazardous materials. 2010 May 15;177(1-3):428-36. [DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.12.050]
47. Golkhorshidi F, Sorooshian A, Jafari AJ, Baghani AN, Kermani M, Kalantary RR, Ashournejad Q, Delikhoon M. On the nature and health impacts of BTEX in a populated middle eastern city: Tehran, Iran. Atmospheric pollution research. 2019 May 1;10(3):921-30. [DOI:10.1016/j.apr.2018.12.020]
48. Hazrati S, Rostami R, Farjaminezhad M, Fazlzadeh M. Preliminary assessment of BTEX concentrations in indoor air of residential buildings and atmospheric ambient air in Ardabil, Iran. Atmospheric environment. 2016 May 1;132:91-7. [DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.02.042]
49. Golestaneh N, Taghizade MM. Risk Assessment OF BTEX Pollutant (Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl Benzene, Xylene) in Air of the Industrial Zone of Zarghan City (Feb. 2012). Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2020 Jul 22;22(5):291-302. http://doi/ 10.22034/JEST.2019.23968.3308
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
